Dab solver - Corporation

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== See also ==

{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
Law
*[[Corporate law]]
*[[United Kingdom company law]]
*[[United States corporate law]] {{nb10}}
*[[German company law]]
*[[European company law]]
*[[Commercial law]]

Other
*[[...|Alaska Native Corporation]]
*[[Anti-corporate activism]]
*[[Blocker corporation]]
*[[Community interest company]]
*[[Company (law)]]
*[[Conglomerate (company)]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Cooperative]]
*[[Corporate crime]]
*[[Corporate governance]]
*[[Corporate haven]]
*[[Corporate scandal]]s
*[[Corporate welfare]]
*[[Corporation sole]]
*[[Corporatism]]
*[[Corporatization]]
*[[Evil corporation]]
*[[Finance capitalism]]
*[[Good standing]]
*[[Guild]]
*[[Incorporation (business)]] {{nb10}}
*[[List of strikes]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Megacorporation]]
*[[Multinational corporation]]
*
*[[Organizational culture]]
*[[Preferred stock]]
*[[Professional corporation]] (PC or P.C.)
*[[Public limited company]] (PLC)
*[[Registered Agent]]
*[[Shelf Corporation]]
*[[Stock certificate]]s
*[[State Enterprise|State-owned Corporation]]

*[[The Corporation (film)]]
*[[Unlimited company]]
*[[Unlimited liability corporation]]
{{col-end}}

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[[File:New McDonald's restaurant in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.jpg|thumb|[[McDonald's Corporation]] is one of the most recognizable corporations in the world.]]
A '''corporation''' is a [[separate legal entity]] that has been incorporated through a legislative or registration process established through legislation. Incorporated entities have [[legal rights]] and [[liabilities]] that are distinct from their employees and [[shareholders]],<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/corporation Definition of a "corporation" from Reference.com]</ref> and may conduct business as either a [[profit (economics)|profit]]-seeking [[business]] or [[Nonprofit organization#Formation_and_structure|not for profit]] business. Early incorporated entities were established by charter (i.e. by an ''ad hoc'' act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). Most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration. In addition to legal personality, registered corporations tend to have [[limited liability]], have [[shareholders]] who own or hold [[Share (finance)|shares]] of a type of security commonly called [[stock]], and are controlled by a [[board of directors]] who are normally elected or appointed by the shareholders.

In [[American English]] the word '''corporation''' is widely used to describe large incorporated businesses.<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/corporation corporation]. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved December 07, 2012.</ref> In [[British English]] and in the commonwealth countries, the term '''limited company''' is more widely used to describe the same sort of entity while the word '''corporation''' encompasses all incorporated entities. In American English, the word '''company''' can include entities such as [[partnerships]] that would not be referred to as companies in British English as they are not a [[separate legal entity]].

Despite not being human beings, corporations, as far as the law is concerned, as [[legal person]]s have many of the same rights and responsibilities as natural people do. Corporations can exercise [[human rights]] against real individuals and the state,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Human Rights of Companies: Exploring the Structure of ECHR Protection  |first1=Marius |last1=Emberland |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-928983-7 |page=1 |url=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-928983-2.pdf |accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref><ref>e.g. [[South African Constitution]] Art.8, especially Art.(4)</ref> and they can themselves be responsible for human rights violations.<ref>Phillip I. Blumberg, The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993) discusses the controversial nature of additional rights being granted to corporations.</ref> Corporations can be "dissolved" either by statutory operation, order of court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders. [[Insolvency]] may result in a form of corporate failure, when creditors force the liquidation and dissolution of the corporation under court order,<ref>See, for example, the Business Corporations Act (B.C.) [SBC 2002] CHAPTER 57, Part 10</ref> but it most often results in a restructuring of corporate holdings. Corporations can even be convicted of criminal offenses, such as [[fraud]] and [[manslaughter]]. However corporations are not considered living entities in the way that humans are.<ref>e.g. [[Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007]]</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of corporations|List of oldest companies}}
[[File:Stora Kopparberg 1288.jpg|thumb|1/8 share of the [[Stora Kopparberg]] mine, dated June 16, 1288.]]
The word "corporation" derives from ''corpus'', the [[Latin]] word for body, or a "body of people." By the time of [[Justinian]] (reigned 527-565), [[Roman Law]] recognized a range of corporate entities under the names ''universitas'', ''corpus'' or ''collegium''.  These included the state itself (the ''populus Romanus''), municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a [[Cult (religious practice)|religious cult]], burial clubs, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders.  Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, and, in  general, to perform legal acts through representatives.  Private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor.<ref>Harold Joseph Berman, ''Law and Revolution'' (vol. 1)'': The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 215-16. ISBN 0674517768</ref>   Entities which carried on business and were the subjects of legal rights were found in [[ancient Rome]], and the [[Maurya Empire]] in ancient India.<ref>Vikramaditya S. Khanna (2005). [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id= ''The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India.''] [[University of Michigan]].</ref> In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the [[Pope]] and the [[City of London Corporation]]. The point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the [[Stora Kopparberg]] mining community in [[Falun]], [[Sweden]], obtained a [[charter]] from King [[Magnus II of Sweden|Magnus Eriksson]] in 1347. Many European nations chartered corporations to lead colonial ventures, such as the [[Dutch East India Company]] or the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], and these corporations came to play a large part in the history of [[corporate colonialism]].

During the time of colonial expansion in the 17th century, the true progenitors of the modern corporation emerged as the "chartered company". Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government, the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) defeated [[Portugal|Portuguese]] forces and established itself in the [[Moluccan Islands]] in order to profit from the [[Europe]]an demand for [[spice]]s. Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original [[Amsterdam]] stock exchange. Shareholders are also explicitly granted [[limited liability]] in the company's royal charter.<ref>Om Prakash, ''European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India'' (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998).</ref> In the late 18th century, [[Stewart Kyd]], the author of the first treatise on [[corporate law]] in English, defined a corporation as,

{{quote|a collection of many individuals united into one body, under a special denomination, having [[perpetual succession]] under an artificial form, and vested, by policy of the law, with the capacity of acting, in several respects, as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations, and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation, or at any subsequent period of its existence.|A Treatise on the Law of Corporations, Stewart Kyd (1793-1794)}}

=== Mercantilism ===
{{See also|Mercantilism|South Sea Bubble}}

[[File:Vereinigte Ostindische Compagnie bond.jpg|thumb|A [[bond (finance)|bond]] issued by the [[Dutch East India Company]], dating from 1623, for the amount of 2,400 florins]]

Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as "the grandest society of merchants in the universe", the [[British East India Company]] would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation, as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitative.<ref>John Keay, ''The Honorable Company: A History of the English East India Company'' (MacMillan, New York 1991).</ref> On 31 December 1600, the [[English monarchy]] granted the company a 15-year monopoly on trade to and from the [[East Indies]] and [[Africa]]. By 1611, shareholders in the East India Company were earning an almost 150% [[return on investment|return on their investment]]. Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the Company had become. Its first stock offering in 1613-1616 raised £418,000, and its first offering in 1617-1622 raised £1.6 million.<ref>''Ibid. '' at 113.</ref>

In the [[United States]], government chartering began to fall out of vogue in the mid-19th century. Corporate law at the time was focused on protection of the public interest, and not on the interests of corporate shareholders. Corporate charters were closely regulated by the states. Forming a corporation usually required an act of legislature. Investors generally had to be given an equal say in corporate governance, and corporations were required to comply with the purposes expressed in their charters. Many private firms in the 19th century avoided the corporate model for these reasons ([[Andrew Carnegie]] formed his steel operation as a [[limited partnership]], and [[John D. Rockefeller]] set up [[Standard Oil]] as a [[Trust law|trust]]). Eventually, state governments began to realize the greater corporate registration revenues available by providing more permissive corporate laws. [[New Jersey]] was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ftzqaBv7X_sC&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=%22new+jersey%22+%22first+state%22+%22business+corporation%22&source=web&ots=n5Af0liBo5&sig=A2RRh_zOyS7W3CCMK4ZyG6Scmwk The Law of Business Organizations], Cengage Learning</ref>{{verify credibility|date=August 2012}} [[Delaware]] followed, and soon became known as the most corporation-friendly state in the country after New Jersey raised taxes on the corporations, driving them out. New Jersey reduced these taxes after this mistake was realized, but by then it was too late; even today, most major public corporations in the United States are set up under Delaware law.

By the beginning of the 19th century, government policy on both sides of the Atlantic began to change, reflecting the growing popularity of the proposition that corporations were riding the economic wave of the future. In 1819, the U. S. Supreme Court granted corporations a plethora of rights they had not previously recognized or enjoyed.<ref>''[[Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward]]'', 17 U. S. 518 (1819).</ref> Corporate charters were deemed "inviolable", and not subject to arbitrary amendment or abolition by state governments.<ref>''Id. '' at 25.</ref> The Corporation as a whole was labeled an "artificial person", possessing both individuality and immortality.<ref>''Id. '' at 45.</ref>

At around the same time, legislation in the United Kingdom was similarly freeing the corporation from historical restrictions. In 1844 the [[British Parliament]] passed the Joint Stock Companies Act, which allowed companies to incorporate without a royal charter or an Act of Parliament.<ref>Sean M. O'Connor, ''Be Careful What You Wish For: How Accountants and Congress Created the Problem of Auditor Independence'', 45 B. C. L. Rev. 741, 749 (2004).</ref> Ten years later, [[limited liability]], the key provision of modern corporate law, passed into English law: in response to increasing pressure from newly emerging capital interests, Parliament passed the [[Limited Liability Act 1855]], which established the principle that any corporation could enjoy limited legal liability on both contract and tort claims simply by registering as a "limited" company with the appropriate government agency.<ref>Limited Liability Act, 18 & 19 Vict., ch. 133 (1855)(Eng.), cited in Paul G. Mahoney, ''Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law'', 34 Ga. L. Rev. 873, 892 (2000).</ref>

This prompted the English periodical ''[[The Economist]]'' to write in 1855 that "never, perhaps, was a change so vehemently and generally demanded, of which the importance was so much overrated. "<ref>Graeme G. Acheson & John D. Turner, ''The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877-1914'', School of Management and Economics, Queen's University of Belfast, available at [http://www.ehs.org.uk/ehs/conference2004/assets/AchesonTurnerPaper.pdf] and [http://www1.fee.uva.nl/fm/conference/legal/ehr_2006_%20Acheson%20and%20Turner.pdf].</ref> The major error of the second part of this judgment was recognised by the same magazine more than 70 years later, when it claimed that, "[t]he economic historian of the future. . . may be inclined to assign to the nameless inventor of the principle of limited liability, as applied to trading corporations, a place of honour with [[James Watt|Watt]] and [[George Stephenson|Stephenson]], and other pioneers of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. "<ref>''Economist'', December 18, 1926, at 1053, as quoted in Mahoney, ''supra'', at 875.</ref>

===Modern corporations===
By the end of the 19th century the [[Sherman Act]], New Jersey allowing [[holding companies]], and [[mergers]] resulted in larger corporations with dispersed shareholders. (See ''[[The Modern Corporation and Private Property]]'')<ref>For a comparison of the differences between the "Classic Corporation" (before 1860) and the "Modern Corporation" (after 1900), see Ted Nace, ''Gangs of America: The Rise of Corporate Power and the Disabling of Democracy'' 71 (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., San Francisco 2003).</ref> The well-known ''[[Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad]]'' decision began to influence policymaking and the modern corporate era had begun.

The 20th century saw a proliferation of enabling law across the world, which helped to drive economic booms in many countries before and after World War I. Starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state-owned corporations moved toward [[privatization]], the selling of publicly owned (or 'nationalised') services and enterprises to corporations. [[Deregulation]] (reducing the regulation of corporate activity) often accompanied privatization as part of a [[laissez-faire]] policy. Another major postwar shift was toward the development of [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]], in which large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base. Japanese firms developed a horizontal conglomeration model, the [[keiretsu]], which was later duplicated in other countries as well.<ref>Apple</ref>

==Ownership and control==
In another kind of corporation the legal document which established the corporation or which contains its current rules will determine whom the corporation's members are. Who is a member depends on what kind of corporation is involved. In a [[worker cooperative]] the members are people who work for the cooperative. In a [[credit union]] the members are people who have accounts with the credit union.<ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Finance |first1=Scott |last1=Besley |first2=Eugene |last2=Brigham |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2008 |isbn=9780324655889 |edition=4th |page=105 |quote=A credit union is a depository institution that is owned by its depositors...}}</ref>

The day-to-day activities of a corporation is typically controlled by individuals appointed by the members. In some cases this will be a single individual but more commonly corporations are controlled by a committee or by committees. Broadly speaking there are two kinds of committee structure.

* A single committee known as a [[board of directors]] is the method favored in most [[common law]] countries. Under this model the board of directors is composed of both executive and non-executive directors, the latter being meant to supervise the former's management of the company.
* A two-tiered committee structure with a [[supervisory board]] and a [[managing board]] is common in [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Company & Commercial - Netherlands: In a nutshell - one-tier boards |date=10 April 2012 |publisher=International Law Office |url=http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/detail.aspx?g=f4815d3b-0de3-44d3-81d8-16114b49b8d8}}</ref>

===Formation===
Historically, corporations were created by a [[charter]] granted by government. Today, corporations are usually registered with the state, province, or national government and regulated by the laws enacted by that government. Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation's assumption of limited liability. The law sometimes requires the corporation to designate its principal address, as well as a [[registered agent]] (a person or company designated to receive legal service of process). It may also be required to designate an [[Agent (law)|agent]] or other legal representative of the corporation.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

Generally, a corporation files [[articles of incorporation]] with the government, laying out the general nature of the corporation, the amount of stock it is authorized to issue, and the names and addresses of directors. Once the articles are approved, the corporation's directors meet to create [[bylaws]] that govern the internal functions of the corporation, such as meeting procedures and officer positions.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

The law of the jurisdiction in which a corporation operates will regulate most of its internal activities, as well as its finances. If a corporation operates outside its home state, it is often required to register with other governments as a [[foreign corporation]], and is almost always subject to laws of its host state pertaining to [[employment]], [[crime]]s, [[contract]]s, [[civil action]]s, and the like.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

===Naming===
Corporations generally have a distinct name. Historically, some corporations were named after their membership: for instance, "The President and Fellows of Harvard College." Nowadays, corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to their membership. In Canada, this possibility is taken to its logical extreme: many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all, merely numbers based on a registration number (for example, "12345678 Ontario Limited"), which is assigned by the provincial or territorial government where the corporation incorporates.

In most countries, corporate names include a term or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity (for example, "Incorporated" or "Inc." in the United States) or the limited liability of its members (for example, "Limited" or "Ltd."). These terms vary by jurisdiction and language. In some jurisdictions they are mandatory, and in others they are not.<ref>The [[U.S. state]] of [[California]] is an example of a jurisdiction that does not require corporations to indicate corporate status in their names, except for close corporations.  The drafters of the 1977 revision of the California General Corporation Law considered the possibility of forcing all California corporations to have a name indicating corporate status, but decided against it because of the huge number of corporations that would have had to change their names, and the lack of any evidence that anyone had been harmed in California by entities whose corporate status was not immediately apparent from their names.  However, the 1977 drafters were able to impose the current disclosure requirement for close corporations.  See Harold Marsh, Jr., R. Roy Finkle, Larry W. Sonsini, and Ann Yvonne Walker, ''Marsh's California Corporation Law'', 4th ed., vol. 1 (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2004), 5-15 — 5-16.</ref> Their use puts everybody on [[constructive notice]] that they are dealing with an entity whose [[legal liability|liability]] is limited: one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls when one obtains a judgment against it.

Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "'''company'''" alone to denote corporate status, since the word "[[company]]" may refer to a [[partnership]] or some other form of collective ownership (in the United States it can be used by a [[sole proprietorship]] but this is not generally the case elsewhere).{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

===Unresolved issues===
The nature of the corporation continues to evolve in response to new situations as existing corporations promote new ideas and structures, the courts respond, and governments issue new regulations. A question of long standing is that of diffused responsibility. For example, if a corporation is found liable for a death, how should culpability and punishment for it be allocated among shareholders, directors, management and staff, and the corporation itself? See [[corporate liability]], and specifically, [[corporate manslaughter]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

Laws and legal systems differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and are in a state of flux. People of some perspectives may and have argued that shareholders should be ultimately responsible in such circumstances, forcing them to consider issues other than profit when investing, but a corporation may have millions of small shareholders who are aware of nothing about its business activities and policies. Moreover, traders &mdash; especially [[hedge fund]]s &mdash; may turn over shares in corporations many times a day.<ref>See, for example, the Ontario's Environmental Protection Act.</ref> The issue of corporate repeat offenders (see H. Glasbeek, "Wealth by Stealth: Corporate Crime, Corporate Law, and the Perversion of Democracy", ISBN 978-1-896357-41-6, Between the Lines Press: Toronto 2002) raises the question of the so-called "death penalty for corporations."<ref>[http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=1810 CorpWatch : The Death Penalty for Corporations Comes of Age]</ref>

==See also==
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
'''Law'''
*[[Corporate law]]
*[[United Kingdom company law]]
*[[United States corporate law]] {{nb10}}
*[[German company law]]
*[[European company law]]
*[[Commercial law]]

'''Other'''
*[[Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act|Alaska Native Corporation]]
*[[Anti-corporate activism]]
*[[Blocker corporation]]
*[[Community interest company]]
*[[Company (law)]]
*[[Conglomerate (company)]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Cooperative]]
*[[Corporate crime]]
*[[Corporate governance]]
*[[Corporate haven]]
*[[Corporate scandal]]s
*[[Corporate welfare]]
*[[Corporation sole]]
*[[Corporatism]]
*[[Corporatization]]
*[[Evil corporation]]
*[[Finance capitalism]]
*[[Good standing]]
*[[Guild]]
*[[Incorporation (business)]] {{nb10}}
*[[List of strikes]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Megacorporation]]
*[[Multinational corporation]]
*<<link:0>>
*[[Organizational culture]]
*[[Preferred stock]]
*[[Professional corporation]] (PC or P.C.)
*[[Public limited company]] (PLC)
*[[Registered Agent]]
*[[Shelf Corporation]]
*[[Stock certificate]]s
*[[State Enterprise|State-owned Corporation]]

*[[The Corporation (film)]]
*[[Unlimited company]]
*[[Unlimited liability corporation]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
*[http://ssrn.com/abstract=1103644 A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law]
*Blumberg, Phillip I., ''The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality'', (1993)
*Bromberg, Alan R. ''Crane and Bromberg on Partnership''. 1968.
*Brown, Bruce. [http://www.astonisher.com/archives/corporation/corporation_intro.html ''The History of the Corporation''] (2003)
*Cadman, John William. ''The Corporation in New Jersey: Business and Politics, '', (1949)
*Conard, Alfred F. ''Corporations in Perspective''. 1976.
*Cooke, C. A., ''Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History'', (1950)
*Davis, John P. [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjohn/index.html ''Corporations''] (1904)
*Davis, Joseph S. [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjoe/index.html ''Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations''] (1917)
*Dignam, A and Lowry, J (2006) Company Law, [[Oxford University Press]] ISBN 978-0-19-928936-3
*Dodd, Edwin Merrick. ''American Business Corporations until 1860, With Special Reference to Massachusetts'', (1954)
*DuBois, A.B. ''The English Business Company after the Bubble Act, '', (1938)\
*Freedman, Charles. ''Joint-stock Enterprise in France, : From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation'' (1979)
*[[Ernst Freund|Freund, Ernst]]. [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/freund/index.html MCMaster.ca], ''The Legal Nature of the Corporation'' (1897)
*Hallis, Frederick. ''Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence'' (1930)
*[[Robert Hessen|Hessen, Robert]]. ''In Defense of the Corporation''. Hoover Institute. 1979. ISBN -X
*Hunt, Bishop. ''The Development of the Business Corporation in England '' (1936)
*Klein and Coffee. ''Business Organization and Finance: Legal and Economic Principles''. Foundation. 2002. ISBN -X
*Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/majumdar/index.html ''Corporate Life in Ancient India''], (1920)
*Means, Robert Charles. ''Underdevelopment and the Development of Law: Corporations and Corporation Law in Nineteenth-century Colombia'', (1980)
*Micklethwait, John and Wooldridge, Adrian. ''The Company: a Short History of a Revolutionary Idea''. New York: Modern Library. 2003.
*Owen, Thomas. ''The Corporation under Russian Law, : A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy'' (1991)
*Rungta, Radhe Shyam. ''The Rise of the Business Corporation in India, 1851–1900'', (1970)
*Scott, W. R. [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/scott/index.html ''Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720''] (1912)
*[[Robert Sobel|Sobel, Robert]]. ''The Age of Giant Corporations: a Microeconomic History of American Business''. (1984)

'''Further reading'''
*{{cite book | last = Barnet | first = Richard | authorlink = | coauthors = Ronald E. Muller| title = Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporation| publisher = Simon & Schuster| year = 1974 | location = New York, NY | pages = | url = | doi =  | isbn = }}
*Low, Albert, 2008. "[http://www.conflictandcreativityatwork.ca Conflict and Creativity at Work: Human Roots of Corporate Life], Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-272-3

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Corporations}}
*[[wikibooks:US Corporate Law|US Corporate Law]] at Wikibooks
*[[wikibooks:US Corporate Law|US Corporate Law]]
*[http://www.brh.org.uk/dwtf2008/kcc.html an Audio from a talk about the history of corporations and the English Law by Barrister Daniel Bennett]

[[Category:Companies| ]]
[[Category:Business law]]
[[Category:Corporations law]]
[[Category:Corporations| ]]
[[Category:Legal entities]]
[[Category:Types of business entity]]

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