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-By 1839 at least 153 [[Sephardi Jews]] were living in Jaffa.<ref>{{citation | title = The digitalization project of the 19th century censuses in Eretz Israel done under the auspices of Sir Moses Montefiore | accessdate = 31 May 2011 | url = http://www.scribd.com/doc/44144106/Digitalization-Project-of-Montefiore-Censuses-19th-century}}</ref> The community was served for fifty years by Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi of [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]]. In the early 1850s, Rabbi HaLevi leased an orchard to [[Clorinda Minor]], founder of a Christian messianic community that established [[Mount Hope]], a farming initiative to encourage the Jews to engage in productive labor. In 1855, the British Jewish philanthropist [[Moses Montefiore]] bought the orchard from HaLevi, although Minor continued to manage it.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-mountain-of-despair-1.273560 The mountain of despair, [[Haaretz]]]</ref>
+By 1839 at least 153 [[Sephardi Jews]] were living in Jaffa.<ref>{{citation | title = The digitalization project of the 19th century censuses in Eretz Israel done under the auspices of Sir Moses Montefiore | accessdate = 31 May 2011 | url = http://www.scribd.com/doc/44144106/Digitalization-Project-of-Montefiore-Censuses-19th-century}}</ref> The community was served for fifty years by Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi of [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]]. In the early 1850s, Rabbi HaLevi leased an orchard to [[Clorinda Minor]], founder of a Christian messianic community that established [[Mount Hope]], a farming initiative to encourage the Jews to engage in productive labor. In 1855, the British Jewish philanthropist [[Moses Montefiore]] bought the orchard from HaLevi, although Minor continued to manage it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Friedman |first=Lior |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-mountain-of-despair-1.273560 |title=The mountain of despair, [[Haaretz |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2009-04-05 |accessdate=2013-06-19}}</ref>
 [[File:Jaffa Jewish community seal (1892).tif|thumb|left|150px|Seal of the Jewish community of Jaffa (1892), bearing the biblical phrase: "Unto the Great sea shall be your coast"]]
 [[File:Jaffa Port.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Port of Jaffa.]]
-Modern Jaffa has a [[heterogeneous]] population of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Jaffa currently has 46,000 residents, of whom 30,000 are [[Israeli Jews|Jews]] and 16,000 are [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arabs]]. Tabeetha School in Jaffa was founded in 1863. It is owned by the [[Church of Scotland]]. The school provides education in English to children from Christian, Jewish and Muslim backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://tabeethaschool.org/english/history.html | title = History of Tabeetha | publisher = Tabeetha School in Jaffa | accessdate = 18 December 2012}}</ref>
+Modern Jaffa has a [[heterogeneous]] population of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Jaffa currently has 46,000 residents, of whom 30,000 are [[Israeli Jews|Jews]] and 16,000 are [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arabs]]. Tabeetha School in Jaffa was founded in 1863. It is owned by the [[Church of Scotland]]. The school provides education in English to children from Christian, Jewish and Muslim backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://tabeethaschool.org/english/history.html | title = History of Tabeetha | publisher = Tabeetha School in Jaffa | accessdate = 18 December 2012}}</ref>
 [[File:Jaffa Clock Tower just before sunset.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Jaffa clock-tower.]]
-The ''Clock Square'' with its distinctive clocktower was built in 1906 in honor of [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]. The ''Saraya'' (governor's palace) was built in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx | title = TEL AVIV YAFO | publisher = Tel-Aviv/Yafo Municipality}}{{failed verification| date = December 2012}}</ref> ''Andromeda rock'' is the rock to which beautiful [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] was chained in [[Greek mythology]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Pliny the Elder|title=Natural History|chapter=v.69}}</ref> The ''Zodiac alleys'' are a maze of restored alleys leading to the harbor. ''Jaffa Hill'' is a center for [[archaeology|archaeological]] finds, including restored Egyptian gates, about 3,500 years old. [[Jaffa Light|''Jaffa Lighthouse'']] is an inactive [[lighthouse]] located in the old port.
+The ''Clock Square'' with its distinctive clocktower was built in 1906 in honor of [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]. The ''Saraya'' (governor's palace) was built in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx | title = Tel aviv yafo | publisher = Tel-Aviv/Yafo Municipality}}{{failed verification| date = December 2012}}</ref> ''Andromeda rock'' is the rock to which beautiful [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] was chained in [[Greek mythology]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Pliny the Elder|title=Natural History|chapter=v.69}}</ref> The ''Zodiac alleys'' are a maze of restored alleys leading to the harbor. ''Jaffa Hill'' is a center for [[archaeology|archaeological]] finds, including restored Egyptian gates, about 3,500 years old. [[Jaffa Light|''Jaffa Lighthouse'']] is an inactive [[lighthouse]] located in the old port.

{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
[[File:Israel-2013-Jaffa 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Jaffa]]
[[File:Israel-2013-Jaffa 03.jpg|thumb|250px|View of Kikar Kedumim street ([[:en: Jaffa|Jaffa]]) and the bell tower of [[:en:St. Peter's Church, Jaffa|St. Peter's Church]].]]
'''Jaffa''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|dʒ|æ|f|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|f|ə}};<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jaffa | title = Jaffa | encyclopedia = Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition | year = 2009  | publisher = HarperCollins}}</ref> {{lang-he-n|יָפוֹ}}, {{Audio|He-Yafo.ogg|''Yāfō''}}; {{lang-ar|يَافَا}} {{Audio|Ar-Jaffa.ogg|''{{transl|ar|DIN|Yāfā}}''}}; {{lang-la|Jóppe}}; also '''Japho''', '''Joppa''' (transliteration from the Greek "Ιόππη") is a southern, oldest part of [[Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv-Jaffa municipality]] (since 1950), an ancient [[port city]] in [[Israel]]. Jaffa is famous for its association with the biblical stories of [[Solomon]], [[Jonah]] and [[Saint Peter|Peter]].

== Etymology ==
The city is mentioned in Egyptian sources and the [[Amarna Letters]] as ''Yapu''. Some say it is named for [[Japheth]], one of the sons of [[Noah]], who built it after the [[Great Flood]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} The [[Hellenistic period|Hellenist]] tradition links the name to "Iopeia", or [[Boast of Cassiopeia|Cassiopeia]], mother of [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]]. An outcropping of rocks near the harbor is reputed to have been the place where Andromeda was rescued by Perseus. [[Pliny the Elder]] associates the name with [[Jopa]], the daughter of [[Aeolus]], god of wind. The [[Arab]] [[geographer]] [[Al-Muqaddasi]] refers to it as ''Yaffa.''

== History ==

=== Antiquity ===
[[File:MarktJaffaGustavBauernfeind1887.jpg|thumb|250px|''Market at Jaffa'', by [[Gustav Bauernfeind]], 1877.]]
''[[Tell|Tel]] Yafo'' (Jaffa Hill) rises to a height of 40 meters (130&nbsp;ft) and offers a commanding view of the coastline; hence its strategic importance in military history. The accumulation of debris and landfill over the centuries made the hill even higher.
Archaeological evidence shows that Jaffa was inhabited some 7,500 years BCE.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/proj_jaffa.html | title = TEL YAFO EXPEDITION: Excavations at Ancient Jaffa (Joppa) | publisher = Tel Aviv University}}</ref> Jaffa's natural harbor has been in use since the [[Bronze Age]].

=== Tuthmosid Period ===
Jaffa is mentioned in an [[Ancient Egypt]]ian letter from 1440 BCE, glorifying its conquest by [[Pharaoh]] [[Thutmose III]], whose general, [[Djehuty (general)|Djehuty]] hid armed Egyptian warriors in large baskets and sent the baskets as a present to the [[Canaan]]ite city's governor.

=== Amarna Period ===
The city is also mentioned in the [[Amarna letters]] under its Egyptian name ''Ya-Pho'', ('' Ya-Pu, EA 296, l.33''). The city was under Egyptian rule until around 800 BCE.

=== Biblical Jaffa ===
Jaffa is mentioned four times in the [[Hebrew Bible]], as one of the cities given to the [[Hebrew]] [[Tribe of Dan]] ([[Book of Joshua]] 19:46), as port-of-entry for the [[Lebanon Cedar|cedars of Lebanon]] for [[Solomon's Temple]] ([[2 Chronicles]] 2:16), as the place whence the prophet [[Jonah]] embarked for [[Tarshish]] ([[Book of Jonah]] 1:3) and as port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for the [[Second Temple]] of Jerusalem ([[Book of Ezra]] 3:7).
Jaffa is mentioned in the [[Book of Joshua]] as the territorial border of the [[Tribe of Dan]], hence the modern term "[[Gush Dan]]" for the center of the coastal plain. Many descendants of [[Dan (biblical figure)|Dan]] lived along the coast and earned their living from shipmaking and sailing. In the "Song of [[Deborah]]" the prophetess asks: "דן למה יגור אוניות": "Why doth Dan dwell in ships?" <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0705.htm | title = Judges Chapter 5 שׁוֹפְטִים | quote = Judges 5:17 – Gilead abode beyond the Jordan; and Dan, why doth he sojourn by the ships? Asher dwelt at the shore of the sea, and abideth by its bays.}}</ref>

After Canaanite and [[Philistine]] dominion, [[King David]] and his son [[King Solomon]] conquered Jaffa and used its port to bring the [[Cedrus libani|cedars]] used in the construction of the [[First Temple]] from [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]]. The city remained in [[Jew]]ish hands even after the split of the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel]]. In 701 BCE, in the days of [[Hezekiah|King Hezekiah]] (חזקיהו), [[Sennacherib]], king of [[Assyria]], invaded the region from Jaffa.

After a period of [[Babylonian]] occupation, under [[Persia]]n rule, Jaffa was governed by [[Phoenicians]] from Tyre. Alexander the Great's troops were stationed there. It later became a [[Seleucid]] [[Hellenes|Hellenized]] port until it was taken over by the [[Maccabees|Maccabean]] rebels ([[1 Maccabees]] x.76, xiv.5) and the refounded Jewish kingdom. During the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] repression of the [[Jewish Revolt]], Jaffa was captured and burned by [[Cestius Gallus]]. The Roman Jewish historian [[Josephus]] (Jewish War 2.507–509, 3:414–426) writes that 8,400 inhabitants were massacred. [[Pirate]]s operating from the rebuilt port incurred the wrath of [[Vespasian]], who razed the city and erected a [[citadel]] in its place, installing a Roman garrison there.

The [[New Testament]] account of [[St. Peter|St. Peter's]] resurrection of the widow [[Dorcas|Tabitha (Dorcas, ''Gr.'')]] written in [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] {{bibleverse-nb||Acts|9:36–42}} takes place in Jaffa.  Acts {{bibleverse-nb||Acts|10:10–23}} relates that while Peter was in Jaffa, he had a vision of a large sheet filled with "clean" and "unclean" animals being lowered from heaven, together with a message from the Holy Spirit to accompany several messengers to Cornelius in [[Caesaria]].

=== Rabbinical Period ===
In ''Midrash Tanna'im'' in its chapter Deuteronomy 33:19, reference is made to Rav Yosi (2nd century) travelling through Jaffa.
Jaffa seems to have attracted serious scholars in the 4th and 5th century. The ''[[Jerusalem Talmud]]'' (compiled 4th and 5th century) in ''Moed Ketan'' references Rav Acha of Jaffa; and in ''Pesachim'' chapter 1 refers to Rav Phineas of Jaffa. The [[Babylonian Talmud]] (compiled 5th century) in ''Megillah'' 16b mentions Rav Adda Demin of Jaffa. ''[[Leviticus Rabbah]]'' (compiled between 5th and 7th century) mentions Rav Nachman of Jaffa. The ''[[Pesikta Rabbati]]'' (written in the 9th century) in chapter 17 mentions R. Tanchum of Jaffa.<ref>{{citation  |author = Rabbi Joseph Schwarz | title = Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine | accessdate = 31 May 2011 | url = http://www.shechem.org/machon/schwarz/palestine/tribe_of_dan.html}}</ref>

===Medieval Period===
[[File:Antik Saray1.jpg|thumb|Jaffa Museum in Old Saray building]]
A fairly unimportant Roman and [[Byzantine]] locality during the first centuries of Christianity, Jaffa did not have a [[bishop]] until the fifth century AD. In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of [[Ramla]], then the provincial capital. Jaffa was captured in 1100 after the [[First Crusade]], and was the centre of the [[County of Jaffa and Ascalon]], one of the [[vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. One of its counts, [[John of Ibelin (jurist)|John of Ibelin]], wrote the principal book of the [[Assizes of Jerusalem|Assizes]] of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. During the period of the Crusades, the Jewish traveller [[Benjamin of Tudela]] (1170) sojourned at Jaffa, and found there just one Jew, a dyer by trade.

[[Saladin]] conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to [[Richard I of England|King Richard the Lionheart]] on 10 September 1191, three days after the [[Battle of Arsuf]]. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in July 1192 ([[Battle of Jaffa (1192)|Battle of Jaffa]]) the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On 2 September 1192, the [[Treaty of Jaffa]] was formally signed, guaranteeing a three-year truce between the two armies.  [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] fortified the castle of Jaffa and had two inscriptions carved into city wall, one Latin and the other Arabic. The inscription, deciphered in 2011, describes him as the "Holy Roman Emperor" and bears the date "1229 of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus the Messiah." <ref>{{citation | url = http://news.discovery.com/history/inscription-crusader-king-frederick-111115.html | title = First Arabic Crusader Inscription Found | first= Rossella | last = Lorenzi | date = 15 November 2011 | publisher = Discovery News}}</ref> In 1268, Jaffa was conquered by Egyptian [[Mamluk]]s, led by [[Baibars]].

In the 14th century, the city was completely destroyed for fear of new crusades. According to the traveler Cotwyk, Jaffa was a heap of ruins at the end of the 16th century. {{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

=== Ottoman Period ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = ChederInJaffa1 (before1899).jpg
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| caption1 = Jewish pre-school, c. 1890s
| image2 = Landing at Jaffa.jpg
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| caption2 = Boatmen waiting to land passengers, c. 1911
| image3 = Antoine-Jean Gros - Bonaparte visitant les pestiférés de Jaffa.jpg
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| caption3 = [[Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa]]}}

In 1515 Jaffa was conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan [[Selim I]]. The seventeenth century saw the beginning of the re-establishment of churches and hostels for Christian pilgrims en route to Jerusalem and the Galilee. During the eighteenth century the coastline around Jaffa was often besieged by pirates and this led to the inhabitants relocating to [[Ramleh]] and [[Lod|Lydda]] where they relied on messages from a solitary guard house to inform them when ships were approaching the harbour. The landing of goods and passengers was notoriously difficult and dangerous. Until well into the twentieth century, ships had to rely on teams of oarsmen to bring their cargo ashore.<ref>W. M. Thomson, ''The Land and the Book'', c. 1860, page 515.</ref>

On 7 March 1799 [[Napoleon I of France]] captured the town in what became known as the [[Siege of Jaffa]], ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants. Napoleon ordered the massacre of thousands of Muslim soldiers who were imprisoned having surrendered to the French.<ref>{{citation | first = Bart | last = Kahr | publisher = University of Washington  |title = Napoleon and the Polarization of Light (CHE-0349882 and Center on Materials and Devices for Information Technology Research) | accessdate = 31 May 2011 | url = http://faculty.washington.edu/annkurth/Expedition%20of%20Malus.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Moit>{{cite book | author = Jacques-François Moit | title = Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des expéditions en Égypte et en Syrie | year = 1814}}, quoted in {{cite journal | author = Véronique Nahoum-Grappe | title = The anthropology of extreme violence: the crime of desecration | journal = International Social Science Journal | volume = 54 | issue = 174 | year = 2002 | pages = 549–557 | doi=10.1111/1468-2451.00409}}</ref> Napoleon's deputy commissioner of war Moit described it thus:
: "On 10 March 1799 in the afternoon, the prisoners of Jaffa were marched off in the midst of a vast square phalanx formed by the troops of General Bon... The Turks, walking along in total disorder, had already guessed their fate and appeared not even to shed any tears... When they finally arrived in the sand dunes to the south-west of Jaffa, they were ordered to halt beside a pool of yellowish water. The officer commanding the troops then divided the mass of prisoners into small groups, who were led off to several different points and shot... Finally, of all the prisoners there only remained those who were beside the pool of water. Our soldiers had used up their cartridges, so there was nothing to be done but to dispatch them with bayonets and knives. ... The result ... was a terrible pyramid of dead and dying bodies dripping blood and the bodies of those already dead had to be pulled away so as to finish off those unfortunate beings who, concealed under this awful and terrible wall of bodies, had not yet been struck down."<ref name=Moit/>

Many more died in an epidemic of [[bubonic plague]] that broke out soon afterwards.<ref>''Jaffa: a City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 8–9</ref> The governor who was appointed after these devastating events, [[Muhammad Abu-Nabbut]], commenced wide-ranging building and restoration work in Jaffa, including the [[Mahmoudiya Mosque]] and [[Sabil Abu Nabbut]]. During the [[1834 Arab revolt in Palestine]], Jaffa was besieged for forty days by "mountaineers" in revolt against [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]].<ref>Thomson, page 515.</ref>

Residential life in the city was reestablished in the early nineteenth century. In 1820 Isaiah Ajiman of Istanbul built a synagogue and hostel for the accommodation of Jews on their way to the holy cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias and [[Safed]]. This area became known as Dar al-Yehud (Arabic for "the house of the Jew"); and was the basis of the Jewish community in Jaffa. The appointment of Mahmud Aja as Ottoman governor marked the beginning of a period of stability and growth for the city, interrupted by the 1832 conquest of the city by [[Muhammed Ali of Egypt]].

By 1839 at least 153 [[Sephardi Jews]] were living in Jaffa.<ref>{{citation | title = The digitalization project of the 19th century censuses in Eretz Israel done under the auspices of Sir Moses Montefiore | accessdate = 31 May 2011 | url = http://www.scribd.com/doc/44144106/Digitalization-Project-of-Montefiore-Censuses-19th-century}}</ref> The community was served for fifty years by Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi of [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]]. In the early 1850s, Rabbi HaLevi leased an orchard to [[Clorinda Minor]], founder of a Christian messianic community that established [[Mount Hope]], a farming initiative to encourage the Jews to engage in productive labor. In 1855, the British Jewish philanthropist [[Moses Montefiore]] bought the orchard from HaLevi, although Minor continued to manage it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Friedman |first=Lior |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-mountain-of-despair-1.273560 |title=The mountain of despair, [[Haaretz |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2009-04-05 |accessdate=2013-06-19}}</ref>
[[File:Jaffa Jewish community seal (1892).tif|thumb|left|150px|Seal of the Jewish community of Jaffa (1892), bearing the biblical phrase: "Unto the Great sea shall be your coast"]]

[[File:House of Simon the Tanner, Jaffa, 1891.jpg|thumb|House of Simon the Tanner, Jaffa, 1891]]

American missionary Ellen Clare Miller, visiting Jaffa in 1867, reported that the town had a population of 'about 5000, 1000 of these being Christians, 800 Jews and the rest Moslems.'<ref>Ellen Clare Miller, 'Eastern Sketches&nbsp;— notes of scenery, schools and tent life in Syria and Palestine'. Edinburgh: William Oliphant and Company. 1871. Page 97. See also Miller's populations of [[Damascus]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Bethlehem]], [[Nablus]] and [[Samaria]]</ref><ref>Thompson (above) writing in 1856 has '25 years ago the inhabitants of the city and gardens were about 6000; now there must be 15,000 at least...' Considering the length of time he lived in the area this may be a more accurate count.</ref>

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the population of Jaffa had swelled considerably. A group of [[Jews]] left Jaffa for the sand dunes to the north, where in 1909 they held a lottery to divide the lots acquired earlier. The settlement was known at first as Ahuzat Bayit (Hebrew: אחוזת בית), but an assembly of its residents changed its name to [[Tel Aviv]] on 21 May 1910. Other Jewish suburbs to Jaffa were founded at about the same time. In 1904, [[Rabbi]] [[Abraham Isaac Kook]] (1864–1935) moved to Palestine and took up the position of [[chief rabbi]] of Jaffa.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Rav_Kook.html | title = Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook | publisher = Jewish Virtual Library | author = Rav Hillel Rachmani}}</ref> In 1917, the Ottoman authorities [[Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation|expelled the entire civilian population]]. While the Muslim evacuees were allowed to return before long, the Jewish evacuees remained in camps (and some in Egypt) until after the British conquest.<ref>Friedman, Isaiah (1971). "German Intervention on Behalf of the «Yishuv»", 1917 , ''Jewish Social Studies'', Vol. 33, pp. 23–43.</ref>

{{further2|[[Battle of Jaffa (1917)|Battle of Jaffa]]}}
During the course of their campaign through Palestine and the Sinai against the Ottomans, the British took Jaffa in November 1917 although it remained under observation and fire from the Ottomans. The [[battle of Jaffa (1917)|battle of Jaffa]] in late December 1917 pushed back the Ottoman forces securing Jaffa and the line of communication between it and Jerusalem (which had been [[Battle of Jerusalem (1917)|taken on 11 December]]).

=== British Mandate ===
[[File:Jaffa Municipal Buildings.jpg|thumb|250px|British soldiers outside Jaffa municipality building]]
[[File:Jaffa Alhambra Cinema03562ucroped.jpg|thumb|200px|Alhambra Cinema, 1937]]
During the British Mandate, tension between the Jewish and Arab population increased. A wave of Arab attacks during 1920 and 1921 caused many Jewish residents to flee and resettle in [[Tel Aviv]], initially a desolate and marginal Jewish neighbourhood north to Jaffa. The [[Jaffa riots]] in 1921, (known in Hebrew as ''Meoraot Tarpa'') began with a [[May Day]] parade that turned violent. Arab rioters attacked Jewish residents and buildings. The Hebrew author [[Yosef Haim Brenner]] was killed in the riots.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sarahhonig.com/2009/04/30/another-tack-the-may-day-massacre-of-1921/ | title = Another Tack: The May Day Massacre of 1921 | date =  30 April 2009 | first =  Sarah | last = Honig}}</ref> At the end of 1922, Jaffa had 32,000 residents and Tel Aviv, 15,000. By 1927, the population of Tel Aviv was up to 38,000.

The [[1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]  inflicted great economic and infrastructural damage on Jaffa. On 19 April 1936, the Arab leadership declared a general strike which paralyzed the economy. The strike began in the [[Port of Jaffa]], which had become a symbol of Arab resistance.<ref name=LTBI>''The Land That Become Israel: Studies in Historical Geography,'' ed. Ruth Kark, Yale University Press & Magnes Press, 1989, "Aerial Perspectives of Past Landscapes," Dov Gavish, pp. 316–317</ref> Military reinforcements were brought in from Malta and Egypt to subdue the rioting which spread throughout the country. Jaffa's old city, with its maze of homes, winding alleyways and underground sewer system, provided an ideal escape route for the rioters fleeing the British army.<ref name=LTBI/> In May, municipal services were cut off, the old city was barricaded, and access roads were covered with glass shards and nails.<ref name=LTBI/> In June, British bombers dropped boxes of leaflets in Arabic requesting the inhabitants to evacuate that same day.<ref name=LTBI/> On the evening of 17 June 1936, 1,500 British soldiers entered Jaffa and a British warship sealed off escape routes by sea. The British Royal Engineers blew up homes from east to west, leaving an open strip that cut through the heart of the city from end to end. On 29 June, security forces implemented another stage of the plan, carving a swath from north to south.<ref name=LTBI/> The mandatory authorities claimed the operation was part of a "facelift" of the old city.<ref name=LTBI/>

In 1945, Jaffa had a population of 101,580, of whom 53,930 were Muslims, 30,820 were Jews and 16,800 were Christians.<ref>Supplement to a Survey of Palestine (p. 12-13) which was prepared by the British Mandate for the United Nations in 1946-7</ref> The Christians were mostly [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] and about one sixth of them were [[Greek-Catholic|Uniate]]. One of the most prominent members of the Arab Christian community was the [[Arab Orthodox]] publisher of ''[[Filastin (newspaper)|Filastin]]'', [[Daoud Isa|Issa Daoud El-Issa]].

==== 1947 UN Partition Plan and 1948 War ====
In 1947, the [[UN]] Special Commission on Palestine recommended that Jaffa be included in the planned Jewish state. Due to the large Arab majority, however, it was instead designated as part of the Arab state in the [[1947 UN Partition Plan]].<ref>{{citation | quote = The area of the Arab enclave of Jaffa consists of that part of the town-planning area of Jaffa which lies to the west of the Jewish quarters lying south of Tel-Aviv, to the west of the continuation of Herzl street up to its junction with the Jaffa-Jerusalem road, to the south-west of the section of the Jaffa-Jerusalem road lying south-east of that junction, to the west of Miqve Israel lands, to the north-west of Holon local council area, to the north of the line linking up the north-west corner of Holon with the north-east corner of Bat Yam local council area and to the north of Bat Yam local council area. The question of Karton quarter will be decided by the Boundary Commission, bearing in mind among other considerations the desirability of including the smallest possible number of its Arab inhabitants and the largest possible number of its Jewish inhabitants in the Jewish State. | url = http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 | title = A/RES/181(II)(A+B), Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine (UN Partition Plan details) | date = 29 November 1947 | publisher = United Nations General Assembly}}</ref>

Following the inter-communal violence which broke out following the passing of the UN partition resolution the mayors of Jaffa and Tel Aviv tried to calm their communities.<ref>Dov Joseph, 'The Faithful City', Simon and Schuster, 1960. Library of Congress number: 60-10976. Page 24: 'In an exchange of letters between Mayor Yisrael Rokach of Tel Aviv and Mayor Youssef Haikal of Jaffa, both agreed to call upon the residents to maintain peace and quite'.</ref> One of the main concerns for the people of Jaffa was the protection of the citrus fruit export trade which had still not reached its pre-Second World War highs.<ref>'A survey of Palestine', printed 1946–1947. Reprinted ISP, Washington, 1991 ISBN 0-8728-211-3. Page 474: Exports of citrus fruit total value in Palestine Pounds, 1938/39 = P£4,355,853. 1944/1945 = P£1,474,854. Ironically, due to the Nazi conquest of Holland, Tel Aviv's trade in polished diamonds had increased over three-fold to P£3,235,117. Page 476</ref> In February Jaffa's Mayor, Yussuf Haykal, contacted [[David Ben-Gurion]] through a British intermediary trying to secure a peace agreement with Tel Aviv. But both Ben Gurion's [[Haganah]] and the commander of the militia in Jaffa were opposed.<ref>Benny Morris, 'The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949', Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-33028-9. Page 47.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948 Jaffa's defenders consisted of one Brigade of around 400 men organised by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref>Herbert Pritzke 'Bedouin Doctor&nbsp;— The adventures of a German in the Middle East', Translated by Richard Graves. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. 1957. Copyright Ullstein and Co, Vienna, 1956. Page 149: 'At that time the Arab Brigade in Jaffa consisted of seven Germans, one hundred and fifty Jugoslavs, thirty Egyptians and two hundred Lebanese and Syrians. There were very few Palestinians among them as these preferred irregular warfare with the National Guard ...'</ref>
[[File:Grand Serai, Jaffa.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of the 'Serrani' after the Irgun bomb attack]]
On 4 January 1948 the [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] detonated a truck bomb outside the 3-storey 'Serrani', Jaffa's Ottoman built Town Hall, killing 26 and injuring hundreds. The driver was reported to be wearing the uniform of the [[Royal Irish Fusiliers]].<ref>The Scotsman newspaper, 6 January 1948</ref><ref name="LeBor">{{cite news|last=LeBor|first=Adam|title=Jaffa: Divided it fell|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/jaffa-divided-it-fell-523525.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=21 January 2006}}</ref><ref>Walid Khalidi states that 25 civilians were killed and dates the attack as occurring on 4 January. 'Before their Diaspora', 1984. p.316, picture p.325</ref><ref>Morris, page 46. Attributes attack to 'LHI' ([[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]), doesn't number and gives date as 4 January.</ref>

On 25 April 1948, [[Irgun]] launched an offensive on Jaffa. This began with a mortar bombardment which went on for three days during which twenty tons of high explosive were fired into the town.<ref name=morris-p95>Morris, page 95.</ref><ref>Menachem Begin, 'The Revolt&nbsp;— story of the Irgun'. Translated by Samuel Katz. Hadar Publishing, Tel Aviv. 1964. pp. 355–371.</ref> On 27 April the British Government, fearing a repetition of the mass exodus from [[Haifa]] the week before, ordered the British Army to confront the Irgun and their offensive ended. Simultaneously the [[Haganah]] had launched [[Operation Chametz]] which overran the villages East of Jaffa and cut the town off from the interior.<ref name=morris-p100>Morris, page 100.</ref>

The population of Jaffa on the eve of the attack was between 50,000 and 60,000, with some 20,000 people having already left the town.<ref name=morris-p95/> By 30 April, there were 15,000–25,000 remaining.<ref name=morris-p100/><ref>Begin, page 363.</ref> In the following days a further 10,000–20,000 people fled by sea. When the Haganah took control of the town on 14 May around 4,000 people were left.<ref>Morris, page 101: 'On 18 May Ben-Gurion visited the conquered city for the first time and commented:"I couldn't understand: Why did the inhabitants of Jaffa leave?"'</ref> The town and harbour's warehouses were extensively looted.<ref>Jon Kimche, 'Seven Falen Pillars; The Middle East, 1915–1950'. Secker and Warburg, London. 1950. Page 224 :'the orgy of looting and wanton destruction which hangs like a black pall over almost all the Jewish military successes.'</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/952270.html | title = Wellsprings of memory | first = Dalia | last = Karpel  |newspaper = Haaretz – Israel News| date = 14 February 2008 (Adar1 8, 5768) | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090325111844/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/952270.html | archivedate = 25 March 2009}}</ref> The remaining Arab residents were forced into the [[Ajami, Jaffa|Ajami]] neighborhood, surrounded by barbed wire, where they were imprisoned for two years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abu Shehadeh|first=Sami|title=Jaffa: from eminence to ethnic cleansing|url=http://electronicintifada.net/content/jaffa-eminence-ethnic-cleansing/8088|publisher=Badil Center for Palestinian Refugee and Residency Rights|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>

Initially, the mayor of Jaffa, [[Yousef Heikal]], told the residents not to leave. He left the country for three days. Upon his return, he reported that Jaffa would soon be occupied by Israel and he was leaving with his family. According to an old-time resident, "People then started to leave by ships and trains. All the routes to the Arab countries were opened, and people could leave for free. The Arab countries were responsible. After a week there was nothing left but cats and dogs. We few families who stayed went to live in the orange groves."<ref name="LeBor"/>

The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government during 1948.<ref name=Golan1995>Arnon Golan (1995), The demarcation of Tel Aviv-Jaffa's municipal boundaries, ''Planning Perspectives'', vol. 10, pp. 383–398.</ref> The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.<ref name=Golan1995/> The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|United Nations Partition Plan]], whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.<ref name=Golan1995/> On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the Arab neighborhood of [[Abu Kabir]], the Arab village of [[Salama, Jaffa|Salama]] and some of its agricultural land, and the Jewish 'Hatikva' slum.<ref name=Golan1995/> On 25 February 1949, the abandoned Arab village of [[al-Shaykh Muwannis|Sheikh Muanis]] was also annexed to Tel Aviv.<ref name=Golan1995/> On 18 May 1949, the Arab neighborhood of [[Manshiya]] and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.<ref name=Golan1995/> The government decided on a permanent unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the actual unification was delayed until 24 April 1950 due to concerted opposition from Tel Aviv's mayor [[Israel Rokach]].<ref name=Golan1995/> The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed as Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.<ref name=Golan1995/>

== Economy ==
In the 19th century, Jaffa was best known for its soap industry. Modern industry emerged in the late 1880s.<ref name=JCE>''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 256–257.</ref> The most successful enterprises were metalworking factories, among them the machine shop run by the [[Templers (religious believers)|Templers]] that employed over 100 workers in 1910.<ref name=JCE/> Other factories produced orange-crates, barrels, corks, noodles, ice, seltzer, candy, soap, olive oil, leather, alkali, wine, cosmetics and ink.<ref name=JCE/> Most of the newspapers and books printed in Palestine were published in Jaffa.

In 1859, a Jewish visitor, Dr L.A. Frankl, found sixty-five Jewish families living in Jaffa, 'about 400 soul in all.' Of these four were shoemakers, three tailors, one silversmith and one watchmaker. There were also merchants and shopkeepers and 'many live by manual labour, porters, sailors, messengers, etc.'<ref>Dr Frankl, translated by P. Beaton, 'The Jews in the East'. Volume 1. Hurst and Blackett, London, 1859. Page 345. He adds 'The community is poor, and receives no alms from any quarter.' which resulted in some envy of the 'our bethren' in Jerusalem.</ref>

Until the mid-19th century, Jaffa's orange groves were mainly owned by Arabs, who employed traditional methods of farming. The pioneers of modern agriculture in Jaffa were American settlers, who brought in farm machinery in the 1850s and 1860s, followed by the Templers and the Jews.<ref>''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 244–246.</ref> From the 1880s, real estate became an important branch of the economy. A 'biarah' (a watered garden) cost 100,000 piastres and annually produced 15,000, of which the farming costs were 5,000: 'A very fair percentage return on the investment.' Water for the gardens was easily accessible with wells between ten and forty feet deep.<ref>Thompson, page 517.</ref><ref>''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, p.262.</ref>
Jaffa's citrus industry began to flourish in the last quarter of the 19th century. E.C. Miller records that 'about ten million' oranges were being exported annually, and that the town was surrounded by 'three or four hundred orange gardens, each containing upwards of one thousand trees'.<ref>Miller, page 97: 'The orange gardens are the finest in the East; and during the late winter and early spring, little white sailed vessels from Greece, Constantinople and the islands of the Archipelago, lie in calm weather at a short distance from the coast, waiting to carry away the fruit'.</ref> Shamuti oranges were the major crop, but citrons, lemons and mandarin oranges were also grown.<ref>''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 242.</ref> Jaffa had a reputation for producing the best pomegranates.<ref>Thomson p.517: Sidon has best bananas, Jaffa the best pomegranates, oranges of Sidon are more juicy and have richer flavour. Jaffa oranges hang on the trees much later, and will bear shipping to distant regions.'</ref>

== Demography ==
[[File:Jaffa Port.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Port of Jaffa.]]
Modern Jaffa has a [[heterogeneous]] population of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Jaffa currently has 46,000 residents, of whom 30,000 are [[Israeli Jews|Jews]] and 16,000 are [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arabs]]. Tabeetha School in Jaffa was founded in 1863. It is owned by the [[Church of Scotland]]. The school provides education in English to children from Christian, Jewish and Muslim backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://tabeethaschool.org/english/history.html | title = History of Tabeetha | publisher = Tabeetha School in Jaffa | accessdate = 18 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Socioeconomic and political problems ===
Jaffa suffers from drug problems, high crime rates and violence. Some Arab residents have alleged that the Israeli authorities are attempting to Judaize Jaffa by evicting Arab residents from houses owned by the [[Amidar (Company)|Amidar]] government-operated public housing company. Amidar representatives say the residents are illegal squatters.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853180.html | title = Protesters rally in Jaffa against move to evict local Arab families | first = Yigal |last = Hai | date = 2007-04-28 | publisher = Haaretz}}</ref> The 2010 film ''Port of Memory'' explores these themes.<ref>{{IMDb title|1420561|''Port of Memory'' (2010)}}</ref> 
== Urban development ==
From the 1990s onwards, efforts have been made to restore Arab and Islamic landmarks, such as the Mosque of the Sea and [[Hassan Bek Mosque]], and document the history of Jaffa's Arab population.
Parts of the Old City have been renovated, turning Jaffa into a tourist attraction featuring old restored buildings, art galleries, theaters, souvenir shops, restaurants, sidewalk cafes and promenades. Many artists have moved their studios from Tel Aviv to the Old City and its surroundings, such as the Jaffa port,<ref>{{citation | quote = Today, local fisherman still use the harbor and the main hangars of the port have been restored and include art galleries | title = Areas to Visit | publisher = Tel Aviv Municipality | url = http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Areas_to_Visit%20_2_.pdf | accessdate = 18 December 2012}}</ref> the [[American–Germany Colony]]<ref>For example, Jonathan Kis-Lev's studio; see {{cite web | title = A visit to the American Colony in Jaffa | publisher = Israel Traveler  |date = 22 May 2011 | url = http://www.israeltraveler.org/en/article/american-colony-in-jaffa-visit}}</ref> and the flea market.<ref>{{citation 
| quote = The Jaffa Flea Market [...] invites a younger, hipper crowd to inspect its newly added art galleries" | title = Jaffa Flea Market: a Place to Sharpen Those Haggling Skills! | date = 20 September 2012 | url = http://igoogledisrael.com/2011/09/jaffa-flea-market-a-place-to-sharpen-those-haggling-skills/ | author = Ashley}}</ref> Beyond the Old City and tourist sites, many neighborhoods of Jaffa are poor and underdeveloped. However, real-estate prices have risen sharply due to gentrification projects in al-Ajami and Lev Yafo.<ref>{{citation 
| url = http://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=42958 | title = Changes in the air for Ajami: A mixed Arab-Jewish neighborhood in Jaffa balances itself between rundown remnants of old-world charm and upscale gentrification | first = Karin | last = Kloosterman | date = 2006-11-29 | publisher = The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> The municipality of Tel Aviv-Jaffa is currently working to beautify and modernize the port area.

== Landmarks ==

=== Sights and museums ===
[[File:Jaffa Clock Tower just before sunset.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Jaffa clock-tower.]]
The ''Clock Square'' with its distinctive clocktower was built in 1906 in honor of [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]. The ''Saraya'' (governor's palace) was built in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx | title = Tel aviv yafo | publisher = Tel-Aviv/Yafo Municipality}}{{failed verification| date = December 2012}}</ref> ''Andromeda rock'' is the rock to which beautiful [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] was chained in [[Greek mythology]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Pliny the Elder|title=Natural History|chapter=v.69}}</ref> The ''Zodiac alleys'' are a maze of restored alleys leading to the harbor. ''Jaffa Hill'' is a center for [[archaeology|archaeological]] finds, including restored Egyptian gates, about 3,500 years old. [[Jaffa Light|''Jaffa Lighthouse'']] is an inactive [[lighthouse]] located in the old port.

The Jaffa Museum is located in an 18th-century Ottoman building constructed on the remains of a [[Crusades|Crusader]] fortress. In 1811, Abu Nabout turned it into his seat of government. In the late 19th century, the governmental moved to the "New Saraya," and the building was sold to a wealthy Greek-Orthodox family who established a soap factory there. Since the 1960s, it has housed an  archaeological museum,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Article.asp?ArticleID=171&CategoryID=17 | title = Old Jaffa Museum}}{{dead link | date = December 2012}}</ref> which ıs currently closed to the general public.<ref>{{cite web  |url = http://www.antiquities.org.il/jaffa/partners.asp | title = Project Partners | work = The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project | publisher = The Jaffa Museum of Archaeology | accessdate = 18 December 2012}}</ref>

The Libyan Synagogue (''Beit Zunana'') was a synagogue built by a Jewish landlord, Zunana, in the 18th century. It was turned into a hotel and then a [[soap]] factory, and reopened as a synagogue for [[Libya]]n Jewish immigrants after 1948. In 1995, it became a museum.

Other museums and galleries in the area include the [[Farkash Gallery collection]].

=== Churches and monasteries ===
The [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] ''Monastery of Archangel Michael'' ([[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]) near [[Jaffa Port]] also has [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian]] and Russian communities in its compound. Built in 1894, the Church of St. Peter and [[Dorcas|St. Tabitha]]  serves the Russian Orthodox Christian community, with services in Russian and Hebrew; underneath the chapel nearby there is what is believed to be the tomb of St Tabitha.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/933355.html | title = В день памяти праведной Тавифы на подворье Русской духовной миссии в Яффо совершена праздничная Литургия | title = On the feast day of Tabitha of righteous memory, a festive liturgy performed in the courtyard of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jaffa | date = 9 November 2009 | publisher = Russian Orthodox Church}}</ref> 
[[File:Jaffa StPeter church.jpg|thumb|260px|[[St. Peter's Church, Jaffa|St. Peter's Church]] in Jaffa]]

[[St. Peter's Church, Jaffa|St. Peter's Church]] is a [[Franciscan]] [[Roman-Catholic]] basilica and hospice built in the 19th century on the remains of a [[Crusades|Crusaders]] [[fortress]]; [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] is believed to have stayed there. 
[[File:Easter 2011 in Jaffa.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Easter]] parade in Jaffa, 2011]]

[[Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv-Yafo)|Immanuel Church]], built 1904, serves today a [[Lutheran]] congregation with services in English and Hebrew.

=== Mosques ===
[[File:Jaffa 0087.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Al-Bahr Mosque|Al-Bahr]] overlooking Jaffa seashore]]
Al-Bahr Mosque, overlooking the harbor, is depicted in a painting from 1675  by the Dutch painter [[Lebrun]]. It may be Jaffa's oldest existing mosque, although the original date of construction is unknown and changes to the structure have been made since then, such as the addition of a second floor and reconstruction of the upper part of the minaret. It was used by fishermen and sailors frequenting the port, and residents of the surrounding area. According to local legend, the wives of sailors living in Jaffa prayed there for the safe return of their husbands. The mosque was renovated in 1997.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7225 | title = Al-Bahr mosque in Jaffa | publisher = ArchNet Digital Library}}</ref>

Mahmoudia Mosque was built in 1812 by Abu Nabbut, governor of Jaffa from 1810 to 1820.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.artmag.com/galeries/israel/jafphco/aisjaco6.html | title = History of Jaffa | work = ArtMag | publisher = Université Européenne de la Recherche | accessdate = 18 December 2012}}</ref> Outside the mosque is a water fountain (''sabil'') for pilgrims.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7227 | title = Sabil Abu Nabbut | publisher = ArchNet Digital Library}}</ref> Nouzha Mosque on Jerusalem Boulevard is Jaffa's main mosque today.

== Archaeology ==
Excavations on Rabbi Pinchas Street in the flea market have revealed walls and water conduits dating to the Iron Age, Hellenistic period, early Islamic period, Crusader period and Ottoman era. A limestone slab ({{convert|50|x|50|cm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) engraved with a menorah discovered on Tanchum Street is believed to be the door of a tomb.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.biblicalproductions.com/archeological_excavations.htm | title = Archaeology News in Israel | publisher = Biblical Productions | year = 2008 | accessdate = 18 December 2012}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[File:Hatayelet Hakala.jpg|thumb|180px|Jaffa promenade]]
[[File:Passila Ja 032.jpg|thumb|180px|Jaffa flea market]]
Jaffa is served by the [[Dan Bus Company]], which operates buses  to various neighborhoods of [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Bat Yam]]. The [[Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Red Line]] of the planned [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] will cross Jaffa north to south along Jerusalem Boulevard. [[Jaffa Railway Station]] was the first railway station in the Middle East. It served as the terminus for the [[Jaffa–Jerusalem railway]]. The station opened in 1891 and closed in 1948. In 2005–2009, the station was restored and converted into an entertainment and leisure venue.

== Cultural references ==
''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)]]'' is set in ancient Joppa. The 2009 Oscar-nominated film ''[[Ajami (film)|Ajami]]'' is set in modern Jaffa.

== Notable residents ==
[[File:Agnon.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]]]]
*[[Asma Agbarieh]] (born 1974), Israeli Arab journalist and political activist
* [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] (1888–1970), Nobel Prize-winning author
*[[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] (1884–1963), historian, Labor Zionist leader, and President of Israel
*[[Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche]] (1870–1934), one of the founders of Tel Aviv; businessman
*[[Joseph Constant]] (1892–1969), sculptor and writer
*[[Ismail al-Faruqi]] (1921–86), Palestinian-American philosopher
*[[Lea Gottlieb]] (born 1918), Israeli founder and fashion designer of [[Gottex]]
*[[Victor Norris Hamilton]] (born c. 1919), Palestine-born American cryptologist
*[[J. E. Hanauer]] (1850–1938), author, photographer, and Canon of St George's church
*[[Yizhar Harari]] (1908–1978), Zionist activist and Israeli politician
*[[Nadia Hilou]] (born 1953), Arab-Israeli politician
*[[Raja El-Issa]] (1922–2008), Palestinian journalist
*[[Michel Loève]] (1907–79), probabilist and mathematical statistician
*[[Haim Ramon]] (born 1950), Israeli politician
*[[Sasha Roiz]] (born 1973), Canadian actor
*[[Yosef Sapir]] (1902–72), Israeli politician
*[[Rifaat Turk]] (born 1954), Arab-Israeli football player and manager, and deputy mayor of Tel Aviv

== See also ==
*[[Ajami, Jaffa]]
*[[Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-Victims of Jaffa]]
*[[County of Jaffa and Ascalon]] (under the [[Crusaders]])
*[[Jaffa Harbor]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book | last = Segev | first = Tom | title = 1949, the First Israelis | publisher = Henry Holt | location = New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-8050-5896-6 |authorlink=Tom Segev}}
* {{cite book | last = Levine | first = Mark | title = Overthrowing Geography, Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880–1948 | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-520-23994-6 }}
* {{cite book|last=Yahav|first=Dan |title=Yafo, kalat ha-yam : me-ʻir roshah li-shekhunot ʻoni, degem le-i-shiṿyon merḥavi|publisher=Tamouz|location=Tel Aviv|year=2004|oclc=59707598|language=Hebrew}}
* {{cite book|last=Chelouche|first=Yosef Eliyahu|authorlink=Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche|title=Arashat Hayai: 1870–1930 ({{lang-en|Reminiscences of My Life: 1870–1930}})|publisher=Babel|location=Tel Aviv|series=|isbn=965-512-096-1 |oclc=62317894|language=Hebrew|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|last=Šārôn Rôṭbard|first=Šārôn |title=ʻÎr levānā, ʻîr šeḥôrā ({{lang-en|White City, Black City}})|publisher=Babel|location=Tel Aviv|year=2005|isbn=965-512-095-3|oclc=260080254|language=Hebrew}}
* {{cite book | last = Lebor | first = Adam | title = City of Oranges. Arabs and Jews in Jaffa | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co | location = New York | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-7475-8602-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Weill-Rochant|first=Catherine |title=L'atlas de Tel Aviv : 1908–2008|publisher=CNRS Éditions|location=Paris|year=2008|isbn=2-271-06658-1|language=French}}
* {{cite book | last = Morris | first = Benny | title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-521-33028-9 }}
* "Jaffa&nbsp;— Bride of the Sea" or "Yaffo&nbsp;— Kalat Hayam" 2000, By Israeli artist Natali Lipin (views of the city Old Jaffa). Language&nbsp;— Hebrew/English.
* {{cite book | last = Yavin | first = Shmuel | title = Bauhaus in Jaffa: Modern Architecture in an Ancient City | publisher = [[Bauhaus Center]] | location = Tel Aviv | year = 2006 | isbn = 965-90606-2-9 }}

==Further reading==
;Published in the 19th century
* {{Citation |publisher = Karl Baedeker |publication-place = Leipsig |title = Palestine and Syria |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qoIDAAAAQAAJ |publication-date = 1876 |chapterurl= http://books.google.com/books?id=qoIDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA127 |chapter = Yafa }}. [http://books.google.com/books?id=8QdZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 1898 ed.]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=BykoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 1912 ed.]

* {{Citation |publisher = T. Cook & Son |publication-place = London |title = Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria |url = http://archive.org/stream/cookstouristsha13ltdgoog#page/n7/mode/2up |publication-date = 1876 |chapterurl= http://archive.org/stream/cookstouristsha13ltdgoog#page/n85/mode/2up |chapter=Jaffa }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Jaffa}}
*  {{citation | url = http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Articles.asp?CategoryID=17 | title = The Old Jaffa Development Corporation}}{{dead link | date = December 2012}}
*  {{citation | url = http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/jaffa | title = The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project}}
*  {{citation  |url = http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Jope-em-Israel | title = Jaffa Old City Photos in Cafetorah.com}}{{dead link | date = December 2012}}
*  {{citation  |url = http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Telaviv-em-Israel Telaviv-Jaffa in Cafetorah.com}}{{dead link | date = December 2012}}
* {{cite journal | url = http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0494/9404075.htm | title = Arab Jaffa seized before Israel's creation in 1948 | journal = Washington Report on Middle East Affairs | date = April/May 1994 | page = 75 | first =Donald | last = Neff}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=135&letter=J | encyclopedia = Jewish Encyclopedia | title = JAFFA (Hebr. Yafo; A. V. Joppa; Greek, Joppe; Arabic, Yaffa) | year = 1906}}
*{{cite magazine | last = Schaalje |first = Jacqueline | url = http://www.jewishmag.com/43mag/jaffa/jaffa.htm | title = Jaffa | magazine = The Jewish Magazine | date = May 2001}}
*{{citation 
| url = http://www.co-ground.com/common/yafo.html | title = The Old City of Yafo (Travel photos of Old Jaffa and its port) | publisher = Common Ground}}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.world-shots.com/world_en146-1286.html | publisher = World Cities Images | title = Jaffa}}{{dead link | date = December 2012}}
*{{cite web  |url = http://www.3disrael.com/telaviv/Clock_tower.cfm | title = Tel Aviv Virtual Tours - Clock Square Jaffa | publisher = 3Disrael.com}} (no plugin needed)
*{{cite web | url = http://www.telaviv4fun.com/jaffa_old_port.html | title = 
Jaffa Old Harbour (photo gallery) | publisher = tel aviv 4 fun}}
*{{citation | url = http://www.israelviews.com/photos/jaffa/ | title = Jaffa Photos}}{{dead link | date = December 2012}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Israel]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv]]
[[Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Israel]]
[[Category:Bronze Age sites in Israel]]
[[Category:Iron Age sites in Israel]]
[[Category:Mixed Israeli communities]]

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[[de:Tel Aviv-Jaffa#Geschichte Jaffas]]

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