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-'''Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty''' (SHAC) is an international [[animal rights]] campaign to close down [[Huntingdon Life Sciences]] (HLS), Europe's largest contract [[Animal testing|animal-testing]] laboratory. HLS tests medical and non-medical substances on around 75,000 animals every year, from rats to primates.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1123837.stm "A controversial laboratory"], BBC News, 18 January 2001.</ref><ref>[http://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=72122-faseb-us-government-huntingdon "New bill clamps down on animal activist activity"], ''Drug Researcher'', 17 November 2006.</ref><ref>*[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"] Southern Poverty Law Center, Fall 2002.</ref><ref>Townsend, Mark. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,940033,00.html "Exposed: secrets of the animal organ lab"], ''The Observer'', 20 April 2003.</ref> It has been the subject of several major leaks or undercover investigations by activists and reporters since 1989.<ref name=investigations/>
+'''Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty''' (SHAC) is an international [[animal rights]] campaign to close down [[Huntingdon Life Sciences]] (HLS), Europe's largest contract [[Animal testing|animal-testing]] laboratory. HLS tests medical and non-medical substances on around 75,000 animals every year, from rats to primates.<ref name=BBCJan182001>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1123837.stm "A controversial laboratory"], BBC News, 18 January 2001.</ref><ref>[http://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=72122-faseb-us-government-huntingdon "New bill clamps down on animal activist activity"], ''Drug Researcher'', 17 November 2006.</ref><ref>*[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"] Southern Poverty Law Center, Fall 2002.</ref><ref>Townsend, Mark. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,940033,00.html "Exposed: secrets of the animal organ lab"], ''The Observer'', 20 April 2003.</ref> It has been the subject of several major leaks or undercover investigations by activists and reporters since 1989.<ref name=investigations/>
-The campaign has used tactics ranging from non-violent protest to the alleged firebombing of houses owned by executives associated with HLS's clients and investors.  The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], which monitors US domestic extremism, has described SHAC's ''modus operandi'' as "frankly terroristic tactics similar to those of anti-abortion extremists," and in 2005 an official with the FBI's counter-terrorism division referred to SHAC's activities in the United States as domestic terrorist threats.<ref>[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"], Southern Poverty Law Group ''Intelligence Report'', Fall 2002</ref><ref>Lewis, John E. [http://web.archive.org/web/20080801014736/http://epw.senate.gov/hearing_statements.cfm?id=247787 "Statement of John Lewis"], US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 26 October 2005, accessed 17 January 2011.</ref> In 2009 and 2010, 13 members of SHAC, including Avery, James, and Dellemagne, were jailed for between 15 months and eleven years on charges of conspiracy to blackmail or harm HLS and its suppliers.<ref>Evers, Marco. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,517875,00.html "Resisting the Animal Avengers", Part 1], [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,517875-2,00.html Part 2],  ''Der Spiegel'', 19 November 2007</ref><ref>Weaver, Matthew. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/oct/25/animal-research-animal-welfare "Animal rights activists jailed for terrorising suppliers to Huntingdon Life Sciences"], ''The Guardian'', 25 October 2010.</ref>
+The campaign has used tactics ranging from non-violent protest to the alleged firebombing of houses owned by executives associated with HLS's clients and investors.  The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], which monitors US domestic extremism, has described SHAC's ''modus operandi'' as "frankly terroristic tactics similar to those of anti-abortion extremists," and in 2005 an official with the FBI's counter-terrorism division referred to SHAC's activities in the United States as domestic terrorist threats.<ref>[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"], Southern Poverty Law Group ''Intelligence Report'', Fall 2002</ref><ref>Lewis, John E. [http://web.archive.org/web/20080801014736/http://epw.senate.gov/hearing_statements.cfm?id=247787 "Statement of John Lewis"], US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 26 October 2005, accessed 17 January 2011.</ref> In 2009 and 2010, 13 members of SHAC, including Avery, James, and Dellemagne, were jailed for between 15 months and eleven years on charges of conspiracy to blackmail or harm HLS and its suppliers.<ref>Evers, Marco. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,517875,00.html "Resisting the Animal Avengers", Part 1], [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,517875-2,00.html Part 2],  ''Der Spiegel'', 19 November 2007</ref><ref name=Weaver>Weaver, Matthew. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/oct/25/animal-research-animal-welfare "Animal rights activists jailed for terrorising suppliers to Huntingdon Life Sciences"], ''The Guardian'', 25 October 2010.</ref>
 [[Image:HLSmonkey02.jpg|left|thumb|140px|Allegedly filmed inside HLS in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.shac.net/HLS/photos.html Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty photographs].</ref>]]
-HLS tests household cleaners, pesticides, weedkillers, cosmetics, food additives, chemicals for use in industry, and drugs for use against Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and cancer.<ref name=BBCJan182001>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1123837.stm "A controversial laboratory"], BBC News, 18 January 2001.</ref> It uses around 75,000 animals every year, including rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs, and primates (marmosets, macaques, and wild-caught baboons).<ref>[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"] Southern Poverty Law Group ''Intelligence Report'', Fall 2002.
+HLS tests household cleaners, pesticides, weedkillers, cosmetics, food additives, chemicals for use in industry, and drugs for use against Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and cancer.<ref name=BBCJan182001 /> It uses around 75,000 animals every year, including rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs, and primates (marmosets, macaques, and wild-caught baboons).<ref>[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"] Southern Poverty Law Group ''Intelligence Report'', Fall 2002.
 *Townsend, Mark. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,940033,00.html "Exposed: secrets of the animal organ lab"], ''The Observer'', 20 April 2003.</ref>
-SHAC maintains a decentralized approach with no official central leadership, allowing activists throughout the UK and North America to act autonomously, though ''The Guardian'' described Avery in 2008 as the ''de facto'' leader.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/dec/24/profile-animal-research-activists "Campaigns, protests and prison terms: how activists formed militant cell"], ''The Guardian'', 24 December 2008.</ref> After Avery was jailed, another activist, Thomas Harris, ran the group in the UK until he was imprisoned in 2010.<ref name=Weaver>Weaver, Matthew. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/oct/25/animal-research-animal-welfare "Animal rights activists jailed for terrorising suppliers to Huntingdon Life Sciences"], ''The Guardian'', 25 October 2010.</ref> Before their convictions, Nicholson, Avery, and Dellemagne would publish reports on the SHAC website and by mail, and provide press information and interviews; in April 2004 they were reported to be living together rent-free in a cottage provided by a supporter, Virginia Jane Steele.<ref name=DowardApril2004>Doward, Jamie. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/animalrights/story/0,11917,1189921,00.html "Sex and violence allegations split animal rights campaign"], ''The Observer'', 11 April 2004.</ref> SHAC also obtains income from fundraising stalls. According to ''The Times'', one stall in London's Oxford Street could generate £500 in a single day, and in total around £1 million in donations had been raised by 2008.<ref name=TimesYeoman>Yeoman, Fran. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article5391799.ece "The £1m hate campaign paid for by high street collections"], ''The Times'', 24 December 2008.</ref>
+SHAC maintains a decentralized approach with no official central leadership, allowing activists throughout the UK and North America to act autonomously, though ''The Guardian'' described Avery in 2008 as the ''de facto'' leader.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/dec/24/profile-animal-research-activists "Campaigns, protests and prison terms: how activists formed militant cell"], ''The Guardian'', 24 December 2008.</ref> After Avery was jailed, another activist, Thomas Harris, ran the group in the UK until he was imprisoned in 2010.<ref name=Weaver /> Before their convictions, Nicholson, Avery, and Dellemagne would publish reports on the SHAC website and by mail, and provide press information and interviews; in April 2004 they were reported to be living together rent-free in a cottage provided by a supporter, Virginia Jane Steele.<ref name=DowardApril2004>Doward, Jamie. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/animalrights/story/0,11917,1189921,00.html "Sex and violence allegations split animal rights campaign"], ''The Observer'', 11 April 2004.</ref> SHAC also obtains income from fundraising stalls. According to ''The Times'', one stall in London's Oxford Street could generate £500 in a single day, and in total around £1 million in donations had been raised by 2008.<ref name=TimesYeoman>Yeoman, Fran. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article5391799.ece "The £1m hate campaign paid for by high street collections"], ''The Times'', 24 December 2008.</ref>

{{About|Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty|Student Health Action Coalition|Student Health Action Coalition}}
{{Infobox non-profit
| Non-profit_name = Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty
| Non-profit_logo = [[File:Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (logo).png|200px]]
| Non-profit_type =
| Non-profit_slogan =
| founded_date = November 1999
| founder = [[Greg Avery]]<br/>[[Heather Nicholson]]<br/>Natasha Dellemagne
| location = UK and US
| origins = England
| product =
| focus = [[Animal rights|Animal-rights]] campaign to close [[Huntingdon Life Sciences]]. Opposition to [[animal testing]].
| method = [[Leaderless resistance]]<br/>[[Direct action]]
| num_volunteers =
| num_members =
| homepage = [http://www.shac.net/ shac.net]
}}

'''Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty''' (SHAC) is an international [[animal rights]] campaign to close down [[Huntingdon Life Sciences]] (HLS), Europe's largest contract [[Animal testing|animal-testing]] laboratory. HLS tests medical and non-medical substances on around 75,000 animals every year, from rats to primates.<ref name=BBCJan182001>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1123837.stm "A controversial laboratory"], BBC News, 18 January 2001.</ref><ref>[http://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=72122-faseb-us-government-huntingdon "New bill clamps down on animal activist activity"], ''Drug Researcher'', 17 November 2006.</ref><ref>*[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"] Southern Poverty Law Center, Fall 2002.</ref><ref>Townsend, Mark. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,940033,00.html "Exposed: secrets of the animal organ lab"], ''The Observer'', 20 April 2003.</ref> It has been the subject of several major leaks or undercover investigations by activists and reporters since 1989.<ref name=investigations/>

SHAC was started in November 1999 by three British animal rights activists — [[Greg Avery]], [[Heather Nicholson|Heather James]], and Natasha Dellemagne — after video footage supposed to have been shot covertly inside HLS in 1997 by [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) showed HLS staff shaking, punching, and shouting at beagles in their care.<ref>Alleyne, Richard. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1318487/Terror-tactics-that-brought-a-company-to-its-knees.html "Terror tactics that brought a company to its knees"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 19 January 2001.
*Also see [http://web.archive.org/web/20051029044713/http://www.shac.net/movies/crueltyfootage.mov "It's a Dog's Life"], ''Countryside Undercover'', Channel Four Television, 1997.</ref> The footage was broadcast by Channel 4 in the UK, the employees were dismissed and prosecuted, and HLS's licence to perform animal experiments was revoked for six months. PETA stopped its protests against the company after HLS threatened it with legal action, and SHAC took over as a [[leaderless resistance]].<ref name=DowardAug2004>Doward, Jamie and Townsend, Mark. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0,6903,1273697,00.html "Beauty and the beasts"], ''The Observer'', 1 August 2004.</ref>

The campaign has used tactics ranging from non-violent protest to the alleged firebombing of houses owned by executives associated with HLS's clients and investors.  The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], which monitors US domestic extremism, has described SHAC's ''modus operandi'' as "frankly terroristic tactics similar to those of anti-abortion extremists," and in 2005 an official with the FBI's counter-terrorism division referred to SHAC's activities in the United States as domestic terrorist threats.<ref>[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"], Southern Poverty Law Group ''Intelligence Report'', Fall 2002</ref><ref>Lewis, John E. [http://web.archive.org/web/20080801014736/http://epw.senate.gov/hearing_statements.cfm?id=247787 "Statement of John Lewis"], US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 26 October 2005, accessed 17 January 2011.</ref> In 2009 and 2010, 13 members of SHAC, including Avery, James, and Dellemagne, were jailed for between 15 months and eleven years on charges of conspiracy to blackmail or harm HLS and its suppliers.<ref>Evers, Marco. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,517875,00.html "Resisting the Animal Avengers", Part 1], [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,517875-2,00.html Part 2],  ''Der Spiegel'', 19 November 2007</ref><ref name=Weaver>Weaver, Matthew. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/oct/25/animal-research-animal-welfare "Animal rights activists jailed for terrorising suppliers to Huntingdon Life Sciences"], ''The Guardian'', 25 October 2010.</ref>

==Background==
[[Image:HLSmonkey02.jpg|left|thumb|140px|Allegedly filmed inside HLS in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.shac.net/HLS/photos.html Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty photographs].</ref>]]
HLS tests household cleaners, pesticides, weedkillers, cosmetics, food additives, chemicals for use in industry, and drugs for use against Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and cancer.<ref name=BBCJan182001 /> It uses around 75,000 animals every year, including rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs, and primates (marmosets, macaques, and wild-caught baboons).<ref>[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"] Southern Poverty Law Group ''Intelligence Report'', Fall 2002.
*Townsend, Mark. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,940033,00.html "Exposed: secrets of the animal organ lab"], ''The Observer'', 20 April 2003.</ref>

[[Image:It'sADog'sLife.gif|thumb|160px|right|Allegedly filmed inside HLS in the UK]]
The company has been the subject of several undercover investigations since 1989. Sarah Kite of the [[British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection]] (BUAV) secured a job and filmed inside HLS in 1989. Zoe Broughton did the same for Channel Four in 1996, as Michelle Rokke claimed to have done for PETA in 1997. Lucy Johnston for ''The Daily Express'' gained access in 2000. A diary kept by Kite, who worked undercover there for eight months, alleged that HLS workers routinely mishandled the animals, shouting at them, throwing them into their cages, and mocking them for having fits in response to toxicity tests. In 1997, Zoe Broughton came out with footage showing puppies being hit and shaken. A year later, Michelle Rokke allegedly obtained footage of the [[vivisection]] of a monkey in HLS in New Jersey, in which a technician expresses concern that the animal is inadequately anaesthetized.<ref name=investigations>[http://www.insidehls.com/inside_kite.htm "The First Investigation"]; [http://www.insidehls.com/inside_broughton.htm "It's a Dog's Life"] (Zoe Broughton for Channel Four in 1996); [http://www.insidehls.com/inside_rokke.htm "HLS busted again"] (Michelle Rokke for PETA in 1997); and Johnstone, Lucy and Calvert, Jonathan. [http://www.insidehls.com/inside_xeno.htm "Terrible despair of animals cut up in name of research"] (Lucy Johnston for ''The Daily Express'' in 2000).
*Also see Mann, Keith. ''From Dusk 'til Dawn: An insider's view of the growth of the Animal Liberation Movement''. Puppy Pincher Press, 2007, pp. 198–199.
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20051031040108/http://www.huntingdonsucks.com/gallery/scared_monkey.mov "Undercover video footage of HLS employees apparently dissecting a live monkey"], filmed at the HLS Princeton Research Center, New Jersey, accessed 20 June 2009.</ref> Between 2006 and 2008, an [[Animal Defenders International]] employee filmed undercover inside HLS after securing a position inside its primate toxicology unit in Cambridgeshire.<ref>[http://www.ad-international.org/publications/go.php?id=1576&si=98 "Huntingdon Life Sciences Investigation"], Animal Defenders International, 15 July 2009, accessed 17 January 2011.
*[http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2009/02/04/18568236.php "HLS Infiltrated by Undercover Investigation"], indybay.org, accessed 17 January 2011.
*Also see [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fg-uetBwGho "Save the Primates"], Animal Defenders International, shown at the European Parliament in February 2009, courtesy of ''YouTube'', accessed 17 January 2011.</ref>

According to Mark Matfield of the [[Research Defence Society]], a pro-animal testing lobby group in the UK, HLS lost a great deal of business after these investigations, primarily among the pharmaceutical industry. "There was an ingrained feeling among scientists and business people that this company had transgressed in a very serious way," he said.<ref name=Rudacille>Rudacille, Deborah. ''The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The Conflict between Animal Research and Animal Protection''. University of California Press, 2001, p. 286.</ref>

==Structure==
===SHAC UK===
[[File:Heather Nicholson (SHAC).jpg|left|thumb|150px|[[Heather Nicholson]] founded SHAC with Greg Avery and Natasha Dellemagne. They were sentenced in 2009 to 11 and nine years imprisonment.]]
SHAC was founded in November 1999 by Greg Avery; his second wife, Natasha Avery (née Dellemagne); and his first wife, Heather Nicholson (née James). Avery and Nicholson had been involved in previous high-profile campaigns against facilities in the UK that bred animals for laboratories. In 1997, after a ten-month campaign, they caused the closure of [[Consort Kennels]], which bred beagles for animal research. Later that year, they started [[Save the Hill Grove Cats]] against Hill Grove farm in Oxfordshire, which bred cats for laboratories. The farm closed after two years.<ref name=Jonas/>

SHAC maintains a decentralized approach with no official central leadership, allowing activists throughout the UK and North America to act autonomously, though ''The Guardian'' described Avery in 2008 as the ''de facto'' leader.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/dec/24/profile-animal-research-activists "Campaigns, protests and prison terms: how activists formed militant cell"], ''The Guardian'', 24 December 2008.</ref> After Avery was jailed, another activist, Thomas Harris, ran the group in the UK until he was imprisoned in 2010.<ref name=Weaver /> Before their convictions, Nicholson, Avery, and Dellemagne would publish reports on the SHAC website and by mail, and provide press information and interviews; in April 2004 they were reported to be living together rent-free in a cottage provided by a supporter, Virginia Jane Steele.<ref name=DowardApril2004>Doward, Jamie. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/animalrights/story/0,11917,1189921,00.html "Sex and violence allegations split animal rights campaign"], ''The Observer'', 11 April 2004.</ref> SHAC also obtains income from fundraising stalls. According to ''The Times'', one stall in London's Oxford Street could generate £500 in a single day, and in total around £1 million in donations had been raised by 2008.<ref name=TimesYeoman>Yeoman, Fran. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article5391799.ece "The £1m hate campaign paid for by high street collections"], ''The Times'', 24 December 2008.</ref>

According to prosecutors in a 2008 court case, the senior members of SHAC co-ordinated the campaign from a cottage in Little Moorcote, near [[Hook, Hart|Hook]], Hampshire.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4902105.ece "Animal rights activists' 'blackmail campaign spanned Europe and US'"], ''The Times'', 7 October 2008.</ref> They would meet every three months to receive updates from colleagues in the United States and Europe.<ref name=Bugged>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7657837.stm "Police bugged animal rights group"], BBC News, 7 October 2008.</ref> According to ''The Times'', Gavin Medd-Hall, a former computer technician, would lead research into potential targets; police found spreadsheets at the cottage documenting the location of targets and details about their children and security arrangements.<ref name=TimesYeoman/> Sarah Whitehead, an experienced campaigner known in the group as "Mumsy," would lead younger members and carry up to five attacks in a night, according to the judge.<ref name=Weaver/>

===SHAC USA===
SHAC USA was founded in 2004 by Kevin Jonas, sometimes spelled Kjonaas by the media, a political science graduate of the University of Minnesota, after he had spent two years working in the UK with Greg Avery. Prosecutors in the U.S. said that a house in Somerset, New Jersey—a few miles from an HLS laboratory—was the headquarters of SHAC USA; Jonas lived there with Lauren Gazzola, SHAC USA's campaign co-ordinator, and Jacob Conroy.<ref name=Cook/> According to Jonas, the "SHAC campaign" came to mean any action aimed at contributing to the demise of HLS, whether legal or not, while SHAC itself referred only to the incorporated group that ran a news and information service. Jonas writes that these distinctions were made in various legal proceedings.<ref name=Jonas>Jonas, Kevin. "Bricks and Bullhorns" in Best, Steven and Nocella, Anthony J. (eds.) ''Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?'', Lantern Books, 2004; see p. 271 for legal distinctions.</ref> He told the Southern Poverty Law Center in 2002: "There's a very famous quote by John F. Kennedy. If you make peaceful revolution impossible, you make violent revolution inevitable."<ref>[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From Push to Shove"], Southern Policy Law Center, Fall 2002.</ref> After he was imprisoned in 2006 for inciting harassment against HLS, [[Pamelyn Ferdin]], a former child actor, became president of SHAC USA.<ref name=Cook/>

===Methods===
====Secondary and tertiary targeting====
[[Image:Huntingdonmarch.jpg|thumb|180px|A SHAC protest march in [[Huntingdon]], 10 November 2007.]]
SHAC's ''modus operandi'' is known as secondary and tertiary targeting. Activists engage in [[direct action]]—ranging from lawful protests to intimidation, harassment, and violent attacks—not only against HLS, its employees, and its employees' families, but also against secondary and tertiary targets such as HLS's business partners, and ''their'' business partners, insurers, caterers, cleaners, children's nursery schools, and office suppliers.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/4295706.stm "Childcare group warned of 'hell'"], BBC News, 29 September 2005.
*Also see [http://epw.senate.gov/hearing_statements.cfm?id=247787 U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.</ref> A New York yacht club, for example, was covered in red paint because members of the club worked for Carr Securities, which traded in HLS shares.<ref>Lewis, John E. [http://epw.senate.gov/hearing_statements.cfm?id=247787 "Statement of John Lewis"], U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works, 26 October 2005, accessed 17 January 2011.</ref> The campaign drove down HLS's profits, suppressed its share price, and made it difficult to find business and financial partners.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/animalrights/story/0,,1787250,00.html "Money talks"], ''The Guardian'', 1 June 2006.
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1247506.stm "Lab firm ditched by share brokers"], BBC News, 28 March 2001</ref>

''The Daily Mail'' cites as examples of SHAC activism sending letters to the neighbours of a man who did business with HLS, warning parents to keep their children away from him, falsely claiming that he had raped the letter writer when she was a child. A woman in her 60s, who worked for a company targeted by SHAC, had every window in her house smashed during the night and found an effigy hanging outside her home, which read "R.I.P. Mary, Animal Abusing Bitch".<ref>[http://lists.envirolink.org/pipermail/ar-news/Week-of-Mon-20031013/008215.html "The Animals of Hatred"], ''The Daily Mail'' 15 October 2003.</ref> The SHAC website said it published names and addresses only so that people could protest within the law,<ref>[http://www.shac.net/disclaimer/disclaimer.html SHAC Disclaimer]</ref> but testimony to the British House of Commons in 2003 included excerpts from a document reported to have come from SHAC, which advised activists on tactics for protests outside targets' homes. These included throwing rape alarms in roof guttering at night, setting off fireworks, and ordering taxis and pizzas.<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030319/halltext/30319h01.htm House of Commons Hansard Debates], 19 March 2003.</ref> In 2001, HLS managing director in the UK, [[Brian Cass]], was beaten outside his home by three masked men — animal rights activist David Blenkinsop was sentenced to three years in prison for the attack — and HLS marketing director Andrew Gay was attacked on his doorstep with a chemical spray to his eyes that left him temporarily blinded.<ref>[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=42 "From push to shove"], Southern Poverty Law Group ''Intelligence Report'', Fall 2002.</ref>

====Shareholders====
In 2000, SHAC obtained a list of HLS shareholders, including the names of usually anonymous beneficial owners—those holding shares through third parties—and the pension funds of the British Labour Party, Rover cars, and the London Borough of Camden. The list was passed to ''The Sunday Telegraph'', which published it on 3 December 2000, and several beneficial owners disposed of their shares; the Labour Party sold its 75,000 shares in January 2001. Two weeks after the ''Telegraph'' story, an equity stake of 32 million shares was placed on the London Stock Exchange for one penny each.<ref>Huntingdon Life Sciences, financial report 2002.</ref> On 21 December 2000, HLS was dropped from the New York Stock Exchange because its [[market capitalization]] had fallen below NYSE limits, and on 29 March 2001, HLS lost both of its [[market maker]]s and its place on the London Stock Exchange. Shortly after this, HLS moved its headquarters to the United States, incorporating as Life Sciences Research (LSR), and secured a $15m loan from investment bank Stephens, Inc, its largest shareholder. In September 2005, after the firebombing of the homes of a Canadian brokerage employee and a British pharmaceutical executive, the New York Stock Exchange asked LSR to delay moving its listing from the [[OTC Bulletin Board]] to the main exchange.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,1565018,00.html "Huntingdon delays listing after attacks"], ''The Guardian'', 8 September 2005.</ref> LSR has since transferred its listing to the [[NYSE Arca]] electronic exchange. HLS is no longer a publicly traded company after being bought by CEO Andrew Baker.<ref>[http://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/Preclinical-Research/LSR-goes-private-in-Lion-Holdings-takeover "LSR goes private in Lion Holdings takeover"], ''Outsourcing'', pharma.com, 1 December 2009.</ref>

In June 2005, Vancouver-based brokerage Canaccord Capital announced that it had dropped a client, Phytopharm PLC, in response to the May 2005 ALF firebombing of a car belonging to Canaccord executive Michael Kendall. The ALF stated on its website that activists placed an incendiary device under the car, which was in Kendall's garage at home when it caught fire during the night. Kendall and his family went into hiding. Phytopharm was targeted, as were those doing business with it, because it had business links with HLS.<ref>Won, Shirley, and Zehr, Leonard. [http://web.archive.org/web/20080621015538rn_1/www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v5/content/subscribe?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20050624/RCANNA24/TPBusiness/TopStories&ord=167360581&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true "When threats turn to firebombs, Canaccord cuts loose on client"], ''The Globe and Mail'', 24 June 2005.</ref>

In May 2006, an anonymous group said it would be writing to every one of GlaxoSmithKline's 170,000 small investors warning them to sell their shares. The letters began arriving at investors' home addresses on 7 May 2006, asking that shares be sold within 14 days, and that the group be informed of the sale by e-mail via a Hotmail address.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/animalrights/story/0,,1770638,00.html "Animal rights activists tell drug firm's small investors to sell up or else"], ''The Guardian'', 9 May 2006</ref> The number of letters sent was smaller than claimed; the BBC said at least 50 shareholders received the warning.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4756381.stm Glaxo wins injunction over threat] 9 May 2006</ref> Writing in ''The Sunday Telegraph'' the following week, British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] expressed support for animal experimentation in the face of an "appalling...campaign of intimidation."<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/14/nrights214.xml "Tony Blair: Time to act against animal rights protesters"]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 13 May 2006.</ref>

===Ties to the ALF===
The SHAC website features ALF news. Kevin Jonas—who took charge of SHAC UK while the Averys and James were jailed for six months in 2002—declared his support for the ALF, and [[Robin Webb]], spokesman for the ALF in the UK, attended and addressed SHAC conferences in the United States.<ref name=DowardAug2004/>

A posting on the website ''Bite Back'' on 7 September 2005 said that the ALF had carried out an attack on the home of Paul Blackburn, the corporate controller of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), in Buckinghamshire, because GSK is a customer of HLS. The activists admitted to detonating a device containing two litres of fuel and four pounds of explosives on the doorstep of Blackburn's home.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article571964.ece Bomb attack on Glaxo executive], ''The Times'', 28 September 2005</ref> In 2006 the ALF warned that it was targeting HLS suppliers, and that year firebombed a car belonging to the finance director of Canaccord Capital, a brokerage firm. Members of SHAC said the company had acted as brokers for [[Phytopharm]], which had used HLS for contract testing.<ref>Laville, Sandra and Campbell, Duncan. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/animalrights/story/0,11917,1514393,00.html "Animal rights extremists in arson spree"], ''The Guardian'', 25 June 2006.</ref> In December 2006, Donald Currie was jailed for 12 years in connection with fire bombing offenses against HLS customers; police described him as an "active bomber for the Animal Liberation Front."<ref>Addley, Esther. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,,1852939,00.html "Animal Liberation Front bomber faces jail after admitting arson bids"], ''The Guardian'', 18 August 2006.
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6215144.stm "Willing to maim in the name of animals"], ''BBC News'', 7 December 2006.</ref>

A British police operation found that the core group of SHAC activists would compile private encrypted reports detailing the legal protests and an illegal blackmail campaign—the former attributed to SHAC, the latter claimed by the ALF or [[Animal Rights Militia]].<ref name=TimesYeoman/> In 2008 and 2010 when 13 SHAC members, including the Averys and Nicholson, were convicted of conspiracy to blackmail, police said their actions were on behalf of the ALF; senior members of SHAC were regarded by police as key figures within the ALF, according to ''The Guardian''. The members had sent incriminating emails describing their involvement in direct action, including one email sent to ''Bite Back'' in 2007 providing the details of an ALF attack the previous evening.<ref>Laville, Sandra. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/dec/24/huntingdon-life-sciences "Animal rights extremists still targeting lab"], ''The Guardian'', 24 December 2008.
*Laville, Sandra. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/dec/23/ukcrime-animalwelfare "From a Hampshire cottage, animal extremists plotted campaign of violence"], ''The Guardian'', 23 December 2008.</ref> SHAC spokespersons have denied any link between their campaign and the ALF.

The FBI have also linked SHAC with attacks claimed by the militant animal rights group, the [[Animal Liberation Brigade]]. They issued an arrest warrant for [[Daniel Andreas San Diego]], who they described as being "involved with the Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty campaign", in connection with bomb attacks against two of HLS's clients in California.<ref name="Doyle">Doyle, Leonard. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/5217035/Animal-rights-activist-added-to-FBIs-most-wanted-terrorist-list.html Animal rights activist added to FBI's most wanted terrorist list], ''The Telegraph'', April 24th 2009.</ref> A [[wiretap]] of Kevin Jonas' telephone revealed San Diego had called him on the day of one of the bombings.<ref name=Cook/> San Diego was added to the [[FBI Most Wanted Terrorists]] List in 2009 and remains at large.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists/daniel-andreas-san-diego/view|title=FBI’s Most Wanted Terrorists List: Daniel Andreas San Diego|date=2009-04-21|publisher=FBI |accessdate=2011-01-18}}</ref>

==Convictions and legislation==
Several companies targeted by SHAC in the UK obtained injunctions. These include HLS itself, Chiron UK, Phytopharm, Daiichi UK, Asahi Glass, Eisai, Yamanouchi Pharma, Sankyo Pharma, and BOC. The injunctions compelled SHAC to print the injunction on their website, so that SHAC's action targets were juxtaposed with a legal notification that there was a 50-yard exclusion zone around the homes of employees and places of business. Protest outside HLS itself was allowed to occur one day a week with a police presence. HLS tried but failed in June 2004 to obtain a permanent injunction against SHAC. SHAC's argument against the enforceability of such injunctions was that, despite having hundreds of supporters, a website, mailing address, telephone information hotline, mailing list, and bank account, it does not exist as a corporate or charitable body, and therefore cannot prevent its supporters from taking action against HLS.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2004/06/24/cnhunt24.xml "Huntingdon told to prove animal rights group exists"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 24 June 2004.</ref>

SHAC's campaign prompted the introduction of sections 145–149 of the British [[Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005]], which created new offences intended to protect animal-testing facilities, including prohibiting acts or threats intended to cause someone to terminate or not enter into a contract with such a facility.<ref>Tempest, Matthew. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1320712,00.html "Crackdown on animal rights extremists"], ''The Guardian'', 31 January 2005.ref>
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20051030225623/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmstand/d/st050120/am/50120s08.htm "Serious Organised Crime and Police Bill"], House of Commons, 2005.</ref> The first person to be convicted under the Act was Joseph Harris, a doctor of [[molecular biology]], who attacked property owned by companies supplying materials to HLS; he received a three-year sentence.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/5362926.stm "Animal rights protester is jailed"], BBC News, 20 September 2006.</ref> In February 2007, a number of SHAC supporters were charged with illegal street collecting without a licence.<ref>Smit, Martina. [http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/misc/print.php?artid=1209501 "21 'illegally' collected for animal rights terror"], thisislocallondon.co.uk, 22 February 2007.</ref> According to the Metropolitan Police, two stalls in London's Oxford Street collected over £80,000 a year. In March 2007, three activists were jailed under the Act for intimidating HLS suppliers; one supplier dropped its contract with HLS after being invaded by demonstrators wearing skull masks.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6423061.stm "Three 'violent' activists jailed"], BBC News, 6 March 2007.</ref>

===2006: SHAC 7 (U.S.)===
[[Image:SHAC7.png|right|thumb|300px|Logo of the SHAC 7 Support Group]]
In March 2006, a federal jury in Trenton, New Jersey, found six members of SHAC guilty of using their website to incite attacks on those who did business with HLS.<ref>Kocieniewski, David. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/03/nyregion/03animals.html "Six Animal Rights Advocates Are Convicted of Terrorism"], ''The New York Times'', 3 March 2006.</ref> Originally, seven individuals (the SHAC 7) were charged: Kevin Jonas (former president of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty USA), Lauren Gazzola, Jacob Conroy, Joshua Harper, Andrew Stepanian, Darius Fullmer, and John McGee. McGee was later dropped from the case.<ref name=Cook>Cook, John. [http://www.salon.com/life/feature/2006/02/07/thugs_puppies/ "Thugs for Puppies"], ''Salon'', 7 February 2006.</ref> They were charged with conspiracy to violate the [[Animal Enterprise Protection Act]], in the first application of the 1992 statute. Jonas, Gazzola, Conroy, and Harper were also charged with conspiracy to harass using a telecommunications device (sending [[black fax]]es), while Jonas, Gazzola, Conroy, and SHAC USA were charged with stalking via the Internet. The defense of the SHAC 7 rested largely on the 1969 case ''[[Brandenburg v. Ohio]]'', in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that political speech is legal unless it can be shown that a defendant has told specific individuals to commit specific, imminent acts of violence.<ref>[http://www.motherjones.com/news/outfront/2006/01/america_no1_threat.html "America's #1 Threat"], ''Mother Jones'', January/February 2006.</ref> They were sentenced on 3 March 2006, four of them to between three and six years, and ordered to pay a joint restitution of $1,000,001.00.<ref>[http://rochester.indymedia.org/newswire/display/19013/index.php SHAC 7 Defendents Sentenced This Week"]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}, indymedia, accessed 17 January 2011.</ref>

===2007: Operation Achilles (UK)===
On 1 May 2007 a series of raids—Operation Achilles—took place against SHAC in Europe, involving 700 police officers in England, Amsterdam, and Belgium.<ref name=Evers>Evers, Marco. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,517875,00.html "Resisting the Animal Avengers", Part 1], [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,517875-2,00.html Part 2],  ''Der Spiegel'', 19 November 2007.</ref> Thirty-two people were arrested, including Greg and Natasha Avery, and Heather Nicholson, who were charged with blackmail, along with nine others.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/animalrights/story/0,,2070273,00.html "Animal rights activists involved in bid to shut lab among 30 arrested in raids"], ''The Guardian'', 2 May 2007.</ref> The Averys pleaded guilty in July 2008, along with a co-accused Dan Amos. In October 2008 Trevor Holmes, Gerrah Selby, Daniel Wadham, Gavin Medd-Hall, and Heather Nicholson, who denied the charges, were sent to court.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/92cf1796-93d2-11dd-b277-0000779fd18c.html "Activists in live testing trial deny blackmail"], ''The Financial Times'', 6 October 2008.</ref> Prosecutors told jurors that a 2007 meeting between the defendants had been bugged by police, and revealed that SHAC supported illegal acts that were traced to attacks on people across Britain. The prosecution also alleged there was evidence of direct email links between SHAC, the Animal Liberation Front, and Animal Rights Militia.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7655147.stm "Five deny animal rights blackmail "], BBC News, 6 October 2008.</ref> Holmes was acquitted and the other four were convicted. In January 2009, Nicholson was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment, Greg and Natasha to nine years, Medd-Hall to eight years, Wadham to five years, and Selby and Amos to four years.<ref>Yeoman, Fran. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article5558700.ece Jail for animal rights extremists who waged six-year blackmail campaign], ''The Times'', 21 January 2009.</ref> Injunctions called [[ASBO|Anti-Social Behaviour Order]]s were served on all seven, restricting their contact with companies targeted in the campaign.<ref>Bowcott, Owen. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jan/21/huntingdon-animal-rights "Court jails Huntingdon animal test lab blackmailers"], ''The Guardian'', 21 January 2009.</ref> In 2009 ''The Sunday Times'' reported that Adrian Radford, a former soldier and gay rights activist, had befriended Natasha Avery and had been informing the police about the activity of senior SHAC members between 2004 and 2007.<ref>Grimston, Jack [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article5821799.ece "Animal terrorist group foiled by informant dressed as a beagle"], ''The Sunday Times'', 1 March 2009.</ref> ''Der Spiegel'' wrote that as a result of the police operation the number of attacks on HLS and associated businesses declined drastically,<ref name=Evers/> though the day after the convictions new posts on SHAC's website indicated that the campaign continued.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3920431/Animal-activists-still-continuing-campaign-of-threats-and-intimidation.html "Animal activists still continuing campaign of threats and intimidation"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 24 December 2008.</ref>

===2008 onwards===
In 2008, activists from various groups, including SHAC, [[Campaign against Highgate Rabbit Farm|targeted Highgate Rabbit Farm]] in [[Market Rasen]], Lincolnshire, which sold rabbits and ferrets to HLS and other laboratories; the ''Close Highgate Farm'' campaign included an ALF raid in which 129 rabbits were removed and £100,000-worth of property damaged.<ref name="oct08">[http://www.marketrasenmail.co.uk/news/Animal-rights-activists-in-court.4627668.jp Animal rights activists in court], ''Market Rasen'', 24 October 2008.
*[http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/Rabbit-farm-raid-accused-quite-impressionable/article-953443-detail/article.html Rabbit farm raid accused 'impressionable'], ''This Is Lincolnshire'', 1 May 2009.
*[http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/Rabbit-breeder-felt-sick-campaign/article-948679-detail/article.html "Rabbit breeder 'felt sick' at campaign"], ''Lincolnshire Echo'', 30 April 2009.</ref> In 2009, a new group, Militant Forces Against Huntingdon Life Sciences, emerged in Germany and Switzerland, targeting Bayer staff, a Novartis director, the CEO of Pfizer, and Highgate farm, among others.<ref>[http://www.20min.ch/ro/news/suisse/story/-Vous-avez-deux-choix-Monsieur-Vasella--31713116 "Vous avez deux choix Monsieur Vasella"], 20 minutes online, Switzerland, 24 August 2009.
*Rogers, David. [http://www.20min.ch/ro/news/suisse/story/-Vous-avez-deux-choix-Monsieur-Vasella--31713116 "Militant animal rights groups says behind Tyrol arson"], ''Austrian Times'', 6 August 2009.
*Boyle, Catherine. [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/health/article6742059.ece "Extremists’ attacks on Novartis chief intensify"], ''The Times'', 7 August 2009.</ref>

In 2010 five more members of SHAC pleaded guilty to criminal charges. Sarah Whitehead, Nicole Vosper and Thomas Harris plead guilty to conspiracy to blackmail;  Jason Mullan and Nicola Tapping plead guilty to breeching section 145 of [[SOCPA]]. They were all jailed for between six years and fifteen months. ''The Times'' reported that their activities included "posting hoax bombs to homes and offices, making threats of violence, daubing abusive graffiti on property and sending used tampons in the post." <ref name=Weaver/> Harris' sentence was extended after he, Maria Neal and Christopher Potter also pleaded guilty to additional charges relating to attacks on branches of [[Barclays]], including painting "ALF" on the buildings. At the time Barclays Asset Management was linked to HLS.<ref name=Bloxham>Bloxham, Andy and Bingham, John. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8258311/Animal-rights-extremists-sentenced-for-attacks-on-Barclays-due-to-links-to-testing-laboratory.html Animal rights extremists sentenced for attacks on Barclays due to links to testing laboratory], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 14 January 2011.</ref>

A 2011 [[NPR]] report claimed an associate of this group was imprisoned in a highly restrictive [[Communication Management Unit]].<ref name=npr2/>

==Notes==
<references>

<ref name=npr2>
[http://www.npr.org/2011/03/03/134227726/data-graphics-population-of-the-communications-management-units DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units], Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, [[NPR]], 3-3-11, retrieved 2011 03 04 from npr.org
</ref>

</references>

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
;External links
*[http://www.shac.net/ SHAC website]
*[http://www.huntingdon.com/ Huntingdon Life Sciences website]
*[http://indymedia.org.uk/en/actions/2008/shac Indymedia UK SHAC topic page]
*[http://www.shac7.com/ The Shac 7]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20051029044713/http://www.shac.net/movies/crueltyfootage.mov The footage shot undercover inside HLS by PETA]; see [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpZ-j5OU6rQ the same footage] on ''YouTube''.
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20071115162807/http://www.insidehls.com/insidehls.htm "Inside HLS"], describes five undercover investigations into HLS between 1989 and 2001
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20080427023032/http://www.xenodiaries.org/index.html ''Diaries of Despair''], ''Uncaged Campaigns'', accessed 17 January 2011.
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNfuqLQrJak "Hit 'Em Head On"], SHAC, 9-minute video on ''YouTube'', 2006.
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FP3ub3Dkfno "Time for Action 3"], SHAC, 4-minute video on ''YouTube'', 2005.

;Books and articles
*Bhattacharya, Shaoni. [http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994913 Scientists demand law against animal rights extremism], ''New Scientist'', 22 April 2004.
*British Home Office. [http://www.statewatch.org/news/2004/jul/animal-rights.pdf "Animal Welfare—Human Rights: protecting people from animal rights extremists''], July 2004.
*Cox, Simon and Vadon, Richard. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4020235.stm "How animal rights took on the world"], BBC Radio 4, retrieved 18 June 2006.
*{{cite journal|title=The SHAC Model: A Critical Assessment |pages=11–28 |journal=[[Rolling Thunder (journal)|Rolling Thunder]] |author=[[CrimethInc. Ex-Workers Collective]] |issue=6 |month=Fall |year=2006 |url=http://www.crimethinc.com/texts/rollingthunder/shac.php}}
*Gibson, Ian. [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030319/halltext/30319h01.htm Statement by Dr. Ian Gibson (Norwich, North)] ''Hansard'', 19 March 2003.
*Robbins, John. [http://www.lawson-cruttenden.co.uk/articles/076_160804thelawyer.pdf "Red in Tooth and Law"], ''The Lawyer'', 16 August 2004.
{{Refend}}
<br>
{{Atestingend}}
{{Animal rights|state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}

[[Category:Animal testing]]
[[Category:Animal rights]]
[[Category:Animal rights movement]]
[[Category:Animal Liberation Front]]
[[Category:Eco-terrorism]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States government]]
[[Category:Animal cruelty]]
[[Category:Anti-vivisection movement]]

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