Dab solver - Slovak literature

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Slovak literature is the [[literature]] of [[Slovakia]].

== History ==

=== Middle Ages ===
The first monuments of literature from territory now included in present-day Slovakia are from the time of [[Great Moravia]] (from 863 to the early 10th century). Authors from this period are [[...|Saint Cyril]], [[...|Saint Methodius]] and [[Clement of Ohrid]]. Works from this period, mostly written on Christian topics include: the poem [[Proglas]] as a foreword to the four [[Gospels]], partial translations of the [[Bible]] into [[Old Church Slavonic]], Zakon sudnyj ljudem, etc.

The medieval period covers the span from the 11th to the 15th century. Literature in this period was written in [[Latin]], Czech and slovakized Czech. [[Lyric poetry]] (prayers, songs and formulas) was still under the influence of the Church, while [[epic poetry]] concentrated on legends. Authors from this period include [[Johannes de Thurocz]], author of the [[Chronica Hungarorum]] and . Secular literature also emerged and [[chronicle]]s were written in this period.

=== 1500-1650 ===

Literature of a national character first emerged in the 16th century, much later than for other national literatures. Latin dominates as the written language in the 16th century. Besides Church topics, there was a development of antique topics, related to ancient Greece and Rome.

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'''Slovak literature''' is the [[literature]] of [[Slovakia]].

==History==
===Middle Ages===
The first monuments of literature from territory now included in present-day Slovakia are from the time of [[Great Moravia]] (from 863 to the early 10th century). Authors from this period are [[Saint Cyril the Philosopher|Saint Cyril]], [[Saint Methodius of Thessaloniki|Saint Methodius]] and [[Clement of Ohrid]]. Works from this period, mostly written on Christian topics include: the poem ''[[Proglas]]'' as a foreword to the four [[Gospels]], partial translations of the [[Bible]] into [[Old Church Slavonic]], ''Zakon sudnyj ljudem'', etc.

The medieval period covers the span from the 11th to the 15th century. Literature in this period was written in [[Latin]], Czech and slovakized Czech. [[Lyric poetry]] (prayers, songs and formulas) was still under the influence of the Church, while [[epic poetry]] concentrated on legends. Authors from this period include [[Johannes de Thurocz]], author of the [[Chronica Hungarorum]] and <<link:0>>. Secular literature also emerged and [[chronicle]]s were written in this period.

===1500-1650===
Literature of a national character first emerged in the 16th century, much later than for other national literatures. Latin dominates as the written language in the 16th century. Besides Church topics, there was a development of antique topics, related to ancient Greece and Rome.

The first Slovak printed book was ''The Book of Oaths'' (1561) by Vašek Zaleský. An early Slovak Renaissance love poem is the anonymous epic ''Siládi and Hadmázi'' (1560), set against a background of the Turkish incursions into Central Europe.<ref name=Petro />

[[Juraj Tranovský]] was sometimes called the father of Slovak [[hymnody]] and issued several collections of hymns, the first being the Latin ''Odarum Sacrarum sive Hymnorum Libri III'' in 1629, but his most important and most famous word was ''Cithara Sanctorum'' (Lyre of the Saints), written in Czech, which appeared in 1636 in [[Levoča]]. This latter volume has formed the basis of Czech and Slovak Lutheran hymnody to the present day. Against the background of the scarcity of Slovak literature, Tranovský's Slovak hymns formed a source for raising national consciousness.<ref name=Petro>{{cite book|last=Petro|first=Peter|title=A History of Slovak Literature|year=1995|publisher=Liverpool University Press|location=Liverpool|isbn=0853238901}}</ref>

===1650-1780===
With the distinction between religious and secular literature that had started to develop in the Renaissance period, the religious conflicts in Slovakia during the Baroque period led to a clear division between sacred and profane.

[[Daniel Sinapius-Horčička]] wrote Latin poems and school dramas, religious prose, proverbs and select Slovak spiritual poetry. His prose displays national consciousness, lauding the Slovak language and criticizing the lack of patriotism among his fellow Slovaks.

[[Hugolín Gavlovič]] authored religious, moral, and educational writings in the contemporary West Slovak vernacular, and was a prominent representative of baroque literature in Slovakia. His most famous piece of work is ''Valašská škola, mravúv stodola'', a work of 17,862 verses, as well as numerous versified couplet-marginalia.

===1780-1840===

Slovak Classicism was part of the larger European [[neo-Classicist]] movement of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. The rise of nationalism in the aftermath of the [[French Revolution]] gave rise to a national revival in literature. Until the mid-nineteenth century, Slovak was generally written in the form of Czech, with various degrees of Slovakization.<ref>Murray, Christopher John. ''Encyclopedia of the romantic era, 1760-1850, Volume 1''. 2004, p.244</ref> [[Anton Bernolák]]'s ''Gramatica Slavika'' used a West Slovak dialect as the standard written form, a transitional step to modern literary Slovak, but ultimately a failure. Even so, significant works were published using Bernolák's standards, beginning with [[Juraj Fándly]]'s 1879 ''Dúverná zmlúva medzi mňíchom a ďáblom'' (An intimate treaty between the monk and the Devil). [[Lutheran]] Slovaks like [[Augustin Dolezal]], [[Juraj Palkovič]] and [[Pavel Jozef Šafárik]] tended to prefer a common Czech-Slovak identity and language.

The first Hungarian newspaper ''Magyar Hirmondó'' was published in Pressburg (Bratislava) in 1780, followed in 1783 by the fist Slovak newspaper, a short-lived periodical, ''Prešpurské Noviny'' in 1783.<ref name=Seton-Watson>{{cite book|last=Seton-Watson|first=RW|title=A History of the Czechs and Slovaks|year=1965|publisher=Archon|location=Hamden}}</ref>

[[Jozef Ignác Bajza]] is best known for his novel ''René mláďenca príhodi a skúsenosťi'' (original, modern spelling René mládenca príhody a skúsenosti - 1784), which was the first novel written in Slovak language.

[[Pan-Slavism|Pan-Slavic]] unity served as the template for many poems of this period. [[Ján Kollár]]'s collection of 150 poems, ''[[Slávy Dcera]]'', glorifies pan-Slavic ideals in three cantos named after the [[Saale]], [[Elbe]] and [[Danube]].  [[Jan Holly]]'s epic poem ''Svätopluk'', published in 1833, serves as the most significant text of the period.<ref>Petro, Peter. ''A History of Slovak Literature''. 1995, p.59</ref>

===1840-1871===
[[Ľudovít Štúr]] was the leader of the Slovak national revival in the 19th century, the author of the Slovak language standard eventually leading to the contemporary Slovak literary language. The central Slovak dialect was chosen as the basis of a literary language. Štúr's codification work was disapproved by Ján Kollár and the Czechs, who saw it as an act of Slovak withdrawal from the idea of a common Czecho-Slovak nation and a weakening of solidarity. But the majority of Slovak scholars, including the Catholics (using Bernolák's codification until then), welcomed the notion of codification. In 1844, he wrote ''Nárečja slovenskuo alebo potreba písaňja v tomto nárečí'' ("The Slovak dialect or the necessity to write in this dialect"). In 1853 the only compilation of his poetry, ''Spevy a piesne'' ("Singings and songs") was published in Pressburg.

[[Janko Kráľ]] was one of the first poets to start writing in the modern Slovak language standard freshly codified (in 1843) by Ľudovít Štúr and his companions.

Dramatist [[Ján Chalupka]]'s first works were in Czech, but after 1848 he started writing in Slovak and translated Czech originals into Slovak.

===1872-1917===

[[Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav]] wrote his youthful poems only in Hungarian until the 1860s. In 1871 he participated in the preparation of the Almanach ''Napred'' ("Forward") which marks the beginning of a new literary generation in Slovak literature. He introduced the syllabic-tonic verse into Slovak poetry and became leading representative of Slovak literary realism. His style is characterized by extensive use of self-coined words and expressions making it difficult to translate his works into foreign languages.

[[Martin Kukučín]] was the most notable representative of Slovak literary realism, and considered to be one of the founders of modern Slovak prose.

===1918-1945===
As a result of the breakup of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and subsequent establishment of [[Czechoslovakia]], the sociolinguistic pressures of [[Magyarization]] disappeared.<ref>Petro, Peter. ''A History of Slovak Literature''. 1995, p.131</ref> During the interwar period, the preeminence of poetry gave way to prose.<ref>Petro, Peter.''A History of Slovak Literature''. 1995, p.134</ref> [[Milo Urban]]'s 1927 work ''Živý bič'' (The Living Whip) and [[Jozef Cíger-Hronský]]'s 1933 novel ''Jozef Mak'' both focused on the village, and the nature of change.

During the turbulent years of the [[Slovak Republic]] and reestablishment of Czechoslovakia, two separate literary movements dominated, the lyrical prose of Hronský, [[Ľudo Ondrejov]] and [[Margita Figuli]], and the Slovak surrealists.

==See also==
*[[History of Slovak]]
*[[Slovak poetry]]
*[[Slovak prose]]

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://zlatyfond.sme.sk/ Zlatý fond denníka SME] - Slovak digital library {{sk icon}}
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/sstopics/literatureinenglish.html Slovak literature in English translations, Slovak Studies Program, University of Pittsburgh]
* [http://uiuc.libguides.com/aecontent.php?pid=15336&sid=102677 Slavic Literature Resources from the Slavic Reference Service, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slovak Literature}}
[[Category:Slovak literature| ]]

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