Dab solver - Afro-Caribbean

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ARTS AND CULTURE
*[[Bob Marley]]  — Jamaican composer, singer and musician.
*[[Aimé Césaire]] — Martiniquais writer.
*[[Bebo Valdés]] — Cuban musician.
*[[Celia Cruz]] — Cuban singer.
*[[Carlos Acosta]] — Cuban ballet dancer.
*[[Derek Walcott]] — Saint Lucian poet.
*[[Wyclef Jean]]-Haitian Singer,Composer,and Activist.
*[[Sidney Poitier]]-Bahamian Academy Award winning Actor.
*[[John Barnes (footballer)|]] — Jamaican-born footballer.
*[[Chevalier de Saint-George]] — Guadeloupan composer.
*[[Frank Bowling]] — Guyanese-born painter.
*[[Brian Lara]] — Trinidadian Cricketer.
*[[Rhianna]] — Barbadian composer and singer

== Main-groups ==

*[[Afro-Jamaican]]
*[[Afro-Trinidadian]]
*[[Afro-Bahamian]]
*[[Afro-Cuban]]
*[[Afro-Costa Rican]]
*[[Afro-Puerto Rican]]
*
* [[Afro-Grenadian]]
*[[Afro-Vincentians]]
*[[Afro-Belizean]]
*[[Raizal]], in the Archipelago of [[San Andrés (island)|]], [[Providencia Island|Providencia]] and [[Providencia Island|Santa Catalina]], presently the [[Colombia]]n [[San Andrés y Providencia Department]], off the [[Nicaragua]]n [[Miskito Coast]]
*[[British African-Caribbean community]]
*[[Caribbean Australian]]
*[[Caribbean Brazilian]]
*[[West Indian American]]
*Other members of the [[African diaspora]] in or from the Caribbean

== Culture ==

*[[Afro-Caribbean music]]

== See also ==

* [[Afro Central American]]
* [[Afro-South American]]
* [[Afro-Latin American]]
* [[Afro-American peoples of the Americas]]

==  References  ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Wiktionary|Afro-Caribbean}}

{{African diaspora}}

[[Category:Afro-Caribbean| ]]
[[...|Caribbean]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Caribbean diaspora]]
[[...| ]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{for|the Afro-Caribbean community in the United Kingdom|British African-Caribbean people}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Afro-Caribbean
| image =
{{image array|perrow=3|width=95|height=95
| image1 = Usain Bolt 100 m Daegu 2011.jpg| caption1 = [[Usain Bolt]]
| image2 = Colin Powell at Get Motivated Seminar, Cow Palace 3-24-09 6.JPG| caption2 = [[Colin Powell]]
| image3 = Bob Marley emancipated from mental slavery 1.jpg| caption3 = [[Bob Marley]]
| image4 = Sidney Poitier 2009.jpg| caption4 = [[Sidney Poitier]]
| image5 = Nicki Minaj, 2011.jpg| caption5 = [[Nicki Minaj]]
| image6 = Tim Duncan portrait.jpg| caption6 = [[Tim Duncan]]
| image7 = Patrick Manning 2008.jpg| caption7 = [[Patrick Manning]]
| image8 = Orlando Hernández.jpg| caption8 = [[Orlando Hernández]]
| image9 = Dessalines.jpg| caption9 = [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines|J-J Dessalines]]
}}
| caption  =
| poptime  = 24 million +
| region1 = {{Flagcountry|Haiti}}
| pop1   = 9M
| region2 = {{Flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
| pop2   = 7M
| region3  = {{Flagcountry|Cuba}}
| pop3     = 4M
| region4  = {{Flagcountry|JAM}}
| pop4    = 2.7M
| region5 = {{Flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}
| pop5    = 1M
| region6  = {{Flagcountry|TRI}}
| pop6     = 520,000
| region7  = {{Flagcountry|GUY}}
| pop7     = 300,000
| region8  = {{Flagcountry|SUR}}
| pop8     = 100,000
| region9  = {{flag|Guadeloupe|local}}
| pop9     = 440,000
| region10  = {{flag|Martinique|local}}
| pop10     = 400,000
| region11  = {{Flagcountry|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| pop11     = 120,000
| region12  = {{flag|French Guiana|local}}
| pop12     = 131,676
| region13 = {{Flagcountry|Grenada}}
| pop13    = 101,309
| region14 = {{Flagcountry|Belize}}
| pop14    = 93,394
| region15 = {{Flagcountry|BAR}}
| pop15    = 253,771
| region16 = {{Flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| pop16    = 38,827
| region17 = {{Flagcountry|Curaçao}}
| pop17    = ?
| region18 = {{Flagcountry|U.S. Virgin Islands}}
| pop18    = 75,000
| langs    = '''Languages:'''<br>

[[English language|English]] ([[Guyanese Creole|Guyanese]]{{·}} [[Jamaican Creole|Jamaican]]{{·}} [[Trinidadian Creole|Trinidadian]]){{·}} [[French language|French]] ([[Antillean Creole|French West Indies]]){{·}} [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{·}} [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| rels = '''Predominantly:'''<br>
Christianity{{·}} [[Islam]]<br>
'''Minority:'''<br>
[[Sikhism]]{{·}} [[Buddhism]]{{·}} [[Jainism]]{{·}} [[Zoroastrianism]]{{·}} [[Hinduism]]{{·}} [[Atheism]]{{·}}  [[Rastafarianism]]{{·}} Agnosticism{{·}} Others
| related = other African Americans
}}
'''Afro-Caribbean people''' or '''Afro-Caribbeans''' are [[Caribbean|Caribbean people]] who trace their heritage to [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Africa]] in the period since [[Christopher Columbus]]'s arrival in the region in 1492. Other names for the group include African-Caribbean (especially in the UK branch of the diaspora), Afro-Antillean or Afro-West Indian. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, most Africans arrived in the Caribbean during the era of the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]] and were [[slavery|enslaved]] in forced-labour camps known as plantations controlled by [[British Empire|British]], [[French colonial empire|French]], [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]], and [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] colonial powers. Afro-Caribbean resistance, [[Haitian Revolution|revolutions]] and [[Baptist War|uprisings]] led to the abolition of slavery, and their involvement in subsequent campaigns for independence led to the establishment of the region's nation states.

Although most Afro-Caribbean people today live in [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking Caribbean nations, there are also significant diaspora populations throughout the [[western hemisphere]] – notably in Britain, France, the United States, and Canada. Both the home and diaspora populations have produced a number of individuals who have had a notable influence on modern Western and African societies – from [[Marcus Garvey]] and [[W.E.B. DuBois]] to [[Franz Fanon]], [[Colin Powell]] and [[Bob Marley]].

==History of the African-Caribbean peoples==
{{Main|Afro-Caribbean history}}

===16th–18th centuries===
The archipelagos and islands of the [[Caribbean]] were the first sites of African-Diaspora dispersal in the western Atlantic during the post-Columbian era. Specifically, in 1492, [[Pedro Alonso Niño]], a black Spanish seafarer, piloted one of Columbus's ships. He returned in 1499, but did not settle. In the early 16th century, more Africans began to enter the population of the Spanish Caribbean colonies, sometimes as freedmen, but increasingly as enslaved servants, workers and labourers. This increasing demand for African labour in the Caribbean was in part the result of massive depopulation caused by the massacres, harsh conditions and disease brought by European colonists to the [[Taino]] and other indigenous peoples of the region. By the mid-16th century, [[slave trading|slave trade]] from Africa to the Caribbean was so profitable that [[Francis Drake]] and [[John Hawkins]] were prepared to engage in piracy as well as break Spanish colonial laws, in order to forcibly transport approximately 1500 enslaved people from [[Sierra Leone]] to [[San Domingo]] (modern day [[Haiti]] and [[Dominican Republic]]).<ref>{{Google books|3ukDAAAAMAAJ|Some historical account of Guinea: With an inquiry into the rise and progress of the slave trade|page=48}}</ref> During the 17th and 18th centuries, European colonialism in the Caribbean became increasingly reliant on plantation slavery, so that, by the end of the 18th century, on many islands, enslaved (and free) [[African-Caribbeans]] far outnumbered their European rulers.<ref>Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, [[W. E. B. Du Bois Institute|W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research]], [[Harvard University]]. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". {{cite book |last=Stephen Behrendt |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |year=1999 |publisher=Basic Civitas Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-00071-1 |chapter=Transatlantic Slave Trade |quote= }}</ref> Harsh conditions, constant inter-imperial warfare and growing revolutionary sentiments resulted in the [[Haitian Revolution]] led by [[Toussaint L'Ouverture]] and [[Jean Jacques Dessalines]].

===19th–21st centuries===
In 1804, Haiti, with its overwhelmingly black population and leadership, thus became the second nation in the Americas to win independence from a European state. During the 19th century, continuous waves of rebellion, such as the [[Baptist War]], led by [[Sam Sharpe]] in Jamaica, created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region, with [[Cuba]] the last emancipated island. During the 20th century, Afro-Caribbean people began to assert their cultural, economic and political rights with ever more vigor on the world stage, starting with [[Marcus Garvey]]'s [[UNIA]] movement<ref>Martin, Tony. ''Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.</ref> in the U.S., continuing with [[Aimé Césaire]]'s negritude movement. From the 1960s, the [[West Indies|West Indian]] territories began to win their independence from British colonial rule, and were pre-eminent in creating new cultural forms such as [[reggae music]], [[Calypso music|calypso]] and [[rastafari]]anism within the Caribbean itself. However, beyond the region, a developing Afro-Caribbean diaspora, including such figures as [[Stokely Carmichael]] and [[DJ Kool Herc]] was influential in the creation of the [[Black Power]] and [[hip-hop]] movements in the US, as well as cultural developments in Europe, as evidenced by influential theorists such as [[Franz Fanon]]<ref>Nigel C. Gibson, ''Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination'' (2003: Oxford, Polity Press)</ref> and [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]].<ref>Chen, Kuan-Hsing. "The Formation of a Diasporic Intellectual: An interview with Stuart Hall," collected in David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen (eds), ''Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies'', New York: Routledge, 1996.</ref>

==List of major figures in African-Caribbean History==

'''POLITICS'''
*[[Toussaint L'Ouverture]] — Haitian revolutionary, general and governor.
*[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] — Haiti revolutionary, general and head of state.
*[[Marcus Garvey]] — Jamaican politician and writer.
*[[Nanny of the Maroons]] — Jamaican freedom fighter.
*[[Bussa]] — Barbadian freedom fighter.
*[[Henri Christophe]] — Haitian revolutionary, general and head of state.
*[[Eric Williams]] — Trinidad and Tobago politician, writer and head of government.
*[[Sir Grantley Adams]] — Barbadian politician.
*[[Sam Sharpe]] — Jamaican freedom fighter.
*[[Papa Doc Duvalier]] — Haitian tyrant.
*[[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] — Haitian politician, priest and head of state.
*[[Portia Simpson Miller]] — Jamaican head of government.
*[[Dean Barrow]]-Belizean head of government.
*[[Phillip S.W. Goldson]]-Belizean Politician.
*[[Paul Bogle]]  — Jamaican political activist.
*[[Forbes Burnham]] — Guyanese head of government.
*[[Sam Hinds]] — Guyanese head of government.
*[[Hugo Chavez]] — Venezuelan head of state.
*[[Pedro Camejo]] — Venezuelan freedom fighter.
*[[Michael Manley]] — Jamaican politician.
*[[Dutty Boukman]] — Jamaican and Haitian freedom fighter.
*[[Antonio Maceo Grajales]] — Cuban revolutionary and general.
*[[Juan Almeida Bosque]] — Cuban revolutionary and politician.
*[[Mary Eugenia Charles]] — Dominican head of government.

'''SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY'''
*[[Franz Fanon]]  — Martiniquais writer, psychiatrist and freedom fighter.
*[[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]] — Jamaican philosopher.
*[[Pedro Alonso Niño]] — Spanish explorer.
*[[Mary Seacole]] — Jamaican hospital director.
*[[C.L.R. James]] — Trinidad and Tobago activist and writer.
*[[Dr Samuel Rawlins]] — Kitts and St Nevis climate change scientist.
*[[Stokely Carmichael]] — Trinidad and Tobago activist and writer.
*[[Walter Rodney]] — Guyanese activist and writer.
*[[Arlie Petters]]-Belizean Professor at Duke University and Mathmetician.

'''ARTS AND CULTURE'''
*[[Bob Marley]]  — Jamaican composer, singer and musician.
*[[Aimé Césaire]] — Martiniquais writer.
*[[Bebo Valdés]] — Cuban musician.
*[[Celia Cruz]] — Cuban singer.
*[[Carlos Acosta]] — Cuban ballet dancer.
*[[Derek Walcott]] — Saint Lucian poet.
*[[Wyclef Jean]]-Haitian Singer,Composer,and Activist.
*[[Sidney Poitier]]-Bahamian Academy Award winning Actor.
*[[John Barnes (footballer)|John Barnes]] — Jamaican-born footballer.
*[[Chevalier de Saint-George]] — Guadeloupan composer.
*[[Frank Bowling]] — Guyanese-born painter.
*[[Brian Lara]] — Trinidadian Cricketer.
*[[Rhianna]] — Barbadian composer and singer

==Main-groups==

*[[Afro-Jamaican]]
*[[Afro-Trinidadian]]
*[[Afro-Bahamian]]
*[[Afro-Cuban]]
*[[Afro-Costa Rican]]
*[[Afro-Puerto Rican]]
*<<link:0>>
* [[Afro-Grenadian]]
*[[Afro-Vincentians]]
*[[Afro-Belizean]]
*[[Raizal]], in the Archipelago of [[San Andrés (island)|San Andrés]], [[Providencia Island|Providencia]] and [[Providencia Island|Santa Catalina]], presently the [[Colombia]]n [[San Andrés y Providencia Department]], off the [[Nicaragua]]n [[Miskito Coast]]
*[[British African-Caribbean community]]
*[[Caribbean Australian]]
*[[Caribbean Brazilian]]
*[[West Indian American]]
*Other members of the [[African diaspora]] in or from the Caribbean

==Culture==
*[[Afro-Caribbean music]]

==See also==
* [[Afro Central American]]
* [[Afro-South American]]
* [[Afro-Latin American]]
* [[Afro-American peoples of the Americas]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Afro-Caribbean}}

[[Category:Afro-Caribbean| ]]
[[Category:Peoples of the African diaspora|Caribbean]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Caribbean diaspora]]
[[Category:Caribbean people of African descent| ]]

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