Dab solver - Ibn Hazm

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{{Infobox philosopher
  <!-- Scroll down to edit this page -->
  <!-- Philosopher Category -->
|  region = Andalusia
| era = Medieval
| color = #B0C4DE
  <!-- Image and Caption -->
| <!-- Information -->
| name = Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm
| birth_date =  November 7, 994
| birth_place = [[Córdoba, Spain|]], [[Caliphate of Córdoba]]
| death_date = August 15, 1064^ref^ref (456 AH^ref) 
| death_place = Montíjar, near [[Huelva]], [[Taifa of Seville]]
| school_tradition = [[Islamic philosophy]]
| main_interests = [[Islam]], [[Sunnah]]
| influences = 
| influenced = 
| notable_ideas = 
|}}

Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm ({{lang-ar|أبو محمد علي بن احمد بن سعيد بن حزم}}; also sometimes known as al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī;^ref November 7, 994&nbsp;– August 15, 1064^ref^ref^ref (456 AH^ref)) was an [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] [[polymath]] born in [[Córdoba, Spain|]], present-day [[Spain]].^ref He was a leading proponent and codifier of the [[Zahiri]] [[madhab|school of Islamic thought]],^ref and produced a reported 400 works of which only 40 still survive, covering a range of topics such as [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], [[...|history]], [[ethics]], [[comparative religion]], and , as well as [[The Ring of the Dove]], on the art of love.^ref^ref The [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] refers to him as having been one of the leading thinkers of the [[Muslim world]],^ref and he is widely acknowledged as the father of [[Comparative religion|comparative religious studies]].^ref

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{{Infobox philosopher
  
  
|  region          = Andalusia
| era             = Medieval
| color           = #B0C4DE
  
| 
| name             = Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd '''ibn Ḥazm'''
| birth_date       =  November 7, 994
| birth_place      = [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Caliphate of Córdoba]]
| death_date       = August 15, 1064<ref name="Arberry"/><ref name=brill>R. Arnaldez, [http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-hazm-COM_0325 Ibn Ḥazm]. [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 09 January 2013</ref> (456 AH<ref name="hadithsunnah"/>) 
| death_place      = Montíjar, near [[Huelva]], [[Taifa of Seville]]
| school_tradition = [[Islamic philosophy]]
| main_interests   = [[Islam]], [[Sunnah]]
| influences       = 
| influenced       = 
| notable_ideas    = 
|}}

'''Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm''' ({{lang-ar|'''أبو محمد علي بن احمد بن سعيد بن حزم'''}}; also sometimes known as al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī;<ref>A. R. Nykl. "[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1062-0516%28192310%2940%3A1%3C30%3AIHTOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G Ibn Ḥazm's Treatise on Ethics]". Also as Ibn Khazem by some medieval European sources. ''The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures'', Vol. 40, No. 1. (Oct., 1923), pp. 30–36.</ref> November 7, 994&nbsp;– August 15, 1064<ref name="Arberry">Ibn Hazm. ''[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hazm/dove/index.html The Ring of the Dove: A Treatise on the Art and Practice of Arab Love]''. Trans. A. J. Arberry. Luzac Oriental, 1997 ISBN 1-898942-02-1</ref><ref name=brill/><ref name=gulf>Joseph A. Kechichian, [http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/a-mind-of-his-own-1.1121412 A mind of his own]. [[Gulf News]]: 21:30 December 20, 2012.</ref> (456 AH<ref name="hadithsunnah">{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/scienceofhadith/asb2.html |title=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts |publisher=Usc.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>)) was an [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] [[polymath]] born in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], present-day [[Spain]].<ref name="EB2">{{cite web|author=Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041918 |title='&#39;'"Ibn Hazm."'&#39;' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Oct 23. 2006 |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> He was a leading proponent and codifier of the [[Zahiri]] [[madhab|school of Islamic thought]],<ref name=brill/> and produced a reported 400 works of which only 40 still survive, covering a range of topics such as [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], [[Historiography of early Islam|history]], [[ethics]], [[comparative religion]], and <<link:0>>, as well as ''[[The Ring of the Dove]]'', on the art of love.<ref name=gulf/><ref name="EB2"/> The [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] refers to him as having been one of the leading thinkers of the [[Muslim world]],<ref name=brill/> and he is widely acknowledged as the father of [[Comparative religion|comparative religious studies]].<ref name=gulf/>

==Personal life==
===Lineage===
Ibn Hazm was born into a notable family. His grandfather Sa'id who moved to [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] and his father Ahmad both held high advisory positions in the court of the [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]] [[Hisham II]].<ref>The court was under the effective rule of the [[Grand Vizier]] [[Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir|al-Mansur]] and his successor and son al-Muzaffar</ref> The family claimed to be of [[Persia]]n descent.<ref name="EB1">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-3448 '''"Ibn Hazm."'''] Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. October 23, 2006</ref> However, some modern day scholars believe that there is evidence that Ibn Hazm was a descendant of a [[Christian]] Iberian family in Montíjar near [[Huelva]], and that his great-grandfather had converted to [[Islam]].<ref name=gulf/><ref name="EB1"/>

===Upbringing===
Having been raised in a politically and economically important family, Ibn Hazm mingled with people of power and influence all his life. He had access to levels of government by his adolescence that most people at the time would never know throughout their whole lives. These experiences with government and politicians caused Ibn Hazm to develop a reluctant and even sad skepticism about human nature and the capacity of human beings to deceive and oppress.<ref name=lois428>Lois A. Giffen, "Ibn Hazm and the Tawq al-Hamama. Taken from ''The Legacy of Muslim Spain'', pg. 428. Ed. [[Salma Jayyusi]]. [[Leiden]]: [[Brill Publishers]], 1994.</ref> His reaction was to believe that there was no refuge or truth except with an infallible God, and that with men resided only corruption. Ibn Hazm was thus known for his cynicism regarding humanity and a strong respect for the principles of language and sincerity in communication.<ref name=brill/>

==Career==
Ibn Hazm lived among the circle of the ruling hierarchy of the [[Umayyad]] government. His experiences produced an eager and observant attitude, and he gained an excellent education at Cordoba. His talent gained him fame and allowed him to enter service under the [[Caliph of Córdoba|Caliphs of Córdoba]] and [[Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir]], [[Grand Vizier]] to the last of the Umayyad caliphs, [[Hisham III]]. He was also a colleague of [[Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo]].

After the death of the grand vizier [[Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar|al-Muzaffar]] in 1008, the Umayyad Caliphate of Spain became embroiled in a civil war that lasted until 1031 resulting in its collapse of the central authority of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] and the emergence of many smaller incompetent states called [[Taifa]]s.<ref name="EB1"/>

Ibn Hazm's father died in 1012 and as Ibn Hazm continued to speak in favor of a centralized political structure, he was accused of supporting the [[Umayyads]], for which he was frequently imprisoned.<ref name=gulf/><ref name="EB1"/> By 1031, Ibn Hazm retreated to his family estate at Manta Lisham and had begun to express his activist convictions in the literary form.<ref name="EB1"/> According to one of his sons, Ibn Hazm produced some 80,000 pages of writing, consisting of 400 works, only 40 of those works are still existent. A varied character of Ibn Hazm's literary activity covers an impressive range of [[anthropology]], [[genealogy]], [[jurisprudence]], [[logic]], [[history]], [[ethics]], [[comparative religion]], [[Islamic studies]], Muslim [[Sunnah|prophetic tradition]] and [[theology]].<ref>Camilla Adang, ''This Day I have Perfected Your Religion For You: A Zahiri Conception of Religious Authority, pg. 19. Taken from ''Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies''. Ed. [[Gudrun Krämer]] and Sabine Schmidtke. [[Leiden]]: [[Brill Publishers]], 2006.</ref> He is also known to have been fond of adventure and travels, and wrote about his visit to the island of [[Majorca]] and its capitol [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]. His notes grant interesting insight into the invention and construction of [[caravel]]s.

According to a saying of the period, ''"the tongue of Ibn Hazm was a twin brother to the sword of [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|al-Hajjaj]]"'' (an infamous 7th century general and governor of Iraq)<ref name="EB1"/> and he became so frequently quoted that the phrase “Ibn Hazm said” became proverbial.<ref name="EB1"/>

He opposed the allegorical interpretation of religious texts, preferring instead a [[grammatical]] and [[syntactical]] interpretation of the [[Qur'an]]. He granted cognitive legitimacy only to revelation and sensation and considered [[deductive reasoning]] insufficient in legal and religious matters.  He rejected pratices common among more heterodox schools such as [[istihsan|juristic discretion]].<ref name=shadow34>[[Bilal Orfali]], "In the Shadow of Arabic: The Centrality of Language to Arab Culture." Pg. 34. [[Brill Publishers]], 2011. Print.</ref> While initially a follower of the [[Maliki]]te school of law within [[Sunni Islam]], he switched to the [[Shafi'i]]te rite later and, around the age of thirty, finally settled with the [[Zahiri]]te school.<ref name=lois428/><ref>Adang, "From Malikism to Shafi'ism to Zahirism: The Conversions of Ibn Hazm," pg. 73-87. ''Conversions islamiques. Identites religieuses en Islam mediterraneen'', ed. Mercedes Garcia-Arenal. [[Paris]]: 2001.</ref> He is perhaps the most well-known adherent to the school, and the main source of extant works on Zahirite law.

== Works ==
{{main|List of works by ibn Hazm}}
Ibn Hazm has been described as the second most prolific author in Muslim history, only surpassed by [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] in terms of works authored. While much of Ibn Hazm's work was burned in Seville by an alliance of his sectarian and political opponents, a number of his books have survived. His writing style has been described as repetitive, which was Ibn Hazm's way of emphasizing a point he felt was important to a given discussion.<ref>Adang, ''Zahiri Conceptions'', pg. 20.</ref> His method of dialogue was harsh, and he appeared to have little fear or respect for those who disagreed with him, be they fellow academics or government officials.

In addition to works on law and theology, Ibn Hazm also wrote more than ten books on medicine.

===Detailed Critical Examination===
In his ''Fisal'' (''Detailed Critical Examination''), a treatise on [[Islamic science]], [[early Islamic philosophy|philosophy]] and [[Kalam|theology]], Ibn Hazm stressed the importance of sense [[perception]] as he realized that human [[reason]] can be flawed. While he recognized the importance of reason, since the [[Qur'an]] itself invites [[Introspection|reflection]], he argued that this reflection refers mainly to [[revelation]] and [[sense]] data, since the principles of reason are themselves derived entirely from [[sense experience]]. He concludes that reason is not a faculty for independent [[research]] or [[discovery (observation)|discovery]], but that [[Empirical evidence|sense perception]] should be used in its place, an idea that forms the basis of [[empiricism]].<ref>[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hazm/ibnhazm.htm Ibn Hazm], ''Islamic Philosophy Online''.</ref>

===Logic===
Ibn Hazm wrote the ''Scope of Logic'' on [[logic in Islamic philosophy]], in which he stressed on the importance of sense perception as a source of knowledge.<ref name=Iqbal>[[Muhammad Iqbal]], ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'', "The Spirit of Muslim Culture" ([[cf.]] [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction] and [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MI_RRTI/chapter_05.htm])</ref> He wrote that the "first sources of all human knowledge are the soundly used senses and the intuitions of [[reason]], combined with a correct understanding of a language." Ibn Hazm also criticized some of the more traditionalist theologians who were opposed to the use of [[logic]] and argued that the first generations of [[Muslim]]s did not rely on logic. His response was that the early Muslims had witnessed the [[revelation]] directly, whereas the Muslims of his time have been exposed to contrasting beliefs, hence the use of logic is necessary in order to preserve the true teachings of [[Islam]].<ref name=Leaman>Seyyed [[Hossein Nasr]] and [[Oliver Leaman]] (1996), ''History of Islamic Philosophy'', pp. 107–109, [[Routledge]], ISBN 0-415-05667-5.</ref>

===Ethics===
In his book, ''In Pursuit of Virtue'', ibn Hazm had urged his readers with the following:
<blockquote>Do not use your energy except for a cause more noble than yourself. Such a cause cannot be found except in Almighty God Himself: to preach the truth, to defend womanhood, to repel humiliation which your creator has not imposed upon you, to help the oppressed. Anyone who uses his energy for the sake of the vanities of the world is like someone who exchanges gemstones for gravel.<ref>In Pursuit of Virtue, section under Treatment to be given to Souls, and the Reform of Vicious Characters, #9</ref></blockquote>

===Poetry===
A poem, or fragment of a poem, by him is preserved in [[Ibn Said al-Maghribi]]'s ''Pennants of the Champions'':<ref>{{cite book|last=Gómez|first=translated by [[Cola Franzen]] from the Spanish versions of Emilio García|title=Poems of Arab Andalusia|year=1989|publisher=City Lights Books|location=San Francisco|url=http://books.google.com/?id=IEHb0lmTvS8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Poemas+ar%C3%A1bigoandaluces#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-0-87286-242-5}}</ref>
:::You came to me just before
:::the Christians rang their bells.
:::The half-moon was rising
:::looking like an old man's eyebrow
:::or a delicate instep.

:::And although it was still night
:::when you came a rainbow
:::gleamed on the horizon,
:::showing as many colours
:::as a peacock's tail.

==Views==

===Spherical Earth===
By the 9th century, many Muslims scholars took it for granted that the Earth was a sphere, in correlation with the beliefs of Ancient Greek geographers such as [[Ptolemy]] and [[Eratosthenes]]. Scholars like Ibn Hazm began supporting the view that the [[Earth]] was a sphere, he is known to have started his debate by stating verses from the [[Quran]]: "He makes the Night overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night" (Zumar;5)- the word "to make [something] overlap" here, in Arabic ''kawwara ( كَوَّرَ )'', is derived from ''kura''( كُرَة ), which means "ball" or "sphere" -. And after detailed studies using [[celestial globe]]s he concluded proof, and the now astronomer Ibn Hazm stated publicly stated that: "the [[Sun]] is always vertical to a particular spot on [[Earth]]". Ibn Hazm proof inspired generations later on including the geographer [[al-Idrisi]], who depicted the world as a globe.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html | work=The Independent | date=2006-03-11}}</ref><ref>http://en.islamstory.com/contributions-of-muslim-scientists-to-geography.html#_ftnref11</ref>

===Physics and Dynamics===
Ibn Hazm's views on [[sound]] is that it travels at specific speeds. He gave examples of [[echo (phenomenon)|echo]] inside the [[Cathedral– Masjid of Córdoba|Mosque of Córdoba]] to prove his statements, among the examples he proposed was the reference to the intervel between [[lightning]] and the [[thunder]] that follows it. He also implicitly believed that lightning causes thunder.
<ref name="muslimheritage">http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Main%20-%20Ibn%20Hazm.pdf</ref>

Ibn Hazm also presented a notion on Dynamics regarding the "nature of motion of bodies". Ibn Hazm explained that: "there are mobile objects and stationary objects, but there is no motion nor staticness".
<ref name="muslimheritage" />

===Women===
Ibn Hazm was considered notable for his views that [[Women in Islam|women]] could be [[Prophets in Islam|prophets]] and, though not unconditionally, political leaders.<ref>[http://www.islamicspain.tv/Andalusi-Society/WomenofAl-Andalus.htm Extraordinary Women of Al-Andalus]. Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain. Unity Productions Foundation: 2007.</ref>

==Reception==
Muslim scholarship, especially those proscribing to Zahirism, have often praised Ibn Hazm for what they perceive as his knowledge and perseverence. Late [[Yemen]]i preacher [[Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i]] was one of Ibn Hazm's admirers in recent times, holding the view that no other Muslim scholar had embodied the [[Sunnah|prophetic tradition]] of [[Muhammad]] and the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] so well.<ref>Al-Waadi'ee, Muqbil "Ijabat al-Sa`il fi Ahamm al-Masa`il," pg.333</ref> Similarly, Pakistani cleric [[Badi' ud-Din Shah al-Rashidi]] taught Ibn Hazm's book Al-Muhalla to students in [[Masjid al-Haram]], Islam's holiest site, while living in [[Mecca]].<ref name=meezaan>Abdullaah Nasir Rehmaani, [http://ahlulhadeeth.wordpress.com/2007/10/16/the-life-of-allaamah-sayyid-badee-ud-deen-shah-ar-raashidee-as-sindhee-by-allamaah-abdullaah-naasir-rehmaanee/ "A Biography of Shaykh Badee-ud-Deen Shah Rashidee as-Sindhee."] Trns. Abu Naasir and Abu Handhala. Prepared by al-Meezaan.com.</ref> al-Wadi'i himself taught Al-Muhalla in [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], Islam's second holiest site, while in [[Medina]]. [[Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri]], the primary biographer of Ibn Hazm in the modern era, has authored a number of works on Ibn Hazm's life and career, many published through Ibn Aqil's printing press which is named after Ibn Hazm.<ref>See:<br>*[[Maribel Fierro]], "Heresy in al-Andalus." Taken from ''The Legacy of Muslim Spain,'' pg. 905. Ed. Salma Jayyusi. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1994.<br>*''Ibn Hazam Khilal Alf Aam''. [[Lebanon]]: Dar al-Gharab al-Islami, 1982. 303 pages.<br>*''Tahrir ba'd al-masa'il 'ala madh'hab al ashab''. 1st Ed. Riyadh: Maktabat Dar al-Ulum, 1981.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hazm (name)]]
* [[Miguel Asín Palacios]]

==Sources==
* ''The Ring of the Dove'' by Ibn Hazm, translation and preface by A. J. Arberry ISBN 1-898942-02-1 <ref>[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hazm/akhlaq/default.htm ]{{dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref>
* ''al-Fasl fi al-milal wa-al-ahwa' wa-al-nihal'', by Ibn Hazm. Bairut: Dar al-Jil, 1985
* ''Abenházam de Córdoba y su Historia crítica de las ideas religiosas'' vols. 1–5, by Miguel Asín Palacios. Madrid, 1928–1932
* ''Muslim writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible : from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm'', by [[Camilla Adang]]. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996. ISBN 90-04-10034-2
* ''Ibn Hazm et la polémique islamo-chrétienne dans l´histoire de l´Islam'', by Abdelilah Ljamai. Leiden: Brill, 2003. ISBN 90-04-12844-1
* ''Ibn Hazam Khilal Alf Aam'', by [[Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri]]. [[Lebanon]]: Dar al-Gharab al-Islami, 1982. 303 pages.<ref>[[Lahore University of Management Sciences]], [http://libraryportal.lums.edu.pk/cgi-bin/gw/chameleon?sessionid=2012051409465810770&skin=default&lng=en&inst=consortium&host=library1-bkp.lums.edu.pk%2b1112%2bDEFAULT&patronhost=library1-bkp.lums.edu.pk%201112%20DEFAULT&searchid=139&sourcescreen=INITREQ&pos=1&itempos=1&rootsearch=SCAN&function=INITREQ&search=AUTHID&authid=601214&authidu=1003 Khalid Ishaque Collection].</ref>
* ''Kitab al-'axlaq wa-s-siyar ou Risala fi mudawat an-nufus wa-tahdib al-'axlaq wa-z-zuhd fi r-rada'il / Ibn Hazm al-'Andalusi ; introd., éd. critique, remarques par [[Eva Riad]].'' Uppsala : Univ. ; Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell international (distr.), 1980. ISBN 91-554-1048-0
* ''The Zahiris, Their Doctrine and Their History: a contribution to the history of Islamic theology'' by Ignaz Goldziher, trans. and ed. Wolfgang Behn.  Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1971.
* "Ibn Hazm of Cordova: on Porphyry's Isagoge", by Rafael Ramón Guerrero, in J. Meirinhos - O. Weijers (eds.): ''Florilegium mediaevale. Études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat'', Louvain-La-Neuve, FIDEM, 2009, pp.&nbsp;525–540.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikisourcelang|ar|ابن حزم الأندلسي|Ibn Hazm}}

* [http://bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/olg/selec/tawq/index.html The original Arabic manuscript of Tawq Alhamama]
* Global webpost [http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/islam/gender/women_prophethood.html Ibn Hazm and female prophethood]
* Muslim Heritage [http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=476 Biography]
* Britannica.org [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041918 Encyclopaedia Britannica article on Ibn Hazm]
* {{fr}} [http://www.at-tawhid.net/article-l-etrange-position-de-ibn-hazm-a-l-egard-de-l-ash-arisme-al-qadi-iyad-et-taj-ud-din-as-subki-98978620.html The Position of Ibn Hazm about Asharism by at-tawhid.net]

{{Persondata 
| NAME              = Ibn Hazm
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Arav theologian
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 994
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Al Andalus]], [[Spain]]
| DATE OF DEATH     = August 15, 1064
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Manta Lisham]], near [[Huelva]], Spain
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibn Hazm}}
[[Category:994 births]]
[[Category:1064 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Córdoba, Andalusia]]
[[Category:Medieval Arab philosophers]]
[[Category:Muslim philosophers]]
[[Category:Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:Moorish scholars]]
[[Category:Moorish writers]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]

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