Webreflinks - Rabbeinu Tam

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t	59	However, many [[Sephardi Jews\|Sephardim]] and [[chasidism\|chasidic]] Jews<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.stam.net/what_is_stam.aspx \|title=Torah scrolls, Sefer Torah projects, tefillin, mezuzah scrolls & Megillah scrolls from Israel \|publisher=Stam.net \|date= \|accessdate=2013-04-05}}</ref> wear Rabbeinu Tam's Tefillin (in addition to wearing Rashi's) per opinions presented in the Shulchan Aruch and its extensive commentaries authored throughout the early-modern and modern era. The rise and articulation of chasidic philosophy has conflated the kabbalistic and halakhic aspects of Rabbeinu Tam's position, popularizing the custom to wear both pairs every day. Wearing Rabbeinu Tam tefillin is an almost universal custom among the many and diverse communities that follow the teachings of the Baal Shem Tov and his students.<ref>http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/ekev/eli.html</ref>	t	59	However, many [[Sephardi Jews\|Sephardim]] and [[chasidism\|chasidic]] Jews<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.stam.net/what_is_stam.aspx \|title=Torah scrolls, Sefer Torah projects, tefillin, mezuzah scrolls & Megillah scrolls from Israel \|publisher=Stam.net \|date= \|accessdate=2013-04-05}}</ref> wear Rabbeinu Tam's Tefillin (in addition to wearing Rashi's) per opinions presented in the Shulchan Aruch and its extensive commentaries authored throughout the early-modern and modern era. The rise and articulation of chasidic philosophy has conflated the kabbalistic and halakhic aspects of Rabbeinu Tam's position, popularizing the custom to wear both pairs every day. Wearing Rabbeinu Tam tefillin is an almost universal custom among the many and diverse communities that follow the teachings of the Baal Shem Tov and his students.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/ekev/eli.html \|title=בע"ה \|publisher=Biu.ac.il \|date= \|accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref>
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{{Hatnote|R. Tam redirects here. For the character in [[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]], see [[River Tam]].}}
{{Infobox Jewish leader
| honorific-prefix = Rabbi
| name             = Jacob ben Meir
| honorific-suffix = 
| title            = Rabbeinu Tam
| image            = 
| caption          = 
| synagogue        = 
| synagogueposition = 
| yeshiva          = 
| yeshivaposition  = 
| organisation     = 
| organisationposition = 
| began            = 
| ended            = 
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| rabbi            = 
| rebbe            = 
| kohan            = 
| hazzan           = 
| rank             = 
| other_post       = 

| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = 1100
| birth_place      = [[Ramerupt]]
| death_date       = June 9, 1171
| death_place      = [[Troyes]]
| buried           = [[Ramerupt]]
| nationality      = 
| denomination     = 
| residence        = 
| dynasty          = 
| parents          = [[Meir ben Shmuel]] and [[Rashi's daughters#Yocheved and family|Yocheved bat Shlomo]]
| spouse           = Miriam bat Yosef
| children         = 
| occupation       = 
| profession       = 
| alma_mater       = 
| semicha          = 
| signature        = 
}}
'''Jacob ben Meir''', (1100, [[Ramerupt]]–9 June 1171 (4 tammuz), [[Troyes]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8436-jacob-ben-meir-tam |title=JACOB BEN MEÏR TAM (known also as Rabbenu Tam) |author=Solomon Schechter, Max Schloessinger |work=The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=ewishEncyclopedia.com |accessdate=9 December 2011}}</ref> best known as '''Rabbeinu Tam''', was one of the most renowned French [[Tosafists]], a leading ''[[Halakha|halakhic]]'' authority in his generation, and a grandson of [[Rashi]]. Known as "Rabbeinu" (our teacher), he acquired the Hebrew [[Suffix (name)|suffix]] "Tam" meaning straightforward; it was originally used in the [[Book of Genesis]] to describe his biblical namesake, [[Jacob]].

== Biography ==

Jacob ben Meir was born in the French country village of [[Ramerupt]], in the [[Aube]] [[département]] of northern-central [[France]], to [[Meir ben Shmuel]] and Yocheved, [[Rashi's daughters|daughter of Rashi]]. His primary teachers were his father and his brother, [[Rashbam|Shmuel ben Meir]], known as [[Rashbam]]. His other brothers were Isaac, known as the [[Rivam]], and Solomon the Grammarian. He married Miriam, the sister of R. Shimshon ben Yosef of [[Falaise, Calvados]], although she may have been his second wife.

His reputation as a legal scholar spread far beyond France. [[Avraham ibn Daud]], the [[Spanish people|Spanish]] chronicler of the sages, mentioned Rabbeinu Tam in his [[Sefer ha-Qabbalah|Sefer HaKabbalah]], but not Rashi. Rabbeinu Tam's work is also cited by Rabbi Zerachya HaLevi, a [[Provence|Provençal]] critic. He also received questions from students throughout France and from the [[Italy|Italian]] communities of [[Bari]] and [[Otranto]].

Rabbeinu Tam gave his [[Beth Din]] the title of "the generation's [most] significant court", and indeed, he is known for communal enactments improving Jewish family life, education, and women's status. At times, he criticised Halakhic opponents, notably in his controversies with Meshullam of [[Melun]] and Efraim of [[Regensburg]].

== Halakhic disputes ==

Legend has it that when [[Rashi]] was holding his infant grandson, the baby touched the [[tefillin]] that were on Rashi's head. Rashi predicted that this grandson would later disagree with him about the order of the scripts that are put in the head [[tefillin]]. Regardless of the episode's veracity, Rabbeinu Tam did disagree with the opinion of his antecedent. Today, both "Rashi tefillin" and "Rabbeinu Tam tefillin" are produced: the [[Shulchan Aruch]] requires wearing Rashi's version and recommends that God-fearing Jews wear both in order to satisfy both halakhic opinions. However:<ref>[http://www.tzemachdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/bo.shtml Parshas Bo: Rabbeinu Tam Tefillin]{{dead link|date=April 2013}}</ref> {{quote|"It is worth noting that the Shulchan Aruch ... rules that Rabbeinu Tam Tefillin should be worn only by one who is known to be a very pious person; the [[Mishnah Berurah]] ... explains that it is a sign of haughtiness for anyone else to do this because the accepted practice is to wear Rashi Tefillin."}}

However, many [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardim]] and [[chasidism|chasidic]] Jews<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stam.net/what_is_stam.aspx |title=Torah scrolls, Sefer Torah projects, tefillin, mezuzah scrolls & Megillah scrolls from Israel |publisher=Stam.net |date= |accessdate=2013-04-05}}</ref> wear Rabbeinu Tam's Tefillin (in addition to wearing Rashi's) per opinions presented in the Shulchan Aruch and its extensive commentaries authored throughout the early-modern and modern era. The rise and articulation of chasidic philosophy has conflated the kabbalistic and halakhic aspects of Rabbeinu Tam's position, popularizing the custom to wear both pairs every day.  Wearing Rabbeinu Tam tefillin is an almost universal custom among the many and diverse communities that follow the teachings of the Baal Shem Tov and his students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/ekev/eli.html |title=בע"ה |publisher=Biu.ac.il |date= |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref>

Another halakhic disagreement between Rabbeinu Tam and Rashi concerns the placement of the [[mezuzah]]. Rashi rules that it should be mounted on the doorpost in a vertical position; Rabbeinu Tam holds that it should be mounted horizontally. To satisfy both opinions, [[Ashkenazi]] Jews place the mezuzah on the door in a slanted position/<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/section-61.html |title=soc.culture.jewish FAQ: Torah and Halachic Authority (3/12)Section - Question 4.12: Who was Rabbeinu Tam? |publisher=Faqs.org |date=2012-08-08 |accessdate=2013-04-05}}</ref> Sephardi Jews mount the mezuzah vertically, per the opinions of Rashi, [[Maimonides]], and the Shulchan Aruch.

== Liturgical poet ==

In the field of Hebrew poetry the importance of R. Tam is not slight. He was influenced by the poetry of the Spaniards, and is the chief representative of the transition period, in Christian lands, from the old "payyeṭanic" mode of expression to the more graceful forms of the Spanish school. According to Zunz,<ref>Zunz, ''Literaturgesch.'' pp.&nbsp;265 et seq.</ref> he composed the following pieces for the synagogue: (1) several poems for the evening prayer of [[Sukkot]] and of [[Shemini Atzeret]]; (2) a hymn for the close of Sabbath on which a wedding is celebrated; (3) a hymn for the replacing of the [[Torah]] rolls in the Ark on [[Simchat Torah]]; (4) an "ofan" in four metric strophes;<ref>see Luzzatto in ''Kerem Ḥemed,'' vii.35</ref> (5) four [[Aramaic]] ''reshut''; (6) two ''selichot'' (the second is reproduced by Zunz in ''S.P.'' p.&nbsp;248, in German verse;<ref>see also "Nachalat SHeDaL" in Berliner's ''Magazin'' ["Oẓar Ṭob"], 1880, p.&nbsp;36.</ref> It must, however, be remarked that there was a synagogal poet by the name of Jacob ben Meïr (Levi) who might easily have been confounded with the subject of this article, and therefore Tam's authorship of all of these poems is not above doubt.<ref>See [[Landshuth]], "'Ammude ha-'Abodah," p.&nbsp;106; comp. also Harkavy, "Ḥadashim gam Yeshanim," supplement to the Hebrew edition of Graetz, "Hist." v. 39; Brody, "Ḳunṭras ha-Piyyuṭim," p.&nbsp;72</ref>

The short poems which sometimes precede his ''[[responsa]]'' also show great poetic talent and a pure Hebrew style (see Bacher in ''Monatsschrift,'' xliv.56 et seq.). When [[Abraham ibn Ezra]] was traveling through France R. Tam greeted him in verse, whereupon Ibn Ezra exclaimed in astonishment, "Who has admitted the French into the temple of poetry?" (''Kerem Ḥemed,'' vii.35). Another work of his in metric form is his poem on the accents, which contains forty-five strophes riming in; it is found in various libraries (Padua, Hamburg, Parma), and is entitled ''Maḥberet.'' Luzzatto has given the first four strophes in ''Kerem Ḥemed'' (vii.38), and Halberstam has printed the whole poem in Kobak's "Jeschurun" (v.123).

== Gravesite ==

Rabbeinu Tam and his brothers, the Rashbam and the Rivam, as well as other Tosafists, were buried in Ramerupt. The unmarked, ancient cemetery in which they are buried lies adjacent to a street called Street of the Great Cemetery. In 2005, Rabbi [[Yisroel Meir Gabbai]], a [[Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)|Breslover]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasid]] who renovates and repairs neglected gravesites of Jewish leaders around the world, helped to determine the exact boundaries of the cemetery. In addition, a member of the Jewish religious community in [[Paris]] bought a house at the site and converted it into a [[beth midrash]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5764/VYC64features.htm |title=A Man with a Grave Mission – Part I |last=Friedman |first=Yisroel |date=7 January 2004 |accessdate=28 December 2010 |publisher=Dei'ah VeDibur}}</ref>

== Works ==

Rabbeinu Tam's best-known work is ''Sefer HaYashar'', which contained both ''[[novellae]]'' and ''responsa,'' its main purpose to resolve Talmudic textual problems without resorting to emendations of the received text. Even the best editions show considerable corruption of the original work, and all present editions of ''Sefer HaYashar'' are fragments collected from it.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
;Attribution
*{{Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Jewish Encyclopedia name|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8436-jacob-ben-meir-tam... |first=Solomon Schechter |last=Max Schloessinger |volume= |page=}}

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Tam, Jacob ben Meīr}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=447&rsid=478 |title=Resources > Medieval Jewish History > Rabbis > Tosafot and Tosafists |publisher=The Jewish History Resource Center - Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.sichosinenglish.org/essays/45.htm |title=Essay on Rabbeinu Tam tefillin}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME              = Tam, Rabeinu
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Rabbi
| DATE OF BIRTH     =
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Ramerupt]]
| DATE OF DEATH     = June 9, 1171
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Troyes]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tam, Rabeinu}}
[[Category:Rishonim]]
[[Category:1100s births]]
[[Category:1170s deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century French people]]
[[Category:12th-century rabbis]]
[[Category:French Tosafists]]
[[Category:Jewish law]]

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