Dab solver - Prince

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** The princes of [[prince of Condé|Condé]] and [[prince of Conti|Conti]], cadets of the French royal house, used recognized princely titles, but the lordships of Condé and Conti were never formally created principalities by the King.

* Unrecognized titles of Prince
** 
** [[Anet]]: used by the Dukes of Vendôme, then the Dukes of Penthièvre.
** [[Antibes]]: claimed by the  family.
** [[Bédeille, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|]]: in [[Béarn]].
** [[Bidache]]: in [[Béarn]] used by the [[House of Gramont]], but the heir was usually styled Count of Guiche rather than Prince of Bidache.180 lines hidden (16603 characters)
== The title of prince in religion ==

[[Image:Bellarmine 3.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Bellarmine|Saint Robert Cardinal Bellarmine]] was a prince of the Roman Catholic Church during his lifetime.]]

In states with an element of [[theocracy]], this can affect princehood in several ways, such as the style of the ruler (e.g. with a secondary title meaning son or servant of a named divinity), but also the mode of succession (even reincarnation and recognition). 

Furthermore, certain religious offices may be considered of princely rank, and/or imply comparable temporal rights.  

The Prince-Popes, [[Pope]], Hereditary Prince-Cardinals, [[...|Cardinals]],Prince-Lord Bishops, [[Prince Bishop]]s, [[Lord Bishop]]s, [[Prince-Provost]], and [[Prince-abbot]]s are referred to as [[Prince of the Church|Princes of the Church]].  Also in [[Christianity]], [[Jesus Christ]] is sometimes referred to as the Prince of Peace.^ref  Other titles for Jesus Christ are Prince of Princes,^ref Prince of the Covenant,^ref and Prince of the Kings of the Earth.^ref  Further, [[Satan]] is often titled the ; and in the [[Christian]] faith he is also referred to as the Prince of this World^ref^ref^ref and the Prince of the Power of the Air.^ref  Another title for Satan, not as common today but apparently so in approximately 30 A.D. by the [[Pharisees]] of the day, was the title Prince of the Devils.^ref^ref^ref Prince of Israel, Prince of the Angels,  and Prince of Light are titles given to the Archangel [[Saint Michael|Michael]]. Some Christian churches also believe that since all Christians, like Jesus Christ, are children of God, then they too are princes and princesses of Heaven. [[Saint Peter]], a disciple of Jesus, is also known as the [[Prince of the Apostles]].

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{{About|Royal prince|the American musician|Prince (musician)|the South Korean car|Royale Prince|other uses|Prince (disambiguation)}}
{{Ranks of Nobility}}

'''Prince''' is a general term for a ruler, [[monarch]], or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family, and it is a [[hereditary title]] in the [[nobility]] of some European [[State (polity)|states]]. The feminine equivalent is a [[princess]]. The English word derives, via the French word ''prince'', from the [[Latin]] noun ''[[princeps]]'', from ''primus'' (first) + ''capio'' (to seize), meaning "the chief, most distinguished, ruler, prince".<ref>Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles, 260th thousand</ref>

==Historical background==
[[Image:Maccari-Cicero.jpg|thumb|350px|Cicero attacks [[Catiline]] in the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] of the Roman Republic.]]
The [[Latin]] word ''prīnceps'' (older Latin *prīsmo-kaps, literally "the one who takes the first [place/position]"), became the usual title of the informal leader of the [[Roman senate]] some centuries before the transition to [[Roman Empire|empire]], the ''[[princeps senatus]]''.

Emperor Augustus established the formal position of monarch on the basis of ''[[principate]]'', not ''[[Dominate|dominion]]''. He also tasked his grandsons as summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday in the country or attending religious rituals, and, for that task, granted them the title of ''princeps''.

The title has generic and substantive meanings: 
* generically, ''prince'' refers to members of a family that [[monarchy|ruled by hereditary right]], the title being used to refer either to sovereigns or to [[Cadet (genealogy)|cadets]] of a sovereign's family. The term may be broadly used of persons in various cultures, continents or eras. In Europe, it is the title legally borne by dynastic cadets in monarchies, and borne by courtesy by members of formerly reigning dynasties.
* as a [[substantive title]], a ''prince'' was a monarch of the lowest [[Nobility|rank]] in post-[[Napoléon I of France|Napoleon]]ic Europe, e.g. Princes of, respectively, [[Andorra]], [[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]],  [[Mingrelia]], [[Monaco]], [[Waldeck and Pyrmont]], [[Wallachia]], etc.
* also substantively, the title was granted by [[pope]]s and secular monarchs to specific individuals and to the [[agnatic primogeniture|heads]] of some high-ranking European families who, however, never exercised dynastic sovereignty and whose cadets are not entitled to share the princely title, e.g. de [[Beauvau-Craon]], [[Colonna]], von [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]], von [[Dohna-Schlobitten]], von [[Philip von Eulenburg|Eulenburg]], de [[Faucigny-Lucinge]], von [[Lichnowsky]], von [[Pless]], [[Ruffo di Calabria]], (de [[Talleyrand]]) von [[Żagań|Sagan]], van [[Ursel]], etc.
* generically, cadets of some non-sovereign families whose head bears the non-dynastic title of prince (or, less commonly, [[duke]]) were sometimes also authorized to use the princely title, e.g. von [[Carolath-Beuthen]], de [[House of Broglie|Broglie]], [[Demidoff di San Donato]], [[Lieven]], de [[House of Merode|Mérode]], [[Pignatelli]], [[Radziwill]], von [[Wrede]], [[Prince Felix Yusupov|Yussopov]], etc.
* substantively, the [[heir apparent|heirs apparent]] in some monarchies use a specific princely title associated with a territory within the monarch's [[realm]], e.g. the Princes of, respectively, Asturias (Spain), Grão Pará (Brazil, formerly), Orange (Netherlands), Viana (Navarre, formerly), Wales (UK), etc.
* substantively, it became the fashion from the 17th century for the [[heir apparent|heirs apparent]] of the leading [[duke|ducal]] families to assume a princely title, associated with a ''[[fief|seigneurie]]'' in the family's possession. These titles were borne by courtesy and preserved by tradition, not law, e.g. the ''princes de'', respectively, Bidache (Gramont), Marcillac (La Rochefoucauld), Tonnay-Charente (Mortemart), Poix (Noailles), Léon (Rohan-Chabot),

==Prince as generic for ruler==
The original, but now less common use of the word, originated in the application of the Latin word ''[[princeps]]'', from [[Roman law|Roman]], more precisely [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[law]], and the classical system of government that was the European [[feudalism|feudal]] society.  In this sense, a prince is a ruler of a territory which is [[sovereign]], or [[quasi]]-sovereign, i.e.,  exercising substantial (though not all) prerogatives associated with monarchs of independent nations, as was common, for instance, within the historical boundaries of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In [[medieval]] and [[Early Modern Europe]], there were as many as two hundred such territories, especially in Italy, Germany, and [[Gaelic Ireland]]. In this sense, "prince" is used of any and all rulers, regardless of actual title or precise rank. This is the [[Renaissance]] use of the term found in [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'s famous work, ''[[The Prince|Il Principe]]''.<ref name="furst">"Fürst - Origins and cognates of the title", 2006, webpage: [http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Frst__Other_uses_in_German/id/5035795 EFest-Frst].</ref>

As a title, by the end of the medieval era, ''prince'' was borne by rulers of territories that were either substantially smaller than or exercised fewer of the rights of sovereignty than did emperors and kings. A [[lord]] of even a quite small territory might come to be referred to as a ''prince'' before the 13th century, either from translations of a native title into the Latin ''princeps'' (as for the hereditary ruler of [[Wales]]), or when the lord's territory was [[allodial title|allodial]]. The lord of an [[allodial title|allodium]] owned his lands and exercised prerogatives over the subjects in his territory absolutely, owing no feudal homage or duty as a vassal to a [[feudalism|liege lord]], nor being subject to any higher jurisdiction. Most small territories designated as principalities during feudal eras were allodial, e.g. the [[Dombes|Princedom of Dombes]].

Lords who exercised lawful authority over territories and people within a feudal hierarchy were also sometimes regarded as ''princes'' in the general sense, especially if they held the rank of [[count]] or higher. This is attested in some surviving [[style (manner of address)|styles]] for e.g., British earls, [[marquess]]es, and [[duke]]s are still addressed by the [[The Crown|Crown]] on [[ceremony|ceremonial]] occasions as ''high and noble princes'' (cf. [[Royal and noble styles]]).

In parts of the Holy Roman Empire in which [[primogeniture]] did not prevail (i.e. Germany), all legitimate [[patrilineality|agnates]] had an equal right to the family's hereditary titles. While this meant that offices, such as [[emperor]], [[king]], and [[prince elector|elector]] could only be legally occupied by one dynast at a time, holders of such other titles as [[duke]], [[margrave]], [[landgrave]], [[count palatine]], and prince could only differentiate themselves by adding the name of their [[appanage]] to the family's original title. Not only did this tend to proliferate unwieldy titles (e.g. [[Catherine II of Russia|Princess Katherine of Anhalt-Zerbst]] and [[Charles X of Sweden|Karl, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Neukastell-Kleeburg]] and [[Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg]]), but as [[agnatic primogeniture]] gradually became the norm in the Holy Roman Empire by the end of the 18th century, another means of distinguishing the monarch from other members of his dynasty became necessary. Gradual substitution of the title of ''Prinz'' for the monarch's title of ''Fürst'' occurred, and became customary in all German dynasties except in the grand duchies of [[Mecklenburg]] and [[Oldenburg]].<ref>''Almanach de Gotha'' (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages 14–131.</ref> Both ''Prinz'' and ''Fürst'' are translated into English as "prince", but they reflect not only different but mutually exclusive terms.

This distinction had evolved before the 18th century (in most families: Liechtenstein long remained an exception, cadets and females using ''Fürst/Fürstin'' into the 19th century) for dynasties headed by a ''Fürst'' in Germany. The custom spread through the [[Continental Europe|Continent]] to such an extent that a renowned imperial general who belonged to a [[cadet branch]] of a reigning ducal family, remains best known to history by the generic dynastic title, ''[[Prince Eugene of Savoy]]''. Note that the princely title was used as a prefix to his Christian name, which also became customary.

Cadets of France's ''[[Foreign Prince|princes étrangers]]'' began to affect similar usage but when, for example, the [[House of la Tour d'Auvergne|House of La Tour d'Auvergne]]'s ruling dukes of [[Bouillon]], attempted to use the same style, it was initially resisted by historians such as [[Père Anselme]] – who, however, willingly recognized use of territorial titles, i.e. he accepts that the ducal heir apparent is known as ''prince de Bouillon'', but would record in 1728 only that the heir's cousin, the comte d'Oliergues was "''known as'' the Prince Frederick" ("''dit'' le prince Frédéric").<ref>{{cite book|author = Père Anselme|authorlink= Père Anselme|title= Histoire Genealogique et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France|year = 1728|date=|publisher= Compagnie des Libraires|location= Paris|language= French|pages= 543, 545|chapter= Ducs de Bouillon}}</ref>

The post-medieval rank of ''gefürsteter Graf'' (princely count) embraced but elevated the German equivalent of the intermediate French, English and Spanish nobles. In Germany, these nobles rose to dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown (''[[de jure]]'' after the [[Peace of Westphalia]] in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign prerogatives as the [[mint (coin)|mint]]ing of money; the [[muster (military)|muster]] of military troops and the right to wage war and contract [[treaty|treaties]]; local judicial authority and [[constabulary|constabular]] enforcement; and the habit of inter-marrying with sovereign dynasties. Eventually, these titles came to be more highly valued than that of ''[[Fürst]]'' itself, and by the 19th century, their cadets would become known as ''Prinzen''.

==Prince of the blood==
{{confusing|section|date=June 2012}}

{{Main|Prince du Sang}}
[[Image:Grandconde.jpg|thumb|left|275px|[[Louis, Grand Condé|Louis de Bourbon, Prince de Condé]], was the ''premier prince du sang'' during his lifetime (painted by Joost van Egmont).]]

Currently, the husband of a [[queen regnant]] is usually titled prince or [[prince consort]], whereas the wives of male monarchs take the female equivalent of their husbands' title—the same as is used when a female mounts the throne in her own right, such as [[empress]] or queen. In Brazil, Spain and Portugal, however, the husband of a female monarch was accorded the masculine equivalent of her title—at least after she bore him a child. In previous epochs, husbands of queens regnant often shared their [[Prince consort|consort]]s' regnal title and rank.

But in cultures which allow the ruler to have several wives (e.g. four in [[Islam]]) and/or official [[concubine]]s, for these women sometimes collectively referred to as [[harem]] there are often specific rules determining their hierarchy and a variety of titles, which may distinguish between those whose offspring can be in line for the succession or not, or specifically who is mother to the heir to the throne. (E.g. in English language the title "The Prince/Princess" refers to sons/daughters of the ruling monarch)

To complicate matters, the style ''His Royal Highness'', a [[prefix]] normally accompanying the title of a dynastic prince, of royal or imperial rank, that is, can be awarded separately (as a compromise or consolation prize, in some sense).

Although the definition above is the one that is most commonly understood, there are also different systems.  Depending on country, epoch, and translation, other meanings of prince are possible.

Over the centuries foreign-language titles such as [[Italian language|Italian]] ''principe'', [[French language|French]] ''prince'', [[German language|German]] ''Prinz'' (son of a king or emperor) ''Fürst'' (peer), [[Russian language|Russian]] ''[[kniaz]]'', etc., are usually translated as prince in English.

Some princely titles are derived from that of national rulers, such as [[tsarevich]] from [[tsar]]. Other examples are (e)[[mirza]](da), [[khanzada]], [[nawabzada]], [[sahibzada]], shahzada, [[sultanzada]] (all using the Persian patronymic suffix ''-zada'', meaning ''son, descendant'').

However, some princely titles develop in unusual ways, such as adoption of a style for dynasts which is not pegged to the ruler's title, but rather continues an old tradition (e.g. ''[[grand duke]]'' in [[Romanov]] Russia), claims dynastic succession to a lost monarchy (e.g. ''prince de Tarente'' for the [[La Trémoille|La Trémoïlle heirs]] to the [[kingdom of Sicily|Neapolitan throne]], or is simply  assumed by fiat (e.g. ''prince Français'' by the [[House of Bonaparte]]).

=== Specific titles ===
[[Image:D. José, Príncipe da Beira e do Brasil.jpg|thumb|275px|[[José, Prince of Brazil]], [[Duke of Braganza]], died before he could ascend to the throne of Portugal.]]
In some dynasties, a specific style other than prince has become customary for dynasts, such as ''[[fils de France]]'' in the [[House of Capet]], and ''[[Infante]]''. ''Infante'' was borne by children of the monarch other than the [[heir apparent]] in all of the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] monarchies. Some monarchies used a specific princely title for their heirs, such as [[Prince of Asturias]] in Spain and [[Prince of Brazil]] in Portugal.
Sometimes a specific title is commonly used by various dynasties in a region, e.g. [[Mian (surname)|Mian]] in various of the Punjabi princely [[Hill States]] (lower Himalayan region in British India).

European dynasties usually awarded [[apanage]]s to princes of the blood, typically attached to a feudal noble title, such as Britain's [[royal duke]]s, the ''[[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]]'' in France, the Count of Flanders in Belgium, and the Count of Syracuse in [[Two Sicilies|Sicily]]. Sometimes appanage titles were princely, e.g. [[Prince of Achaia]] (Courtenay), ''prince de Condé'' (Bourbon), [[Prince of Carignan]] (Savoy), but it was the fact that their owners were of princely ''rank'' rather than that they held a princely ''title'' which ensured their prominence.

:*''For the often specific terminology concerning a probable heir apparent, see [[Crown Prince]] and links there.''

==Prince as a substantive title==
Other princes derive their title not from dynastic membership as such, but from inheritance of a title named for a specific and historical territory, although the family's possession of prerogatives or properties in that territory may be long past. Such are most of the "princedoms" of France's ''[[ancien régime]]'' so resented for their pretentiousness{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} by [[Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon|St-Simon]]. These include the princedoms of  Arches-Charleville, Boisbelle-Henrichemont, Chalais, Château-Regnault, Guéméné, Martigues, Mercœur, Sedan, Talmond, Tingrey, and the "kingship" of Yvetot,<ref>http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frprince.htm#list</ref> among others.

===Prince as a reigning monarch===

A prince or princess who is the [[head of state]] of a territory that has a [[monarchy]] as a [[form of government]] is a reigning prince.

====Nominal principalities====
The current princely monarchies include:
* the [[co-principality]] of [[Principality of Andorra|Andorra]] (current reigning princes are the [[President of the French Republic|French President]] [[François Hollande]] and [[Joan Enric Vives Sicília|HE Joan Enric Vives Sicília]])
* The [[emir]]ate of [[Kuwait]] (current reigning emir is [[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]])
* The [[principality]] of [[Liechtenstein]] (current reigning prince is [[Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II]])
* The principality of [[Monaco]] (current reigning prince is [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II]])
* The Emirate of [[Qatar]] (Emir [[Hamad bin Khalifa]])
* The member emirates of the [[federation]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (''United Arab Principalities''):
** [[Abu Dhabi]] (Emir [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], also president of the UAE.)
** [[Ajman]] (Emir [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi]])
** [[Dubai]]  (Emir [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], also Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE)
** [[Fujairah]] (Emir [[Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi]])
** [[Ras al-Khaimah]] (Emir [[Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qassimi]])
** [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] (Emir Sultan III bin Muhammad al-Qasimi)
** [[Umm al-Quwain]] (Emir [[Saud bin Rashid Al Mu'alla]])

<center><gallery>
Image:Coat of arms of Andorra.svg|Coat of arms of the [[principality of Andorra]] (1607).
Image:National Coat of arms of Liechtenstein.svg|Coat of arms of the [[principality]] of [[Liechtenstein]] (1719).
Image:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Vatican.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Pope|prince-bishopric of Rome]] (1927).
</gallery></center>

==== Micronations ====
In the same tradition some self-proclaimed monarchs of so-called [[micronation]]s establish themselves as virtual princes:
* [[Roy Bates]] called himself Prince Roy of the [[Principality of Sealand]]
* Leonard George Casley calls himself Prince Leonard I of the [[Principality of Hutt River]] (enclave in Australia) <ref>http://www.hutt-river-province.com/PofHR_Naming.htm</ref>

====Princes as representants of a reigning monarch====
Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of the dynasty can temporarily or permanently share in the style and / or office of the Monarch, e.g. as [[Regent]] or [[Viceroy]].

Though these offices must not be reserved for members of the ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are, possibly even reflected in the style of the office, e.g. [[prince-lieutenant]] in [[Luxembourg]] repeatedly filled by the [[Crown prince]] before the grand duke's abdication, or in form of [[consortium imperii]].

Some monarchies even have a practice in which the Monarch can formally abdicate in favor of his heir, and yet retain a kingly title with executive power, e.g. ''Maha Upayuvaraja'' ([[Sanskrit]] for ''Great Joint King'' in [[Cambodia]]), though sometimes also conferred on powerful regents who exercised executive powers.

====Non-dynastic princes====
'''France and the Holy Roman Empire'''
[[Image:Bismarcks Wappen .gif|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of [[Otto von Bismarck|Otto, prince of Bismarck]] (German Empire).]]
In several countries of the European continent, e.g. in France, prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank of [[nobility]] in chief of a geographical place, but no actual territory and without any necessary link to the [[royal family]], which makes comparing it with e.g. the British system of royal princes difficult.

The kings of France started to bestow the style of prince, as a title among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards. These titles were created by elevating a ''seigneurie'' to the nominal status of a principality—although prerogatives of sovereignty were never conceded in the letters patent. These titles held no official place in the hierarchy of the nobility, but were often treated as ranking just below dukedoms, since they were often inherited (or assumed) by ducal heirs:
* French titles of prince recognized by the king
** Holy Roman Empire States annexed by France
*** Arches-Charleville: in the [[Ardennes]] region, near the border with the Empire.
*** Château-Renaud: near Arches-Charleville.
*** Dombes: on the east bank of the [[Rhône]].
*** [[Principality of Orange|Orange]].
*** [[Sedan, France|Sedan]]: principality part of the [[Duchy of Bouillon]].
** Ancient principalities seated in the Kingdom of France
*** Boisbelle, later Henrichemont: in the [[Berry (province)|Berry]] region, a sovereign principality recognized in 1598.
*** Luxe: in the [[Béarn]] region, also styled Sovereign Count.
*** Yvetot: in the [[Normandy]] region, recognized as King of Yvetot.
** Principalities created by the King
*** [[Château-Porcien]]: in the [[Ardennes]] region, created in 1561 in the [[House of Croÿ]].
*** [[Guéméné]]: in [[Brittany]], created in 1667 in the [[House of Rohan]]. Used at times for the heir of the Duke of Montbazon or form the Duke himself.
*** [[Joinville, Haute-Marne|Joinville]]: in the [[Champagne, France|Champagne]] region, created in 1552 in the [[house of Lorraine]].
*** [[Martigues]]: in the [[Provence]] region, created 16th century in the [[House of Lorraine]].
*** Mercœur: in the [[Auvergne (province)|Auvergne]] region, created in 1563 in the [[House of Lorraine]], later a duchy. Recreated in 1719.
*** Tingry: in the [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] region, created in 1587 in the [[House of Luxemburg]].
** The princes of [[prince of Condé|Condé]] and [[prince of Conti|Conti]], cadets of the French royal house, used recognized princely titles, but the lordships of Condé and Conti were never formally created principalities by the King.

* Unrecognized titles of Prince
** <<link:0>>
** [[Anet]]: used by the Dukes of Vendôme, then the Dukes of Penthièvre.
** [[Antibes]]: claimed by the <<link:1>> family.
** [[Bédeille, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Bédeille]]: in [[Béarn]].
** [[Bidache]]: in [[Béarn]] used by the [[House of Gramont]], but the heir was usually styled Count of Guiche rather than Prince of Bidache.
** [[Carency]]: in [[Artois]]. Originally a lordship of the House of Bourbon. It was inherited by the Counts of La Vauguyon, who used the style of Prince of Carency for the heir.
** [[Chabanais]]: in [[Angoumois]]. Reduced to a marquessate in 1702
** [[Chalais, Dordogne|Chalais]]: in [[Périgord]]. Inherited by the elder branch of the House of [[Talleyrand]]. Grandeeship of Sapin annexed to the title in 1714.
** [[Commercy]]: lordship of [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]]. Younger sons of the [[House of Lorraine]] used the style of Prince of Commercy.
** [[Courtenay]]: the [[House of Courtenay]] descended from [[Louis VI of France]] but was never recognized as Princes of the Blood by the King. The last branch of the house used the style of Prince of Courtenay from the 17th century. The style passed to the Dukes of Bauffremont.
** [[Elbeuf]]: lordship of [[Normandy]]. Younger sons of the [[House of Lorraine]] used the style of Prince of Elbeuf ; later a duchy.
** [[Lamballe]]: in [[Brittany]], used by the heir of the Duke of Penthièvre.
** [[Lambesc]]: in [[Provence]], used by various cadets of the House of Lorraine, notably by the heirs of the Dukes of Elbeuf.
** [[Kingdom of León|Léon]]: viscountcy of [[Brittany]]. The heirs of the Dukes of Rohan used the style of Prince of Léon.
** [[Listenois]]: in [[Franche-Comté]], used by the Dukes of Bauffremont after the Courtenay inheritance.
** [[Marsillac]]: in [[Angoumois]], used by the heir of the [[Duc de La Rochefoucauld|Duke of La Rochefoucauld]].
** [[Maubuisson]]: in [[Île-de-France]], used by the Dukes of Rohan-Rohan.
** [[Montauban]]: in [[Brittany]], used by various cadets of the House of Rohan.
** [[Montbazon]]: a duchy of the House of Rohan, style of Prince of Montbazon used by various cadets of the House.
** [[Mortagne-sur-Gironde|Mortagne]]: in [[Aquitaine]], used by the [[Duke of Richelieu|Dukes of Richelieu]].
** [[Poix]]: in [[Picardy]], used by various houses, raised two times to a duchy.
** [[Pons]]: in [[Saintonge]], used by cadets of the House of Lorraine.
** [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]]: used by cadets of the House of Rohan.
** [[Soubise, Charente-Maritime|Soubise]]: used by cadets of the House of Rohan, also Dukes of Rohan-Rohan.
** [[Soyons]]: in [[Dauphiné]], used by cadets of the Dukes of Uzès.
** [[Talmond]]: in [[Vendée]], used by the Dukes of [[La Trémoïlle]].
** [[Tonnay-Charente]]: used by the heirs of the Dukes of Mortemart.
** [[Turenne]]: sovereign viscountcy on the [[House of La Tour d'Auvergne]], style of Prince of Turenne used by cadets of the house.
This can even occur in a monarchy within which an identical but real and substantive feudal title exists, such as Fürst in German.  An example of this is:
* [[Otto von Bismarck]] was called [[Prince of Bismarck]] in the empire of reunited Germany, under the Hohenzollern dynasty.
'''Spain, France and Netherlands'''
[[Image:Duke of Wellington Arms.svg|thumb|115px|Coat of arms of the [[Prince of Waterloo|princes of Waterloo]] (the Netherlands).]]
In other cases, such titular princedoms are created in chief of an event, such as a treaty of a victory. An example of this is:
* The Spanish minister [[Manuel Godoy]] was created ''Principe de la Paz'' or ''Prince of Peace'' by his king for negotiating the 1795 double peace-treaty of Basilea, by which the revolutionary French republic made peace with Prussia and with Spain.
* The triumphant generals who led their troops to victory often received a [[victory title]] from Napoleon, both princely and ducal.
* King [[William I of the Netherlands]] bestowed the [[victory title]] of [[prince of Waterloo]] upon [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington]] after his victory over [[Napoleon I Bonaparte]] at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]] in 1815.

'''Poland and Russia'''
[[Image:Herb Pogon Litewska.jpg|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of the princes [[Pogoń Litewska|Sanguszko-Lubartowicz]] (Poland).]]
In Poland specifically, the titles of prince dated either to the times before the [[Union of Lublin]] or were granted to Polish nobles by foreign kings, as the law in Poland forbade the king from dividing nobility by granting them hereditary titles. For more information, see [[The Princely Houses of Poland]].

In the Russian system, ''[[knyaz]]'', translated as "prince", is the highest degree of official nobility. Members of older dynasties that were eventually subjected to the [[Imperial Russia|Russian imperial dynasty]] were also accorded the title of ''knyaz''—sometimes after first being allowed to use the higher title of [[tsarevich]] (e.g. the Princes [[Bagrationi|Gruzinsky]] and [[Sibirsky (surname)|Sibirsky]]. [[Rurik]]id branches used the ''knyaz'' title also after they were succeeded by the [[Romanov]]s as the Russian imperial dynasty.  An example of this is:
* [[Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin]] who was made [[Prince Potemkin]]

==The title of prince in various Western traditions and languages==

In each case, the title is followed (when available) by the female form and then (not always available, and obviously rarely applicable to a prince of the blood without a principality) the name of the territorial associated with it, each separated by a slash. If a second title (or set) is also given, then that one is for a Prince of the blood, the first for a principality. Be aware that the absence of a separate title for a prince of the blood may not always mean no such title exists; alternatively, the existence of a word does not imply there is also a reality in the linguistic territory concerned; it may very well be used exclusively to render titles in other languages, regardless whether there is a historical link with any (which often means that linguistic tradition is adopted)

Etymologically, we can discern the following traditions (some languages followed a historical link, e.g. within the Holy Roman Empire, not their language family; some even fail to follow the same logic for certain other aristocratic titles):

=== Romance languages ===

*Languages (mostly [[Romance languages|Romance]]) only using the [[Latin language|Latin]] root ''princeps'':
**Catalan: Príncep /Princesa – Príncep /Princesa
**French: Prince /Princesse – Prince /Princesse
**Friulian: Princip /Principesse – Princip /Principesse
**Italian: Principe /Principessa – Principe /Principessa
**Latin (post-Roman): Princeps/*Princeps/*
**Monegasque: Principu /Principessa – Principu /Principessa
**Occitan: Prince /Princessa – Prince /Princessa
**Portuguese: Príncipe /Princesa – Príncipe /Princesa
**Rhaeto-Romansh: Prinzi /Prinzessa – Prinzi /Prinzessa
**Romanian: Prinţ /Prinţesă – Principe /Principesă
**Spanish: Príncipe /Princesa – Príncipe /Princesa
**Venetian: Principe /Principessa – Principe /Principessa

=== Celtic languages ===
**Breton: Priñs /Priñsez
**Irish: Prionsa /Banphrionsa – [[Flaith]] /Banfhlaith
**Scottish Gaelic: Prionnsa /Bana-phrionnsa – Flath /Ban-fhlath
**Welsh: Tywysog /Tywysoges – Prins /Prinses

=== Germanic languages ===
* Languages (mainly [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]) that use (generally alongside a princeps-derivate for princes of the blood) an equivalent of the German ''Fürst'':
**English: Prince /Princess – Prince /Princess
**Afrikaans: Prins
**Danish: Fyrste /Fyrstinde – Prins /Prinsesse
**Dutch: Vorst /Vorstin- Prins /Prinses
**Faroese: Fúrsti /Fúrstafrúa, Fúrstinna – Prinsur /Prinsessa
**Frisian: Foarst /Foarstinne – Prins /Prinsesse
**German: Fürst /Fürstin – Prinz /Prinzessin
**Icelandic: Fursti /Furstynja – Prins /Prinsessa
**Luxembourgish: Fürst /Fürstin – Prënz /Prinzessin
**Norwegian: Fyrste /Fyrstinne – Prins /Prinsesse
**Old English: Ǣðeling /Hlæfdiġe
**Swedish: Furste /Furstinna – Prins /Prinsessa

=== Slavic and Baltic languages ===
* [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Baltic languages]]:
**Belarusian: Tsarevich, Karalevich, Prynts /Tsarewna, Karalewna, Pryntsesa
**Bulgarian: (phonetically pronounced) Knyaz /Knaginya, Prints /Printsesa
**Bosnian: Кнез/Књегиња or Knez/Kneginja, Краљевић/Краљевна or Kraljević/Kraljevna, Принц/Принцеза or Princ/Princeza
**Croatian: Knez/Kneginja, Kraljević/Kraljevna, Princ/Princeza
**Czech: Kníže /Kněžna, Princ, Kralevič/Princezna
**Latvian: Firsts /Firstiene – Princis /Princese
**Lithuanian: Kunigaikštis /Kunigaikštienė – Princas /Princese
**Macedonian: Knez /Knegina, Princ /Princeza
**Polish: Książę /Księżna, Książę, Królewicz /Księżna, Królewna
**Russian: [[Knyaz]] /Knyagina Knyazhyna, Tsarevich, Korolyevich, Prints /Tsarevna, Korolyevna, Printsessa
**Serbian: Кнез/Књегиња or Knez/Kneginja, Краљевић/Краљевна or Kraljević/Kraljevna, Принц/Принцеза or Princ/Princeza
**Slovak: Knieža /Kňažná, Kráľovič, Princ /Princezná
**Slovene: Knez /Kneginja, Princ /Princesa Kraljevič/Kraljična
**Ukrainian: Knyaz /Knyazhnya, Tsarenko, Korolenko, Prints /Tsarivna, Korolivna, Printsizna

=== Other languages ===
*Albanian: Princ /Princeshë – Princ /Princeshë
*Arabic: [[Emir]] /Emira – Prince /Princess
*Estonian: Vürst /Vürstinna – Prints /Printsess
*Filipino: Prínsipe / Prinsesa – Prince / Princess
*Finnish: Ruhtinas /Ruhtinatar – Prinssi /Prinsessa
*Georgian: თავადი / ''[[Tavadi]]''
*Greek (Medieval, formal): Prigkips, ''Πρίγκηψ''/Prigkipissa, ''Πριγκήπισσα''
*Greek (Modern, colloquial): Prigkipas, ''Πρίγκηπας''/Prigkipissa, ''Πριγκήπισσα''
*Hindi: ''Rājkumār'' (राजकुमार), ''Kũwar'' (कुँवर), both from Sanskrit ''rāj'' (royal) + ''kumāra'' (a boy)
*Tamil: Ilavarasar/Ilavarasi-Prince/Princess
*Hungarian (Magyar): ''Herceg'' / ''Hercegnő'', or ''Fejedelem'' / ''Fejedelemnő'' if head of state.
*Maltese: Prinċep /Prinċipessa – Prinċep /Prinċipessa
*Persian (Farsi): Shahzade (both genders), Shahpour (King's son in general)
*Turkish: Prens /Prenses
*Indonesian: Pangeran / Putri
*Malaysian: Putera / Puteri
*Urdu: Shahzada / Shahzadi – Prince /Princess

==The title of prince in other traditions and languages==
The above is essentially the story of European, Christian dynasties and other nobility, also 'exported' to their colonial and other overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized societies elsewhere (e.g. Haiti).

Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to other cultures even when they don't do so, is common but in many respects rather dubious. Different (historical, religious...) backgrounds have also begot significantly different dynastic and nobiliary systems, which are poorly represented by the 'closest' western analogy.

It therefore makes sense to treat these per civilization.

===Islamic traditions===
*Arabian tradition since the [[caliphate]] – in several monarchies it remains customary to use the title [[Sheikh]] (in itself below princely rank) for all members of the royal family. In families (often reigning dynasties) which claim descent from [[Muhammad]], this is expressed in either of a number of titles (supposing different exact relations): sayid, sharif; these are retained even when too remote from any line of succession to be a member of any dynasty.
*Malay countries
*In the Ottoman empire, the sovereign of imperial rank (incorrectly known in the west as ''(Great) sultan'') was styled [[padishah]] with a host of additional titles, reflecting his claim as political successor to the various conquered states. Princes of the blood, male and female, were given the style [[sultan]] (normally reserved for Muslim rulers)
*Persia (Iran) – Princes as members of a royal family, are referred to by the title ''Shahzadeh'', meaning "descendant of the king". Since the word ''zadeh'' could refer to either a male or female descendant, ''Shahzadeh'' had the parallel meaning of "princess" as well. Princes can also be sons of provincial kings ([[Khan (title)|Khan]]) and the title referring to them would be the title of Khanzadeh. Princes as people who got a title from the King are called "[[Mirza]]", diminutive of "Amir Zadeh" (King's Son).
*In Indian Muslim dynasties, the most common titles were [[Mirza]] (from ''Amirzada'') and [[Shah#Shahzada|Shahzada]]; while [[Nawabzada]] and [[Sahibzada]] were also given to younger blood princes.

===East Asian traditions===

====China====
In ancient China, the title of prince developed from being the highest title of [[Chinese nobility|nobility]] (synonymous with [[duke]]) in the [[Zhou Dynasty]], to five grades of princes (not counting the sons and grandsons of the emperor) by the time of the fall of the [[Qing Dynasty]].The Chinese word for prince ''Wang'' ({{lang|ch|王}}, literally, King) as Chinese believe the emperor ''Huang Di'' ({{lang|ch|皇帝}}) is the ruler of all kings. The most accurate translations of the English word "prince" are ''Huang Zi'' ({{lang|ch|皇子}}, lit. Son of the Emperor) or ''Wang Zi'' ({{lang|ch|王子}}, lit. Son of the King).

====Japan====
In Japan, the title ''Kōshaku'' ({{lang|ja|公爵}}) was used as the highest title of ''[[Kazoku]]'' ({{lang|ja|華族}} Japanese modern nobility) before the present constitution. ''Kōshaku'', however, is more commonly translated as "Duke" to avoid confusion with the following royal ranks in the Imperial Household: ''Shinnō'' ({{lang|ja|親王}} literally, King of the Blood); female ''Naishinnō'' ({{lang|ja|内親王}} lit., Queen (by herself) of the Blood); and ''Shinnōhi'' {{lang|ja|親王妃}} lit., Consort of King of the Blood); or ''Ō'' ({{lang|ja|王}} lit., King); female, ''Jyo-Ō'' ({{lang|ja|女王}} lit., Queen (by herself)); and ''Ōhi'' ({{lang|ja|王妃}} lit., Consort of King). The former is the higher title of a male member of the Imperial family while the latter is the lower.

====Korea====
In [[Joseon Dynasty]], the title "Prince" was used for the king's male-line descendant. Prince translated generally into three divisions. The king's legitimate son used title ''daegun'' (대군, 大君, literally '''Grand Prince'''). A son born of a concubine and king's great-great-grand son used title ''gun'' (군, 君, lit. '''Prince'''). But the title of ''gun'' wasn't limited to royal family. Instead, it was often granted as an honorary and non-hereditory title.
Presently, as noble titles are no more granted or even recognized by the people, the English word "Prince" is usually translated as ''wangja'' (왕자, 王子, lit. '''king's son'''), only rendering the usage in the British Royal Family. Princes and principalities in continental Europe are almost always confused with dukes and duchies, both being translated as ''gong'' (공, 公, lit. '''duke''') and ''gongguk'' (공국, 公國, lit. '''duchy''').

====Sri Lanka====
The title 'Prince' was used for the [[Monarch|King's]] son in [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] generation in [[Sri Lanka]].

====India====
[[File:Weeks Edwin Indian Prince And Parade Ceremony.jpg|thumb|Weeks Edwin Indian Prince And Parade Ceremony]]
''See'' [[princely states]] for the often particular, mainly [[Hindu]] titles in former [[British Raj|British India]], including modern [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]], and [[Nepal]].

====Indochina====
''See'' [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Laos]]

====Philippines====
''See'' [[Principalia]], the sultanates of [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]] and [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]].

====Thailand====
In [[Thailand]] (formerly Siam), the title of Prince was divided into three classes depending on the rank of their mothers. Those who were born of a King and had a royal mother (a Queen or a Princess consort) are titled ''[[Thai_royal_and_noble_titles#Chao_Fa_.28HRH_Prince.29_.28HRH_Princess.29|Chaofa Chai]]'' ({{lang-th|เจ้าฟ้าชาย}}: literally, "Male Celestial Lord"). Those born of a King and a commoner or children of Chaofas are tilted ''[[Thai_royal_and_noble_titles#Phra_Ong_Chao_.28HRH_Prince.29_.28HRH_Princess.29_.2F.2F.2F_.28HH_Prince.29_.28HH_Princess.29|Phra Ong Chao]]'' (พระองค์เจ้า). The children of Phra Ong Chaos are titled ''[[Thai_royal_and_noble_titles#Mom_Chao_.28His.2FHer_Serene_Highness_Prince.2FPrincess.29|Mom Chao]]'' (หม่อมเจ้า), abbreviated as M.C. (or ม.จ.).

===African traditions===
A Western model was sometimes copied by emancipated colonial regimes (e.g. Bokassa I's short-lived [[Central-African Empire]] in Napoleonic fashion). Otherwise, most of the styles for members of ruling families do not lend themselves well to English translation. Nonetheless, in general the princely style has gradually replaced the [[colony|colonialist]] title of [[tribal chief|chief]], which does not particularly connote dynastic rank to Westerners, e.g. [[House of Dlamini|Swazi Royal Family]] and [[Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu#Children|Zulu Royal Family]]. Due to this, the nominally [[Minister (government)|ministerial]] chiefly titles that still exist (e.g.: the Yoruba ''[[Oba (ruler)#Aristocratic Titles Amongst The Yoruba|Oloye]]'') are usually viewed as little more than the equivalents of the British [[knighthood]], of little dynastic consequence except as a means of passively honouring the supporters of a [[monarch]] who is himself probably more contemporary in his styling.

==The title of prince in religion==
[[Image:Bellarmine 3.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Bellarmine|Saint Robert Cardinal Bellarmine]] was a prince of the Roman Catholic Church during his lifetime.]]

In states with an element of [[theocracy]], this can affect princehood in several ways, such as the style of the ruler (e.g. with a secondary title meaning son or servant of a named divinity), but also the mode of succession (even reincarnation and recognition).

Furthermore, certain religious offices may be considered of princely rank, and/or imply comparable temporal rights.

The Prince-Popes, [[Pope]], Hereditary Prince-Cardinals, [[Cardinal (Roman Catholic)|Cardinals]],Prince-Lord Bishops, [[Prince Bishop]]s, [[Lord Bishop]]s, [[Prince-Provost]], and [[Prince-abbot]]s are referred to as [[Prince of the Church|Princes of the Church]].  Also in [[Christianity]], [[Jesus Christ]] is sometimes referred to as the ''Prince of Peace''.<ref>This is a title for [[Jesus Christ]] (among others) given in Isaiah 9:6.</ref>  Other titles for Jesus Christ are ''Prince of Princes'',<ref>A title for [[Jesus Christ]] given in Daniel 8:25.</ref> ''Prince of the Covenant'',<ref>A title for [[Jesus Christ]] given in Daniel 11:22.</ref> and ''Prince of the Kings of the Earth''.<ref>A title for [[Jesus Christ]] given in Revelation 1:5.</ref>  Further, [[Satan]] is often titled the ''<<link:2>>''; and in the [[Christian]] faith he is also referred to as the ''Prince of this World''<ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in John 12:31.</ref><ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in John 14:30.</ref><ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in John 16:11.</ref> and the ''Prince of the Power of the Air''.<ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in Ephesians 2:2.</ref>  Another title for Satan, not as common today but apparently so in approximately 30 A.D. by the [[Pharisees]] of the day, was the title ''Prince of the Devils''.<ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in Matthew 9:34.</ref><ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in Matthew 12:24.</ref><ref>A title for [[Satan]] given in Mark 3:22.</ref> ''Prince of Israel'', ''Prince of the Angels'',  and ''Prince of Light'' are titles given to the Archangel [[Saint Michael|Michael]]. Some Christian churches also believe that since all Christians, like Jesus Christ, are children of God, then they too are princes and princesses of Heaven. [[Saint Peter]], a disciple of Jesus, is also known as the [[Prince of the Apostles]].

==See also==
* [[Fürst]]
* [[Prince of the Apostles]]
* [[Prince consort]] and [[Princess consort]]
* [[Prince du sang]]
* [[Prince-elector]] and [[Prince regent]]
* [[Prince of the Church]]: [[Pope]], [[Cardinal (Catholicism)]], [[Crown-cardinal]], [[Prince-Bishop]], [[Lord Bishop]], [[Prince-Provost]], and [[Prince-abbot]]
* [[Principality]] and [[Princely state]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/ Princely States in British India and talaqdars in Oudh].
*[http://4dw.net/royalark/ RoyalArk] thorough on a limited number of dynasties.
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ World Statesmen] select the present state, often navigate within for a former polity.

[[Category:Court titles]]
[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Positions of authority]]
[[Category:Princes| ]]
[[Category:Men's social titles]]

[[pl:Książę]]
[[zh:亲王]]

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