Dab solver - Jesup North Pacific Expedition

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The Jesup North Pacific Expedition (1897–1902) was a major anthropological expedition to Siberia, Alaska, and the north west coast of Canada. The purpose of the expedition was to investigate the relationships between the peoples at each side of the [[Bering Strait]]. The expedition was sponsored by industrialist-philanthropist [[Morris Ketchum Jesup|Morris Jesup]] (who was among other things the president of the [[American Museum of Natural History]]), and planned and directed by [[Franz Boas]]. The participants included a number of significant figures in American and Russian anthropology, and the expedition produced a number of important [[ethnography|ethnographies]], as well as valuable collections of artifacts and photographs.^ref

== Fieldwork sites ==

The ethnic groups studied by members of the expedition include:

*[[Ainu people|Ainu]]
*[[Tsilhqot'in]] (Chilcotin, British Columbia)
*[[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] (Chukchee)
*[[Evens]] (Lamut)
*[[Evenks|Evenk]] (Tungus)
*[[Haida people|Haida]]
*[[Heiltsuk]] ()
*[[Itelmen|Itel'men]] ([[Kamchadal]])
*[[Kwakwaka'wakw]] (Kwakiutl)
*[[St'at'imc|St'at'imc (Lillooet)]] (British Columbia)
*[[Nlaka'pamux|Nlaka'pamux (Thompson)]] (British Columbia)
*[[Okanagan people|Syilx (Okanagan)]] (British Columbia)

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The '''Jesup North Pacific Expedition''' (1897–1902) was a major anthropological expedition to Siberia, Alaska, and the north west coast of Canada. The purpose of the expedition was to investigate the relationships between the peoples at each side of the [[Bering Strait]]. The expedition was sponsored by industrialist-philanthropist [[Morris Ketchum Jesup|Morris Jesup]] (who was among other things the president of the [[American Museum of Natural History]]), and planned and directed by [[Franz Boas]]. The participants included a number of significant figures in American and Russian anthropology, and the expedition produced a number of important [[ethnography|ethnographies]], as well as valuable collections of artifacts and photographs.<ref name="shadows">{{cite book | first=Laurel | last=Kendall | coauthors=Barbara Mathe, Thomas Ross Miller | title=Drawing Shadows to Stone: The Photography of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition 1897-1902 | year=1997 | isbn=0-295-97647-0 }}</ref>

==Fieldwork sites==
The ethnic groups studied by members of the expedition include:

*[[Ainu people|Ainu]]
*[[Tsilhqot'in]] (Chilcotin, British Columbia)
*[[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] (Chukchee)
*[[Evens]] (Lamut)
*[[Evenks|Evenk]] (Tungus)
*[[Haida people|Haida]]
*[[Heiltsuk]] (<<link:0>>)
*[[Itelmen|Itel'men]] ([[Kamchadal]])
*[[Kwakwaka'wakw]] (Kwakiutl)
*[[St'at'imc|St'at'imc (Lillooet)]] (British Columbia)
*[[Nlaka'pamux|Nlaka'pamux (Thompson)]] (British Columbia)
*[[Okanagan people|Syilx (Okanagan)]] (British Columbia)

==Official Publications==
Many of the scientific results of the expedition were published in a special series, ''Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition'' (New York : American Museum of Natural History, 1898-1903 [and] Leiden : E.J. Brill ; New York : G.E. Stechert, 1905–1930). The titles of these publications give a good idea of the huge scope of the expedition:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left valign:top"
!Volume
!Title
!Author (links to sections below)
!Year
|-
!v. 1, pt. 1
|Facial paintings of the Indians of northern British Columbia
|[[#Franz Boas|Franz Boas]]
|1898
|-
!v. 1, pt. 2
|The mythology of the [[Nuxálk Nation|Bella Coola]] Indians
|[[#Franz Boas|Franz Boas]]
|1898
|-
!v. 1, pt. 3
|Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia
|[[#Harlan Smith|Harlan Ingersoll Smith]]
|1899
|-
!v. 1, pt. 4
|The [[Nlaka'pamux|Thompson Indians]] of British Columbia
|[[#James Teit|James Alexander Teit]] ; edited by [[#Franz Boas|Franz Boas]]
|1900
|-
!v. 1, pt. 5
|Basketry designs of the Salish Indians
|[[#Livingston Farrand|Livingston Farrand]]
|1900
|-
!v. 1, pt. 6
|Archaeology of the Thompson River Region, British Columbia
|[[#Harlan Smith|Harlan Ingersoll Smith]]
|1900
|-
!v. 2, pt. 1
|Traditions of the [[Tsilhqot'in|Chilcotin Indians]]
|[[#Livingston Farrand|Livingston Farrand]]
|1900
|-
!v. 2, pt. 2
|Cairns of British Columbia and Washington
|[[#Harlan Smith|Harlan Ingersoll Smith]] and [[#Gerard Fowke|Gerard Fowke]]
|1901
|-
!v. 2, pt. 3
|Traditions of the Quinault Indians
|[[#Livingston Farrand|Livingston Farrand]], assisted by W.S. Kahnweiler
|1902
|-
!v. 2, pt. 4
|Shell-heaps of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia
|[[#Harlan Smith|Harlan Ingersoll Smith]]
|1903
|-
!v. 2, pt. 5
|The [[St'at'imc|Lillooet Indians]]
|[[#James Teit|James Alexander Teit]]
|1906
|-
!v. 2, pt. 6
|Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound
|[[#Harlan Smith|Harlan Ingersoll Smith]]
|1907
|-
!v. 2, pt. 7
|The [[Secwepemc|Shuswap]]
|[[#James Teit|James Alexander Teit]]
|1909
|-
!v. 3
|[[Kwak'wala|Kwakiutl]] texts
|[[#Franz Boas|Franz Boas]] and [[#George Hunt|George Hunt]]
|1905
|-
!v. 4
|The decorative art of the Amur tribes
|[[#Berthold Laufer|Berthold Laufer]]
|1902
|-
!v. 5, pt. 1
|Contributions to the ethnology of the Haida
|[[#John Swanton|John R. Swanton]]
|1905
|-
!v. 5, pt. 2
|The [[Kwakwaka'wakw|Kwakiutl]] of Vancouver Island
|[[#Franz Boas|Franz Boas]]
|1909
|-
!v. 6
|The Koryaks
|[[#Waldemar Jochelson|Waldemar Jochelson]]
|1908
|-
!v. 7
|The Chukchee
|[[#Waldemar Bogoras|Waldemar Bogoras]]
|1904–1909
|-
!v. 8, pt. 1
|Chukchee mythology
|[[#Waldemar Bogoras|Waldemar Bogoras]]
|1910
|-
!v. 8, pt. 2
|Mythology of the Thompson Indians
|[[#James Teit|James Alexander Teit]]
|1912
|-
!v. 8, pt. 3
|The Eskimo of Siberia
|[[#Waldemar Bogoras|Waldemar Bogoras]]
|1913
|-
!v. 9
|The Yukaghir and Yukaghirized Tungus
|[[#Waldemar Jochelson|Waldemar Jochelson]]
|1926
|-
!v. 10, pt. 1
|[[Kwak'wala|Kwakiutl]] texts, second series
|[[#Franz Boas|Franz Boas]] and [[#George Hunt|George Hunt]]
|1906
|-
!v. 10, pt. 2
|Haida texts, Masset dialect
|[[#John Swanton|John R. Swanton]]
|1908
|-
!v. 11
|Craniology of the North Pacific Coast
|[[#Bruno Oetteking|Bruno Oetteking]]
|1930
|-
![v. 12]
|Ethnographical album of the North Pacific coasts of America and Asia
|
|1900
|-
|}

Other results of the expedition were published separately. [[Vladimir Bogoraz|Waldemar Bogoras]]'s grammar of [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]], [[Koryak language|Koryak]] and [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]] (misleadingly titled just ''Chukchee'') was delayed by the onset of the First World War and Russian Revolution. It was eventually published (heavily edited by [[Franz Boas|Boas]]) in the ''Handbook of American Indian Languages''.

==Expedition direction==

===Franz Boas===
[[Franz Boas]], one of the pioneers of modern [[anthropology]], was the scientific director of the expedition. At the time of the expedition he was assistant curator of the American Museum's Department of Anthropology. He planned the research to address three questions:

*the origin of the early inhabitants of America
*the biological relationship between the peoples of America and the peoples of Asia
*the relationships between the cultures of the peoples of America and the peoples of Asia

Boas was an active fieldworker on the northwest coast in the [[#Fieldwork in America|American part of the expedition]].

===Morris Jesup===
[[Morris Ketchum Jesup]], a wealthy industrialist-benefactor and director of the American Museum, originally invited contributions from the friends of the American Museum to back the expedition, but ended up assuming the entire expense of the project himself.

==Fieldworkers in Russia==
The Siberian fieldwork began a year later. There were three teams, one in the south and two in the north. The southern team comprised Berthold Laufer and Gerard Fowke. Bogoras and Jochelson each had a team in the north.

===Berthold Laufer===
[[Berthold Laufer]] was an ethnologist. He worked on the [[Amur River]] and [[Sakhalin Island]] during 16 months over 1898-1899. He studied the [[Nivkh people|Nivkhi]], [[Evenks|Evenk]] and [[Ainu people|Ainu]], and published a monograph in the expedition series, ''The decorative art of the Amur tribes''.

===Gerard Fowke===
[[Gerard Fowke]], an archaeologist,

===Waldemar Bogoras===
[[Vladimir Bogoraz|Waldemar Bogoras]] was an exiled Russian revolutionary; ethnographic and linguistic fieldwork with the [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] and [[Siberian Yupik]] peoples of the western side of the [[Bering Strait]]. He was accompanied on the expedition by his wife '''Sofia Bogoraz''', who acted as photographer.

===Dina Brodsky===
[[Dina Brodsky]] (aka Jochelson-Brodskaya)
ethnography and photographic record of [[Koryaks|Koryak]] and [[Itelmen]] communities (with husband Waldemar Jochelson)

===Waldemar Jochelson===
[[Vladimir Jochelson]]
(with wife Dina Jochelson-Brodskaya)

==Fieldworkers in Canada and the United States==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

===Livingston Farrand===
[[Livingston Farrand]]

===George Hunt===
[[George Hunt (ethnologist)|George Hunt]]; lots of info at [http://www.abcbookworld.com/?state=view_author&author_id=7356] recorded [[Kwakiutl]] texts<ref name="KwakiutlTexts">{{cite book | last=Hunt | first=George | coauthors= [[Franz Boas]] | year=1902 | title=Kwakiutl Texts. Memoirs of the American museum of natural history: publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition | location=New York | publisher=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref>

===Harlan I. Smith===
Smith involved himself in archaeological work, and began by digging in the [[Thompson River]] district of British Columbia in 1897. In successive years, he worked a little farther east, and also around [[Puget Sound]], and down the west coast of the state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. The interest was in the people who inhabited these regions in prehistoric times. One small section east of the city of [[Vancouver]] was found to reveal traces of a people with a much more highly developed technology than others of the region. Some of the regions explored revealed the remains of coast tribes, others of interior tribes. At some points these characteristics merged, producing a different type.<ref name=ea>{{Cite Americana|Jesup North Pacific Expedition, The|vb=1}}</ref>

New discoveries of one season explained things not understood in previous explorations, so to gather up missing links and further elucidate the whole region, especially the people of the small section near Vancouver, it was necessary to take up some new territory and thoroughly explore it. Smith, therefore, went into the [[Yakima River Valley]] in northern Washington in 1903. On the map, this section does not look far from the Thompson River district in British Columbia, but Smith found not only their culture, but their skulls were different.<ref name=ea/>

These ancient tribes seemed to have lived, each in its nook of coast or river valley, for unnumbered ages, never going to see what was on the other side of the mountain, each developing its own morsel of civilization in its own way, its life and culture and development modified by the portion of the earth's surface where it sat down, seemingly to stay forever. Shell heaps were found miles in length, with tree stumps six feet in diameter standing on nine feet of layers, of which each layer was only an inch or two in thickness. It took a good many generations to pile up those successive layers with discards from [[shellfish]] dinners. A stump of [[Douglas fir]], over six feet in diameter, stood on a shell heap eight feet below the surface which contained human remains. The tree indicated the top layers of the shell heap were more than 500 years old.<ref name=ea/>

The material brought back included carved and sculptured pipes, stone mortars, pestles, and sinkers, bone implements used on spears, deer antlers used as handles, stone adzes differing from those found anywhere else, bone needles, shell ornaments, and the like. In addition, many paintings and sculptures on rock walls were photographed.<ref name=ea/>

===John Swanton===
[[John Swanton]]

===James Teit===
[[James Teit]] see: [http://www.civilization.ca/tresors/ethno/etp0800e.html] and [http://www.civilization.ca/tresors/ethno/etf0200e.html]

===Bruno Oetteking===
[[Bruno Oetteking]]

==External links==
*In 1988 there was an exhibition ''Crossroads of Continents'' based on the Jesup North Pacific Expedition.<ref name="crossroads">{{cite book | last=Fitzhugh | first=W.W. | coauthors=A. Crowell | title=Crossroads of Continents: Cultures of Siberia and Alaska | year=1988 | publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press | isbn=0-87474-442-3 }}</ref>
*In 1997 the American Museum of Natural History held an exhibition of photography from the Jesup North Pacific Expedition titled [http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/Jesup/premain.html Drawing Shadows to Stone]<ref name="shadows" />
*More biographical information about the Jesup North Pacific Expedition members is also available from the [http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/Jesup/fieldletters/Bios.html AMNH website]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Alaska]]
[[Category:History of British Columbia]]
[[Category:History of Siberia]]
[[Category:North American expeditions]]
[[Category:Asian expeditions]]
[[Category:Expeditions from the United States]]

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