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t	25	The first principle of [[Indonesia]]'s philosophical foundation, [[Pancasila Indonesia\|Pancasila]], is "belief in the one and only [[God]]". A number of different religions are practiced in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant.<ref>{{cite web\|title = Instant Indonesia: Religion of Indonesia \| work = Swipa \| url = http://home.swipnet.se/~w-15266/indons/instant/religion.htm \| accessdate = 2006-10-02 }}</ref> The [[Constitution of Indonesia\|Indonesian Constitution]] guarantees freedom of religion.<ref>{{cite web \| title = The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia \| url = http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm \| accessdate = 2006-10-02 \|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070310160936/http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> \|archivedate = 2007-03-10}}</ref> However, the government only recognizes six official religions ([[Islam]], [[Protestantism]], [[Catholicism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]]).<ref name="Yang">{{cite journal \| last = Yang \| first = Heriyanto \| title = The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia \| journal = Religion \| volume = 10 \| issue = 1 \| year = 2005 \| url = http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf \|format=PDF\| accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| last = Hosen \| first = N \| title = Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate \| journal = Journal of Southeast Asian Studies \| volume = 36\| issue = 3\| page = 419\| publisher = Cambridge University Press \| date = 2005-09-08 \| url = http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002795/01/hosen-JSEAS.pdf \|format=PDF\| doi = 10.1017/S0022463405000238 \| accessdate = 2006-10-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = http://imo.thejakartapost.com/msugana/2011/10/06/religious-affiliation-national-identity/ \| title = Religious Affiliation & National Identity: Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP) \| accessdate = 2012-01-20 \| last = Sugana \| first = Marsha \| date = 2011-10-06 \| publisher = Jakarta Post }}</ref> Indonesian law requires that every [[Indonesian nationality law#Indonesian citizen\|Indonesian citizen]] hold an [[Indonesian identity card\|identity card]] that identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may be able to leave that section blank.<ref>{{Citation \| publication-date = 26 Oct 2009 \| title = 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom - Indonesia \| chapter = Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom \| publisher = United States Department of State \| url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ae861361d.html \| accessdate = 28 Jan 2013 \| quote="The 2006 civil registration bill requires citizens to identify their religion on National Identity Cards (KTP). The bill does not allow citizens to identify themselves as anything outside of the six recognized religious groups. Legally, citizens may leave the religious section blank, but some local government officials were not familiar with this option. Members of unrecognized religious groups were often unable to obtain KTPs as a result."}}</ref> Indonesia does not recognize [[agnosticism]] or [[atheism]], and [[Blasphemy law in Indonesia\|blasphemy is illegal]].<ref name="Jakarta Globe">{{cite web \| title = ‘God Does Not Exist’ Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man \| url = http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/god-does-not-exist-comment-ends-badly-for-indonesia-man/492370 \| accessdate = 2012-01-20}}</ref> In the 2010 Indonesian census, 55.80% of Indonesians identified themselves as [[Muslim]] (predominantly [[Sunni]]s, also including [[Shia]]s and [[Ahmadiyya\|Ahmadis]]), 22.23% [[Protestant]], 17.97% [[Catholic]], 1.65% [[Hindu]], 0.55% [[Buddhist]], 0.77% [[Confucianism\|Khong Hu Chu]], 0.37% other, and 0.66% unstated or not asked.<ref name="sp2010">{{cite web \|url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 \|title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut \|date=15 May 2010 \|work=Sensus Penduduk 2010 \|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik \|location=Jakarta, Indonesia \|at= \|language= \|trans_title=Population by Region and Religion \|accessdate=20 Nov 2011 \|quote=Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.}} Muslim 207176162 (55.80%), Christian 16528513 (22.23), Catholic 6907873 (17.97), Hindu 4012116 (1.65), Buddhist 1703254 (0.55), Khong Hu Chu 117091 (0.77), Other 299617 (0.37), Not Stated 139582 (0.07), Not Asked 757118 (0.59), Total 237641326</ref>	t	25	The first principle of [[Indonesia]]'s philosophical foundation, [[Pancasila Indonesia\|Pancasila]], is "belief in the one and only [[God]]". A number of different religions are practiced in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant.<ref>{{cite web\|title = Instant Indonesia: Religion of Indonesia \| work = Swipa \| url = http://home.swipnet.se/~w-15266/indons/instant/religion.htm \| accessdate = 2006-10-02 }}</ref> The [[Constitution of Indonesia\|Indonesian Constitution]] guarantees freedom of religion.<ref>{{cite web \| title = The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia \| url = http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm \| accessdate = 2006-10-02 \|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070310160936/http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> \|archivedate = 2007-03-10}}</ref> However, the government only recognizes six official religions ([[Islam]], [[Protestantism]], [[Catholicism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]]).<ref name="Yang">{{cite journal \| last = Yang \| first = Heriyanto \| title = The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia \| journal = Religion \| volume = 10 \| issue = 1 \| year = 2005 \| url = http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf \|format=PDF\| accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| last = Hosen \| first = N \| title = Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate \| journal = Journal of Southeast Asian Studies \| volume = 36\| issue = 3\| page = 419\| publisher = Cambridge University Press \| date = 2005-09-08 \| url = http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002795/01/hosen-JSEAS.pdf \|format=PDF\| doi = 10.1017/S0022463405000238 \| accessdate = 2006-10-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = http://imo.thejakartapost.com/msugana/2011/10/06/religious-affiliation-national-identity/ \| title = Religious Affiliation & National Identity: Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP) \| accessdate = 2012-01-20 \| last = Sugana \| first = Marsha \| date = 2011-10-06 \| publisher = Jakarta Post }}</ref> Indonesian law requires that every [[Wni\|Indonesian citizen]] hold an [[Indonesian identity card\|identity card]] that identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may be able to leave that section blank.<ref>{{Citation \| publication-date = 26 Oct 2009 \| title = 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom - Indonesia \| chapter = Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom \| publisher = United States Department of State \| url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ae861361d.html \| accessdate = 28 Jan 2013 \| quote="The 2006 civil registration bill requires citizens to identify their religion on National Identity Cards (KTP). The bill does not allow citizens to identify themselves as anything outside of the six recognized religious groups. Legally, citizens may leave the religious section blank, but some local government officials were not familiar with this option. Members of unrecognized religious groups were often unable to obtain KTPs as a result."}}</ref> Indonesia does not recognize [[agnosticism]] or [[atheism]], and [[Blasphemy law in Indonesia\|blasphemy is illegal]].<ref name="Jakarta Globe">{{cite web \| title = ‘God Does Not Exist’ Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man \| url = http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/god-does-not-exist-comment-ends-badly-for-indonesia-man/492370 \| accessdate = 2012-01-20}}</ref> In the 2010 Indonesian census, 55.80% of Indonesians identified themselves as [[Muslim]] (predominantly [[Sunni]]s, also including [[Shia]]s and [[Ahmadiyya\|Ahmadis]]), 22.23% [[Protestant]], 17.97% [[Catholic]], 1.65% [[Hindu]], 0.55% [[Buddhist]], 0.77% [[Confucianism\|Khong Hu Chu]], 0.37% other, and 0.66% unstated or not asked.<ref name="sp2010">{{cite web \|url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 \|title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut \|date=15 May 2010 \|work=Sensus Penduduk 2010 \|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik \|location=Jakarta, Indonesia \|at= \|language= \|trans_title=Population by Region and Religion \|accessdate=20 Nov 2011 \|quote=Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.}} Muslim 207176162 (55.80%), Christian 16528513 (22.23), Catholic 6907873 (17.97), Hindu 4012116 (1.65), Buddhist 1703254 (0.55), Khong Hu Chu 117091 (0.77), Other 299617 (0.37), Not Stated 139582 (0.07), Not Asked 757118 (0.59), Total 237641326</ref>
	26			26

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Indonesia (2010)<ref name="sp2010">{{cite web |url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 |title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut |date=15 May 2010 |work=Sensus Penduduk 2010 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |at= |language= |trans_title=Population by Region and Religion |accessdate=20 Nov 2011 |quote=Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.}} Muslim 207176162 (55.80%), Christian 16528513 (22.23), Catholic 6907873 (17.97), Hindu 4012116 (1.65), Buddhist 1703254 (0.55), Khong Hu Chu 117091 (0.77), Other 299617 (0.37), Not Stated 139582 (0.07), Not Asked 757118 (0.59), Total 237641326</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 55.80
|color1 = MediumSeaGreen
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 22.23
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = [[Catholicism]]
|value3 = 17.97
|color3 = DarkOrchid
|label4 = [[Hinduism]]
|value4 = 1.65
|color4 = OrangeRed
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|value5 = 0.55
|color5 = Gold
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 1.80
|color6 = Gray
}}
{{Culture of Indonesia}}

The first principle of [[Indonesia]]'s philosophical foundation, [[Pancasila Indonesia|Pancasila]], is "belief in the one and only [[God]]". A number of different religions are practiced in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant.<ref>{{cite web|title = Instant Indonesia: Religion of Indonesia | work = Swipa | url = http://home.swipnet.se/~w-15266/indons/instant/religion.htm | accessdate = 2006-10-02 }}</ref> The [[Constitution of Indonesia|Indonesian Constitution]] guarantees freedom of religion.<ref>{{cite web | title = The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia | url = http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm | accessdate = 2006-10-02 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070310160936/http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm  |archivedate = 2007-03-10}}</ref> However, the government only recognizes six official religions ([[Islam]], [[Protestantism]], [[Catholicism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]]).<ref name="Yang">{{cite journal | last = Yang | first = Heriyanto | title = The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia | journal = Religion | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | year = 2005 | url = http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Hosen | first = N | title = Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate | journal = Journal of Southeast Asian Studies | volume = 36| issue = 3| page = 419| publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 2005-09-08 | url = http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002795/01/hosen-JSEAS.pdf |format=PDF| doi = 10.1017/S0022463405000238 | accessdate = 2006-10-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://imo.thejakartapost.com/msugana/2011/10/06/religious-affiliation-national-identity/ | title = Religious Affiliation & National Identity: Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP) | accessdate = 2012-01-20 | last = Sugana | first = Marsha | date = 2011-10-06 | publisher = Jakarta Post }}</ref> Indonesian law requires that every [[Wni|Indonesian citizen]] hold an [[Indonesian identity card|identity card]] that identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may be able to leave that section blank.<ref>{{Citation | publication-date = 26 Oct 2009 | title = 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom - Indonesia | chapter = Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom | publisher = United States Department of State | url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ae861361d.html | accessdate = 28 Jan 2013 | quote="The 2006 civil registration bill requires citizens to identify their religion on National Identity Cards (KTP). The bill does not allow citizens to identify themselves as anything outside of the six recognized religious groups. Legally, citizens may leave the religious section blank, but some local government officials were not familiar with this option. Members of unrecognized religious groups were often unable to obtain KTPs as a result."}}</ref>  Indonesia does not recognize [[agnosticism]] or [[atheism]], and [[Blasphemy law in Indonesia|blasphemy is illegal]].<ref name="Jakarta Globe">{{cite web | title = ‘God Does Not Exist’ Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man | url = http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/god-does-not-exist-comment-ends-badly-for-indonesia-man/492370 | accessdate = 2012-01-20}}</ref> In the 2010 Indonesian census, 55.80% of Indonesians identified themselves as [[Muslim]] (predominantly [[Sunni]]s, also including [[Shia]]s and [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]]), 22.23% [[Protestant]], 17.97% [[Catholic]], 1.65% [[Hindu]], 0.55% [[Buddhist]], 0.77% [[Confucianism|Khong Hu Chu]], 0.37% other, and 0.66% unstated or not asked.<ref name="sp2010">{{cite web |url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 |title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut |date=15 May 2010 |work=Sensus Penduduk 2010 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |at= |language= |trans_title=Population by Region and Religion |accessdate=20 Nov 2011 |quote=Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.}} Muslim 207176162 (55.80%), Christian 16528513 (22.23), Catholic 6907873 (17.97), Hindu 4012116 (1.65), Buddhist 1703254 (0.55), Khong Hu Chu 117091 (0.77), Other 299617 (0.37), Not Stated 139582 (0.07), Not Asked 757118 (0.59), Total 237641326</ref>

With many different religions practiced in Indonesia, conflicts between followers of different religions arise periodically. Moreover, Indonesia's political leadership has played an important role in the relations between groups, both positively and negatively, including the [[Transmigration Program]], which has caused a number of conflicts in the eastern region of the country.<ref name="transcon">{{cite web | title = Transmigration | work = Prevent Conflict| month = April | year = 2002 | url = http://www.preventconflict.org/portal/main/background_transmigration.php | accessdate = 2006-10-13 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Transasia trade routes 1stC CE gr2.png|250px|thumb|right|The Maritime Silk Road, connecting India and Indonesia]]
Historically, [[immigration]] from [[India]], [[China]], [[Portugal]], [[Arabia]], and [[the Netherlands]] has been a major contributor to the diversity of religion and [[Culture of Indonesia|culture]] within the country.<ref name="indency">{{cite web | title = Indonesian Religions | work = Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Theology and Religion (PHILTAR) | publisher = St. Martin's College | url = http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/geness.html | accessdate = 2006-10-02 }}</ref> However, these aspects have changed since some modifications have been made to suit the Indonesian culture.

Prior to the arrival of the [[Abrahamic]] faiths of Christianity and Islam, the popular [[Religion|belief systems]] in the region were thoroughly influenced by [[Dharmic]] [[Philosophy of religion|religious philosophy]] through Hinduism and Buddhism. These religions were brought to Indonesia around the 2nd and 4th centuries, respectively, when Indian traders arrived on the islands of [[Sumatra]], [[Java]] and [[Sulawesi]], bringing their religion. [[Hinduism]] of [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] traditions  started to develop in Java in the fifth century AD. The traders also established Buddhism in Indonesia which developed further in the following century and a number of Hindu and Buddhist influenced kingdoms were established, such as [[Kutai]], [[Srivijaya]], [[Majapahit]], and [[Sailendra]].<ref>{{cite web | title = The Period of Hindu Kingdoms | publisher = Embassy of Republic of Indonesia at Bangkok, Thailand | year = 2006 | url = http://www.kbri-bangkok.com/about_indonesia/history_02.html | accessdate = 2006-10-17 }}</ref> The world's largest Buddhist monument, [[Borobudur]], was built by the Kingdom of Sailendra and around the same time, the Hindu monument [[Prambanan]] was also built. The peak of Hindu-Javanese civilisation was the Majapahit Empire in the fourteenth century, described as a golden age in Indonesian history.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last = Pariwono
 | first = John I.
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors = Abdul Gani Ilahude and Malikusworo Hutomo
 | title =Progress in Oceanography of the Indonesian Seas: A Historical Perspective
 | journal = Oceanography
 | volume = 18
 | issue = 4
 | page = 8
 | publisher = The Oceanography Society
 | month = December | year = 2005
 | url = http://www.tos.org/oceanography/issues/issue_archive/issue_pdfs/18_4/18.4_pariwono_et_al.pdf
 |format=PDF| doi =10.5670/oceanog.2005.04
 | id =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-27 }}</ref>

[[The Coming and Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia|Islam was introduced to Indonesia in the fourteenth century]].<ref name="indency"/> Coming from [[Gujarat]], India, Islam spread through the west coast of Sumatra and then developed to the east in Java. This period also saw kingdoms established but this time with Muslim influence, namely [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], [[Pajang]], [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]] and [[Banten]]. By the end of the fifteenth century, 20 Islam-based kingdoms had been established, reflecting the domination of Islam in Indonesia.

[[File:Religious map of Indonesia.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Indonesia religions map]]

The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] introduced Catholicism to Indonesia, notably to the island of [[Flores]] and to what was to become [[East Timor]].<ref name="portcath">{{cite journal
 | last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = East Asia
 | journal =
 | volume =
 | issue =
 | pages =
 | publisher = OMF International
 | month = September | year = 2003
 | url = http://www.serveasia.nl/document/pdfs/East%20Asia.PDF
 |format=PDF| doi =
 | id =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-27 }}</ref> [[Protestantism]] was first introduced by the Dutch in the sixteenth century with [[Calvinist]] and [[Lutheran]] influences. Animist areas in eastern Indonesia, on the other hand, were the main focus Dutch conversion efforts, including [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[North Sulawesi]], [[Nusa Tenggara]], [[Western New Guinea|Papua]] and [[Kalimantan]]. Later, Christianity spread from the coastal ports of [[Borneo]] and [[missionary|missionaries]] arrived among the [[Toraja]]ns on Sulawesi. Parts of Sumatra were also targeted, most notably the [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] people, who are predominantly Protestant today.<ref name="rbhgoh">{{cite book
 | last = Goh
 | first = Robbie B.H.
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = Christianity in Southeast Asia
 | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
 | date =
 | location =
 | url =
 | doi =
 | isbn = 981-230-297-2
 | oclc = 61478898
 | page = 80 }}</ref>

Significant changes in religion aspect also happened during the [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] era.<ref name="necid">{{cite book | last = Bertrand | first = Jaques | title = Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-521-52441-5 | oclc = 237830260 52920306 54081851 }}</ref> Following [[30 September Movement|an abortive coup]] in 1965 officially blamed on the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]], around 1/2 million were killed in [[Indonesian killings of 1965–1966|an anti-communist purge]].<ref name="pki1965">Kahin, George McT. and Kahin, Audrey R. Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. New York: The New Press, 1995.</ref> Following the incident, the New Order government had tried to suppress the supporters of PKI, by applying a policy that everyone must choose a religion, since PKI supporters were mostly [[atheist]]s.<ref name="necid"/> As a result, every Indonesian citizen was required to carry personal identification cards indicating their religion. The policy resulted in a mass religion conversions, topped by conversions to Protestantism and Catholicism (Christianity).<ref name="necid"/> The same situation happened with Indonesians with [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]] ethnicity, who mostly were [[Confucianist]]s. Because [[Confucianism]] was not one of the state recognised religions, many Chinese Indonesians were also converted to Christianity.<ref name="necid"/>

==State recognised religions==

===Islam===
[[File:Mosque-IMG 3537.JPG|thumb|The [[Istiqlal Mosque]] in Jakarta]]
{{main|Islam in Indonesia}}
Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority country, with 87 percent of its citizens identifying as Muslim.<ref>{{cite news | last = Suryodiningrat | first = Meidyatama | title = Who Are Indonesians? | publisher = The Jakarta Post | date = 2006-10-02 | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/community/ina3.asp | accessdate = 2006-10-02 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060910213108/http://www.thejakartapost.com/community/ina3.asp  |archivedate = 2006-09-10}}</ref> Traditionally, Muslims have been concentrated in the more populous western islands of Indonesia such as Java and Sumatra. In less populous eastern islands, the Muslim population is proportionally lower.<ref name="csi">cf. Bunge (1983), chapter [http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/37.htm Islam].</ref> Most Indonesian Muslims are [[Sunni]]s. Around one million are [[Shia]]s, who are concentrated around [[Jakarta]].<ref name="imamreza">{{cite web | last=Reza | first=Imam | title=Shia Muslims Around the World | url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=3591 | accessdate=2009-06-11 }}</ref>

The history of Islam in Indonesia is complex and reflects the diversity of Indonesian cultures.<ref name="csi"/> In the 12th century many predominantly Muslim traders from [[India]] arrived on the island of Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan where the religion flourished between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. The dominant Hindu and Buddhist [[Monarchy|kingdoms]] of the time, such as Majapahit and [[Sriwijaya]], were in decline and the numerous Hindus and Buddhists mostly converted to Islam, although a smaller number, as in the notable case of Hindus immigrating to [[Bali]], moved off Java and Sumatra.<ref name="csi"/> Islam in Indonesia is in many cases less meticulously practiced in comparison to Islam, for example, in the [[Middle East]] region.<ref name="CUIBTI">{{cite web | title = Indonesia - Bhineka Tunggal Ika | publisher = Centre Universitaire d'Informatique | url=http://cui.unige.ch/~luthi/download/indo.html | accessdate=2006-10-20 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060914023845/http://cui.unige.ch/~luthi/download/indo.html  |archivedate = 2006-09-14}}</ref>

Politically, parties based on moderate and tolerant Islamic interpretations have had significant, but not dominant success in the national parliamentary elections in 1999 and 2004. Hardline [[Islamist]] parties, however, have had little electoral success and their bases of support remain. One form of Islam, known as neofundamentalist,<ref name="abi">{{cite web
 | last = Bubalo
 | first = Anthony
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors = Greg Fealy
 | title = Between the Global and the Local: Islamism, the Middle East, and Indonesia
 | work = Lowy Institute for International Policy and Australian National University
 | publisher = Global Politics
 | date = 2005-10-5A
 | url = http://www.brook.edu/fp/saban/analysis/20051101bubalo_fealy.htm
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-04 }}</ref> adapted for new ways of thinking about the relationship between Islam, [[politics]] and [[society]]. Nonetheless, a number of [[fundamentalist]] groups have been established, including the Majelis Mujahiden (MMI) and their alleged associates [[Jamaah Islamiyah]] (JI).<ref name="abi"/> The Islamist Justice and Prosperous Party (''Partai Keadilan Sejahtera'' or PKS) has a different point of view from the neofundamentalists, notably the anti-Semitic views and anti-Western conspiracy theories of some of its members.<ref name="abi"/>

===Christianity===
{{main|Christianity in Indonesia}}
The [[Government of Indonesia]] officially recognizes the two main [[Christianity|Christian]] divisions in Indonesia, [[Protestantism]] and [[Roman Catholicism]], as two separate religions.

====Protestantism====
{{main|Protestants in Indonesia}}
[[File:GBKP.JPG|thumb|170px|A [[Karo people (Indonesia)|Karonese]] church affiliated with [[Karo Batak Protestant Church]] (GBKP). [[Kabanjahe]], [[Karo Regency]], [[North Sumatra]].]]
Protestantism arrived in Indonesia during the [[Dutch East India Company]](VOC) [[colonisation]] in the sixteenth century. VOC policy to ban Catholicism significantly increased the percentage of Protestant believers in Indonesia.<ref name="rbhgoh"/> Missionary efforts for the most part did not extend to Java or other already predominantly Muslim areas.<ref>Vickers (2005), p.22</ref> The religion expanded considerably in the 20th century, marked by the arrival of [[European ethnic groups|European]] [[missionaries]] in some parts of the country, such as [[Western New Guinea]] and [[Lesser Sunda Islands]].<ref name="infocathuslib">cf. Bunge (1983), chapter [http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/38.htm Christianity].</ref> Following the 1965 coup, all non-religious people were recognised as [[Atheist]], and hence did not receive a balanced treatment compared to the rest of the citizens.<ref name="infocathuslib"/> As a result, Protestant churches experienced a significant growth of members, partly due to the uncomfortable feeling towards the political aspirations of Islamic parties.

[[Protestant]]s form a significant minority in some parts of the country. For example, on the island of [[Sulawesi]], 17% of the citizens are Protestants, particularly in [[Tana Toraja]] regency in [[South Sulawesi]] province and [[Central Sulawesi]]. Furthermore, up to 65% of the ethnic [[Toraja]]n population is Protestant. The [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] from [[North Sumatra]] is also one of the major Protestant groups in Indonesia. Christianity was brought by [[Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen]] who is known as apostle to the Batak people and started the [[Huria Kristen Batak Protestant]] church in Indonesia. Chinese Indonesians are also significant part of the Protestant population, scattered throughout Indonesia with the majority concentrated in major urban areas. In 2000 approximately 35% of ethnic Chinese were Christian, however there is continuous increase among the younger generation. In some parts of the country, entire [[villages]] belong to a distinct denomination, such as [[Adventist]], [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]], [[Lutheran]], [[Presbyterian]] or [[Salvation Army]] (''Bala Keselamatan'') depending on the success of missionary activity.<ref>{{cite web

| last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = Indonesia - (Asia)
 | work = Reformed Online
 | publisher = Reformed Online
 | date =
 | url = http://www.reformiert-online.net/weltweit/64_eng.php
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-07 }}</ref> Indonesia has two Protestant-majority provinces, which are [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]] and [[North Sulawesi]], with 60% and 64% of the total population consecutively.<ref name="Board for Statistics Center 2005">{{cite web
 | last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = Number of Population by Religion Year 2005
 | work = Ministry of Religion of Indonesia
 | publisher = Board for Statistics Center 2005
 | year = 2005
 | url = http://www.depag.go.id/index.php?menu=page&pageid=17
 | format = Indonesian
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-02 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In Papua, the faith is most widely practiced among the native Papuan population. In North Sulawesi, the [[Minahasa]]n population centered around [[Manado]] converted to Christianity in the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite web | title = History - Colonialism & Independence | publisher = North Sulawesi Tourism | url = http://www.north-sulawesi.org/colonialism.html | accessdate = 2006-10-02 }}</ref> Today most of the population native to North Sulawesi practice some form of Protestantism, while transmigrants from Java and [[Madura]] practice Islam.
The practitioners mostly live in [[North Sumatra]], [[West Kalimantan]], [[Central Kalimantan]], [[South Sulawesi]], [[West Sulawesi]], [[Central Sulawesi]], [[North Sulawesi]], [[East Nusa Tenggara]], [[North Maluku]], [[Maluku (province)]], [[West Papua (province)]], [[Papua (province)]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

====Roman Catholicism====
{{main|Roman Catholicism in Indonesia}}
[[File:Jakarta Cathedral.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Jakarta Cathedral]], seat of the [[Archbishop of Jakarta]]]]
[[Catholicism]] arrived in Indonesia during the Portuguese arrival with spice trading.<ref name="infocathuslib">{{cite web
 | last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = Indonesia - Christianity
 | work = U.S. Library of Congress
 | publisher = U.S. Library of Congress
 | date =
 | url = http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/38.htm
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-07 }}</ref> Many Portuguese had the goal of spreading Roman Catholicism in Indonesia, starting with [[Moluccas]] ([[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]) in 1534. Between 1546 and 1547, the pioneer [[Christian missionary]], [[Saint Francis Xavier]], visited the islands and [[baptised]] several thousand locals.<ref>{{cite web
 | last = Vermander
 | first = Benoit
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = Francis Xavier and Asia: the road to cultural inventiveness
 | work = Academic director of Taipei Ricci Institute
 | publisher = International Study Commission
 | date =
 | url = http://www.iscmrc.org/english/SFXfeer.html
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-07 }}</ref>

During the [[Dutch East Indies]] (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) era, the number of Roman Catholicism practitioners fell significantly, due to VOC policy to ban the religion. Hostility of the Dutch toward Catholicism is due to its history where the Protestant Dutch nation gained its independence after the bloody [[Eighty Years War]] against oppressive Catholic [[Hapsburg]] Spain's rule. The most significant result was on the island of [[Flores]] and [[East Timor]], where VOC concentrated. Moreover, Roman Catholic priests were sent to prisons or punished and replaced by [[Protestant]] [[priests]] from the Netherlands.<ref name="infocathuslib"/> One Roman Catholic priest was executed for celebrating [[Mass (Catholic Church)|Mass]] in a prison during [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]]'s tenure as [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]]. After the VOC collapsed and with the legalization of Catholicism in the Netherlands starting around 1800, Dutch Catholic clergy predominated until after Indonesia's independence.

Other than Flores, [[Central Java]] also have significant numbers of Catholics. Catholicism started to spread in Central Java when [[Franciscus Georgius Josephus van Lith|Frans van Lith]], a priest from The Netherlands came to [[Muntilan]], Central Java in 1896. Initially, his effort did not produce a satisfying result, until 1904 when four [[Javanese people|Javanese]] chiefs from Kalibawang region asked him to give them education in the religion. On 15 December 1904, a group of 178 Javanese were baptised at Semagung, Muntilan, district [[Magelang]], Central Java, near the border of province [[Yogyakarta|DI Yogyakarta]]. In Java, next to Javanese, Catholicism also spread to [[Chinese Indonesian]].

As of 2006, 3% of all Indonesians are Catholics, about half the number of Protestants at 5.7% The practitioners mostly live in [[West Kalimantan]], [[Papua (province)]] and [[East Nusa Tenggara]]. The province of [[East Nusa Tenggara]] where the island of Flores and [[West Timor]] located is notable as the only province in Indonesia where Catholics are majority (about 54.56% of total population).{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===Hinduism===
{{cleanup-bare URLs|date=January 2012}}
{{main|Hinduism in Indonesia}}
[[File:UBUD SHRINE1.jpg|thumb|upright|Balinese Hindu woman placing daily offerings on her family shrine]]
Hindu culture and religion arrived in the Indonesian archipelago in the first century, roughly coinciding with the arrival of [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Hinduism | work = OMF International UK | publisher = OMF International UK | url = http://www.omf.org.uk/content.asp?id=8531 | accessdate = 2006-10-03 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> This resulted in a number of Hinduism-Buddhism empires such as Kutai, [[Medang Kingdom|Mataram]] and [[Majapahit]]. The [[Prambanan|Prambanan Temple complex]] was built during the era of Hindu Mataram. The greatest Hindu empire in the archipelago was Majapahit. The age of Hindu-Buddhist empires lasted until the sixteenth century, when the archipelago's [[Islamic]] empires began to expand. This period, known as the Hindu-Indonesia period, lasted for sixteen centuries.<ref>{{cite web | title = History on Indonesia | publisher = Indonesian Consulate General, Los Angeles, USA | url = http://www.kjri-la.net/history.html | accessdate = 2006-10-03 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060604035837/http://www.kjri-la.net/history.html  |archivedate = 2006-06-04}}</ref> The influence of Hinduism and classical [[India]] remain defining traits of Indonesian culture; the Indian concept of the [[god-king]] still shapes Indonesian concepts of leadership and [[Sanskrit]] is used in courtly literature and adaptations of Indian epic poetry.

Hinduism in Indonesia takes on a tone distinct from other parts of the world.<ref name="HinUSLC">cf. Bunge (1983), chapter [http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/39.htm Hinduism].</ref> For instance, Hinduism in Indonesia, formally referred as [[Agama Hindu Dharma]], never applied the [[caste system]]. It also incorporated native [[Austronesian]] elements that revered [[hyang]]s, deities and spirits of nature and deceased [[ancestor]]s. The Hindu religious [[Epic poetry|epics]], the [[Mahabharata]]  and the [[Ramayana]], are expressed in uniquely Indonesian [[wayang]] puppetry and dance. In many areas on Java, Hinduism and Islam have heavily influenced each other, in part resulting in [[Abangan]] and [[Kejawen]] traditions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lidde | first = R. William | title = The Islamic Turn in Indonesia: A Political Explanation | journal = Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 613–634 | publisher =Association for Asian Studies | doi = 10.2307/2646448 |  issn = 00219118 | date =  August 1, 1996 | jstor = 2646448 }}</ref>

All practitioners of Agama Hindu Dharma share many common beliefs, mostly the Five Points of Philosophy: the Panca Srada.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Suryani | first = Luh Ketut | title = Balinese Women in a Changing Society | journal = Journal of the [[American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry]] | volume = 32 | issue = 1: Special issue Women and Society | pages =213–230 | year = 2004 | url = http://www.atypon-link.com/GPI/doi/abs/10.1521/jaap.32.1.213.28335?cookieSet=1&journalCode=jaap | doi = 10.1521/jaap.32.1.213.28335 | id = 1546-0371 | accessdate = 2006-10-27 | format = abstract page }}</ref> These include the belief in one Almighty [[God]], belief in the [[soul]]s and [[spirit]]s and ''[[karma]]'' or the belief in the law of reciprocal actions. Rather than belief in cycles of rebirth and [[reincarnation]], Hinduism in Indonesia is concerned more with a myriad of local and ancestral spirits. In addition, the religion focuses more on [[art]] and [[ritual]] rather than [[scripture]]s, [[law]]s and beliefs.<ref name="HinUSLC"/> Balinese Hinduism also holds to the concept of [[Tri Hita Karana]], nurturing and maintaining a harmonious relationship between human and God, human and human, human and nature.<ref>[http://www.balitrihitakarana.com/abouttrihitakarana.htm Bali Tri Hita Karana]</ref>

As of 2007, the official number of Hindu practitioners was 10 million,<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90137.htm Indonesia International Religious Freedom Report 2007] - US State Department</ref> giving Indonesia the fourth largest number of Hindus in the world. This number is disputed by the representative of Hinduism in Indonesia, the [[Parisada Hindu Dharma]]. The PHDI gives an estimate of 18 million.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/rsddocview.html?tbl=RSDCOI&id=450fb0aa34] The United States Department of State Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2006 - Indonesia - September 2006] US State Department{{Dead link |date=January 2013}}</ref> Of this number, 93% of the practitioners are located in [[Bali]], the majority of the population of which is Hindu. Besides Bali, Sumatra, Java, [[Lombok]], [[Kalimantan]] and [[Sulawesi]] also have significant Hindu populations; most are Balinese who migrated to these areas through government sponsored [[transmigration program]] or urbanized Balinese attracted to cities in Java, especially the [[Greater Jakarta]] area. [[Central Kalimantan]] has a 15.8% Hindu population. The Hindu variant of Kalimantan is identified as [[Kaharingan|Hindu Kaharingan]], although this native [[Dayak]] belief may be more correctly categorized as Animism, rather than Hinduism.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

[[Sikhs]] are typically registered as Hindus because the Indonesian government does not recognize Sikhism as a religion.

===Buddhism===
{{main|Buddhism in Indonesia}}
[[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|Buddhist pilgrims performing their rituals at [[Borobudur]]]]
Buddhism is the second oldest religion in Indonesia, arriving around the sixth century.<ref name="bdea">{{cite web
 | last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = Buddhism in Indonesia
 | work = Buddha Dharma Education Association
 | publisher = Buddha Dharma Education Association
 | year = 2005
 | url = http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/indo-txt.htm
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-03 }}</ref> The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires based on Buddhist culture were established around the same period. Indonesian archipelago has witnessed the rise and fall of powerful Buddhist empires such as [[Sailendra]] dynasty, [[Srivijaya]] and [[Medang Kingdom|Mataram]] Empires. The arrival of Buddhism was started with the trading activity that began in the early of first century on the [[Silk Road]] between Indonesia and India.<ref>{{cite web
 | last = Flanagan
 | first = Anthony
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = Buddhist Art: Indonesia
 | work =
 | publisher = About
 | year = 2006
 | url = http://buddhism.about.com/cs/art/a/ArtIndonesia.htm
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-03 }}</ref> According to some Chinese source, a Chinese traveler monk on his journey to India, has witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based on [[Sumatra]]. The empire also served as a Buddhist learning center in the region. A number of [[Cultural heritage|historical heritages]] can be found in Indonesia, including the Borobudur Temple in [[Yogyakarta]] and statues or ''prasasti'' (inscriptions) from the earlier history of Buddhist empires.

Following the [[Overthrow of Sukarno|downfall of President Sukarno]] in the mid-1960s, [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]] was reasserted as the official Indonesian policy on religion to only recognise [[monotheistic|monotheism]] .<ref>cf. Bunge (1983), chapter [http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/40.htm Buddhism].</ref> As a result, founder of Perbuddhi (Indonesian Buddhists Organisation), Bhikku Ashin Jinarakkhita, proposed that there was a single [[supreme deity]], Sang Hyang Adi Buddha. He was also backed up with the history behind the Indonesian version of Buddhism in ancient [[Javanese language|Javanese]] texts, and the shape of the Borobudur Temple.

According to the 2000 national [[census]], roughly 2% of the total citizens of Indonesia are Buddhists, which takes up about 4 million people.<ref name="bdea"/> Most Buddhists are concentrated in [[Jakarta]], although other provinces such as [[Riau]], [[North Sumatra]] and [[West Kalimantan]] also have a significant number of practitioners. However, these totals are likely high, due to the fact that practitioners of Confucianism and [[Taoism]], which are not considered official religions of Indonesia, referred to themselves as Buddhists on the census.<ref name="bdea"/>

===Confucianism===
{{main|Confucianism in Indonesia}}

[[File:Bojonegoro temple.jpg|thumb|Confucian Temple in [[Bojonegoro]], [[East Java]].]]

[[Confucianism]] originated from [[China]] mainland and brought by [[Chinese people|Chinese]] merchants and immigrants. It is estimated as late as the 3rd century AD that the Chinese arrived in [[Nusantara]] archipelago.<ref name="Yang"/> Unlike other religions, Confucianism evolved more into loose individual practices and belief in the [[code of conduct]], rather than a well-organized community religion, or way of life or [[social movement]]. It was not until the early of 1900s that Confucianists formed an organization, called ''Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan'' (THHK) in Batavia (now Jakarta).<ref name="Yang"/>

After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, Confucianism in Indonesia was affected by several political turmoils and has been used for some political interests. In 1965, [[Sukarno]] issued Presidential Decree No. 1/Pn.Ps/1965, in which there be six religions embraced by the Indonesian people, including [[Confucianism]].<ref name="Yang"/> Earlier in 1961, the ''Association of Khung Chiao Hui Indonesia'' (PKCHI), a Confucianist organization, declared that Confucianism is a religion and [[Confucius]] is their [[prophet]].

In 1967, Sukarno was replaced by [[Suharto]], marking the [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] era. Under Suharto rule, the [[Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia|anti-China policy]] was applied to gain political support from the people, especially after the fall of [[Indonesian Communist Party]], which is claimed to have been backed by China.<ref name="Yang"/> Suharto issued the controversial Presidential Instruction No. 14/1967, which practically banned Chinese culture, expression of Chinese belief, Chinese celebrations and festivities, as well as forcing many Chinese to change their name. However, Suharto knew how to handle [[Chinese Indonesian]] community that formed only 3% of the population, but gained a disproportionately large share of wealth and dominant influence in many key sectors of economy.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=International Herarld Tribune|title=Native Groups Seek Wealth Shift - Voluntary or Not : Indonesia Pressures Chinese|author=Michael Richardson|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1991/09/03/chin.php|accessdate=2006-10-02 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061122035305/http://www.iht.com/articles/1991/09/03/chin.php  |archivedate = 2006-11-22}}</ref> Yet, in the same year, Suharto addressed "The Confucian religion deserves a decent place in this country," in front of the PKCHI national convention.<ref name="Yang"/>

In 1969, [[Statute]] No. 5/1969 was passed and it re-iterated the official six religions from the 1967 presidential decree. However, it was different in practice. In 1978, the Minister of Home Affairs issued its directive that there are only five religions, excluding Confucianism.<ref name="Yang"/> On 27 January 1979, a presidential cabinet meeting took place and it firmly decided that Confucianism is not a religion. Another Minister of Home Affairs was issued in 1990 re-iterating about five official religions in Indonesia.

Hence the status of Confucianism in Indonesia in the New Order era was never clear. [[De jure]], there were conflicting laws, as the higher law permitted Confucianism, but the lower law did not recognize it. [[De facto]], Confucianists were not recognized by the government and they were forced to become [[Christian]]s or [[Buddhist]]s to maintain their citizenship. This practice was applied in many places, including in the national registration card, marriage registration, and even civics education in Indonesia taught school children that there are only 5 official religions.<ref name="Yang"/>

With the [[Reformation (Indonesia)|fall of Suharto in 1998]], [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] was elected as the fourth president. Wahid lifted the Presidential Instruction No. 14/1967 and the 1978 Minister of Home Affairs directive. Confucianism is now officially recognized as religion in Indonesia. Chinese culture and all related Chinese-affiliated activities are now allowed to be practiced. Chinese and non-Chinese Confucianists have since then expressed their belief in freedom.

==Other religions and beliefs==

===Kebatinan (Javanese beliefs)===
''[[Kebatinan]]'' or ''Kejawen'' (Javanese beliefs) or ''Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa'' (Believer of One Supreme God) is an amalgam of animism, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic — especially Sufi — beliefs. The beliefs is rooted in [[Javanese people|Javanese]] history and spiritualism with the tendency to [[Syncretism|syncretize]] aspects of different religions in search of the common ground. This loosely organized current of thought and practice was legitimized in the 1945 constitution and, in 1973, when it was recognized as ''Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa'' (Indonesian: Believer of One Supreme God) that somewhat gain the status as one of the ''agama'', President [[Suharto]] counted himself as one of its adherents. The ''Kebatinan'' or ''Kepercayaan'' have no certain prophet, sacred book, nor distinct religious festivals and rituals; it has more to do with each adherents internalized transcendental vision and beliefs in their relations with others and with the supreme being. As the result there is an inclusiveness that the ''kebatinan'' believer could identify themselves with one of six officially recognized religions, at least in their identity card, while still subscribe to their ''kebatinan'' belief and way of life.

''Kebatinan'' is generally characterized as mystical, and some varieties were concerned with spiritual self-control. Although there were many varieties circulating in 1992, ''kebatinan'' often implies pantheistic worship because it encourages sacrifices and devotions to local and ancestral spirits. These spirits are believed to inhabit natural objects, human beings, artifacts, and grave sites of important wali (Muslim saints). Illness and other misfortunes are traced to such spirits, and if sacrifices or pilgrimages fail to placate angry deities, the advice of a ''dukun'' or healer is sought. ''Kebatinan'', while it connotes a turning away from the militant universalism of orthodox Islam, moves toward a more internalized universalism. In this way, ''kebatinan'' moves toward eliminating the distinction between the universal and the local, the communal and the individual.

====Subud====
{{main|Subud}}

Subud is an international [[spirituality|spiritual]] movement that began in [[Indonesia]] in the 1920s as a movement founded by [[Muhammad Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo]]. (The name Subud was first used in the late 1940s when Subud was legally registered in Indonesia.) The basis of Subud is a spiritual exercise commonly referred to as the [[Latihan|''latihan kejiwaan'']], which was said by Muhammad Subuh to be guidance from "the Power of God" or "the Great Life Force".

Muhammad Subuh saw the present age as one that demands personal evidence and proof of religious or spiritual realities, as people no longer just believe in words. He claimed that Subud is not a new teaching or religion but only that the latihan kejiwaan itself is the kind of proof that humanity is looking for. There are now Subud groups in about 83 countries, with a worldwide membership of about 10,000.{{sfn|Hunt|2003|p=122}}

===Animism===
{{See also|Animism}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Het verslepen van de steen 'Darodaro' voor de gestorven Saoenigeho van Bawamataloea Nias TMnr 1000095b.jpg|thumb|[[Nias]] tribesmen moving and erecting a [[megalith]]. ca. 1915.]]
Animism has existed since Indonesia's earliest [[History of Indonesia|history]], around the first century, just before Hindu culture arrived in Indonesia.<ref name="philanim">{{cite web | title = Animism | work = PHILTAR | publisher = PHILTAR | url = http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/seasia/animism.html | accessdate = 2006-10-04 }}</ref> Furthermore, two thousand years later, with the existence of Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and other religion, Animism still exists in some parts of Indonesia. However, this belief is not accepted as Indonesia's [[Religion in Indonesia#State recognised religions|official religion]] as the ''[[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]]'' states the belief in the supreme deity, or monotheism.<ref name="philanim"/> Animism, on the other hand, does not believe in a particular god. The government of Indonesia often views indigenous beliefs as ''adat'' (custom) rather that ''agama'' (religion) or as a variant of a recognized religion.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schiller |first=Anne |year=1996 |month= |title=An "Old" Religion in "New Order" Indonesia: Notes on Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation |journal=Sociology of Religion |volume=57 |series= |issue=4 |pages=409–417 |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor1-first=Scott |editor1-last=Schieman |format=PDF |isbn= |issn=1759-88181069-4404 |oclc=728290653 |doi=10.2307/3711895 |accessdate=21 Nov 2011 |url=http://socrel.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/4/409.full.pdf |quote=}}</ref> Because the government do not recognize animism indigenous tribal belief systems as official religion, as a result followers of various native animistic religions such as Dayak [[Kaharingan]] have identified themselves as Hindu in order to avoid pressure to convert to Islam or Christianity. Several native tribal beliefs such as [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] [[Sunda Wiwitan]], [[Toraja]]n Aluk To Dolo, and [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] [[Parmalim|Malim]] — although different than Indian influenced Balinese Hinduism — might sought affiliations with Hinduism in order to survive, while in the same time also tried preserving their distinction to mainstream Indonesian Hinduism dominated by Balinese. In many cases, some of the followers of these native beliefs might converted to Christianity or Islam, at least registered as such in their KTP (identity card), but still uphold and performed their native beliefs.

===Judaism===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Indonesia}}
There are an estimated several hundred Jews in Indonesia, mainly expatriates in the Jakarta area who conduct religious services at home. Some tiny local Jewish community exist in Indonesia, mostly those whom rediscovered their ancestral roots and convert back to Judaism.<ref name="Globe"/> There are small unrecognized [[Jewish]] communities in [[Jakarta]] and [[Surabaya]]. Like many Jews in the then Netherlands East Indies, some of whose forebears had moved there as early as the 17th century, they suppressed their faith. An early Jewish settlement in the archipelago was through the Dutch Jews who came along for the spice trade. In the 1850s, about 20 Jewish families of Dutch and [[Germany|German]] origins lived in Jakarta (then Batavia). Some lived in [[Semarang]] and Surabaya. Several [[Baghdadi Jews]] also settled in the island. Prior to 1945, there were about 2,000 Dutch Jews in Indonesia. Some Jews even converted to Christianity or Islam during the Japanese Occupation, when Jews were sent to internment camps, and the War of Independence, when Eurasians were targeted. In 1957, it was reported around 450 Jews remained, mainly [[Ashkenazim]] in Jakarta and [[Sephardim]] in Surabaya. The community decreased to 50 in 1963. In 1997, there were only 20 Jews, some of them in Jakarta and a few Baghdadi families in Surabaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bh.org.il/communities/Archive/indonesia.asp|accessdate=2006-12-15|title=The Jewish Community of Indonesia|work=The Databases of Jewish Communities|publisher=Museum of the Jewish People}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

Jews in Surabaya maintain a [[synagogue]]. They have little contact with Jews outside the country. There is no service given in the synagogue,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eamusic.dartmouth.edu/~larry/misc_writings/jew_indonesia/surabaya.html|title=The Surabaya, Indonesia Jewish Community|author=Larry Polansky|accessdate=2006-12-15}}</ref> it closed in 2009 during protests by radical groups protesting against Israel's assault on the Gaza Strip.<ref name="Globe"/> Since 2003, Shaar Hashamayim synagogue has been serving local Jewish community of some 20 people in Tondano city, [[Minahasa Regency]], [[North Sulawesi]]. Currently it is the only synagogue in Indonesia that provides services.<ref name="Globe">{{cite web
 |url        =http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/editorschoice/indonesias-only-synagogue-struggles-to-find-wider-acceptance/572329
 |title      =Indonesia's Only Synagogue Struggles to Find Wider Acceptance
 |last       =Hussain
 |first      =Zakir
 |date       =February 18, 2013
 |work       =Straits Times 
 |publisher  =Jakarta Globe
 |accessdate =19 February 2013
}}</ref>

===Atheism===
Many believe that atheism is illegal in Indonesia even though there is no specific law that bans atheism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/opinion/is-atheism-illegal-in-indonesia/496337 |title=Is Atheism illegal in Indonesia? |date=7 February 2012 |publisher=Jakarta Globe |accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16644141 |title=Row over Indonesia atheist Facebook post |date=20 January 2012 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=25 June 2012}}</ref> In 2012, atheist civil servant [[Alexander Aan]] was sentenced to thirty months in prison for sharing explicit material about the Prophet Mohammed online,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesian-atheist-jailed-for-prophet-mohammed-cartoons/524376l |title=Indonesian Atheist Jailed for Prophet Mohammed Cartoons |date=14 June 2012 |work=The Jakarta Globe |accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/06/14/minang-atheist-sentenced-25-years-prison.html |title='Minang atheist' sentenced to 2.5 years in prison |author=Syofiardi Bachyul Jb |date=14 June 2012 |work=The Jakarta Post |accessdate=25 June 2012}}</ref> sparking nationwide debate.<ref name=G35>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/03/indonesia-atheists-religious-freedom-aan |title=Indonesia's atheists face battle for religious freedom |author=Kate Hodal |date=3 May 2012 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=25 June 2012}}</ref> Alexander's lawyers speculated that there were only 2,000 or so atheists in Indonesia, but stated that it was difficult to estimate due to the threat of imprisonment for open atheism.<ref name=G35 />

==Summary==
Although the Indonesian government recognizes a number of different religions, inter-religious conflicts have occurred. In the New Order era, former president [[Suharto]] proposed the [[Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia|Anti-Chinese law]] which prohibits anything related to [[Culture of China|Chinese]] culture, including names and religions.<ref>{{cite web
 | last = Effendi
 | first = Wahyu
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = Pembaharuan Hukum Catatan Sipil dan Penghapusan Diskriminasi di Indonesia
 | work =
 | publisher =
 | date = 2004-06-28
 | url = http://hukumonline.com/detail.asp?id=10607&cl=Kolom
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-13 }}{{id icon}}</ref> Nevertheless, positive form of relations have also appeared in the society, such as the effort from six different religious organisations to help the [[2004 Tsunami]] victims. [[Subud]] is a religion founded in Indonesia.<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/adh_origin.html Distinct Religious Movements and their Countries of Origin] retrieved 18 October 2012</ref>

Between 1966 and 1998, Suharto made an effort to "de-Islamicise" the government, by maintaining a large proportion of Christians in his [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]].<ref name="prevconrelg">{{cite web
 | last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = Intergroup Relations
 | work = Prevent Conflict
 | publisher =
 | month = May | year = 2002
 | url = http://www.preventconflict.org/portal/main/background_intergroup_relations.php#Religion
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2006-10-13 }}</ref> However, in the early 1990s, the issue of [[Islamisation]] appeared, and the military split into two groups, the Nationalist and Islamic camps.<ref name="prevconrelg"/> The Islamic camp, led by General Prabowo, was in favour of Islamisation, while General Wiranto was in the Nationalist group, in favour of a [[secular state]].

During the Suharto era, the Indonesian [[transmigration program]] continued, after it was initiated by the [[Dutch East Indies]] government in the early nineteenth century. The intention of the program was to move millions of Indonesians from over-crowded populated [[Java]], Bali and [[Madura Island|Madura]] to other less populated regions, such as [[Ambon, Maluku|Ambon]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] and [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]]. It has received much criticism, being described as a type of colonisation by the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Madurese people|Madurese]], who also brought Islam to non-Muslim areas.<ref name="transcon"/> Citizens in western Indonesia are mostly Muslims with Christians a small minority, while in eastern regions the Christian populations are similar in size or larger than Muslim populations. This more even population distribution has led to more religious conflicts in the eastern regions, including [[Poso]] and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] communal violence since the resignation of [[President Suharto]].

The government has made an effort to reduce the tension by proposing the inter-religion co-operation plan.<ref name="kbriconf">{{cite press release | title = Transcript of Joint Press Conference Indonesian Foreign Minister, Hassan Wirajuda, with Australian Foreign Minister, Alexander Downer| publisher = Embassy of Republic of Indonesia at Canberra, Australia | date = 2004-12-06
 | url = http://www.kbri-canberra.org.au/speeches/2004/041206interfaith.htm
 | accessdate = 2006-10-14 }}</ref> The Foreign Ministry, along with the biggest Islamic organization in Indonesia, [[Nahdatul Ulama]], held the International Conference of Islamic Scholars, to promote Islamic moderation, which is believed to reduce the tension in the country.<ref name="kbriconf"/> On December 6, 2004, the "Dialogue On Interfaith Cooperation: Community Building and Harmony" conference was opened. The [[Meeting|conference]], attended by [[ASEAN]] countries, [[Australia]], [[East Timor]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Papua New Guinea]] was intended to discuss possible co-operation between different religious groups to minimise inter-religious conflict in Indonesia.<ref name="kbriconf"/> The Australian government, represented by the [[Foreign Minister]] [[Alexander Downer]], supported the dialogue by co-hosting it.

On the issue of [[Ahmadiyyah]] Muslim community, Indonesia has failed to act and uphold their human rights. Several Ahmadi mosques were burnt in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/04/28/indonesia-protesters-torch-mosque-039heretical039-muslim-sect.html |title=Indonesia protesters torch mosque of 'heretical' Muslim sect |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=2008-04-28 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> Several thousands of Ahmadis have become refugees within their own country in the past 4 years. The Indonesian government seems to have become hostage to the demands of extremist Islamic parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/07/displaced-ahmadis-losing-hope-normal-life.html |title=Displaced Ahmadis losing hope for normal life |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=2009-02-04 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref><ref>http://www.thejakartapost.com/search/decree%20ahmadi</ref> There is an internal struggle going on between moderates and extremists in Indonesia, where the extremists align themselves with Al-Qaeda and Taliban Islam. They either condone or directly support violence and terrorism, while the majority remains moderate and condemns such violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/09/25/authoritarian-religious-authority.html |title=Authoritarian religious authority |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=2009-09-25 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

There is however, indications that religious conflicts regarding erection of place of worships have more to do with business interest than in religious issues.<ref name=jpost/> For example dispute over a Bethel Injil Sepenuh Church (GBIS) in Jakarta was due to land dispute dating back to 1957, while the Indonesian Christian Church (GKI) Taman Yasmin dispute in [[Bogor]] was due to municipal government plan to turn the church's area into business district. The Taman Yasmin Church in Bogor has been upheld and protected by [[Supreme Court of Indonesia]], but the mayor of Bogor refused to comply the court ruling.<ref name=jpost>{{cite web
  | title = Business interests blamed for church rows
  | publisher = [[The Jakarta Post]]
  | date = August 24, 2011
  | url =  http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/24/business-interests-blamed-church-rows.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
  | last = Holtz
  | first = Michael
  | title = Indonesian mayor seeks to ban church construction
  | agency = Associated Press
  | date = August 24, 2011
  | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gIXp0SLB0t8dLEM5vN1DjR1KNssA?docId=27135628f19a40e2a03f751d80b19d85 }}</ref>

==Census Data regarding Religion==
Religion was a census variable in the 1961, 1971, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Indonesian census and in various intercensal surveys.  Due to deemed divisiveness, 1961 census data regarding religion was not published. In 1971, three groups of Christians were recorded: Catholic, Protestant and other.  The U.N. Demographic Yearbook 1979 only lists data collectively for all Christians.  In 2000 census, only Catholics and Protestants were available as categories.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suryadinata |first1=Leo |last2=Arifin |first2=Evi Nurvidya |last3=Ananta |first3=Aris |title=Indonesia's population: ethnicity and religion in a changing political landscape |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GzHqWZVtMzEC&pg=PA104 |accessdate=20 Nov 2011 |series=Indonesia's population |year=2003 |month= |origyear= |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-218-2 |pages=103–104}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ Religion Data in Indonesia Census
|- style="font-size:10pt"
! scope="col" | &nbsp;
! scope="col" colspan="2" | 1971<ref>{{cite book |title=Demographic Yearbook 1979 (Population census statistics) |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1979%20DYB.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=21 Nov 2011 |edition=31 |year=1980 |publisher=United Nations |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8002-2882-8 |oclc=16991809 |at=p. 641 Table 29. Population by religion, sex and urban/rural residence: each census, 1970-1979 |quote= }}</ref><ref>[[Cicred|C.I.C.R.E.D.]] cites {{cite book |title=SUSENAS TAHAP KEEMPAT – Sifat Demografi Penduduk Indonesia |trans_title=National Survey of Social and Economic Fourth Round – Demographic Characteristics of the Population |year=1969 |publisher=Biro Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics) |location=Jakarta}} for Table III.10 of "The Population of Indonesia, 1974 World Population Year", p. 31. However, due to inaccessibility of the data source for verification and data collection proximity to census year 1971, referenced 1969 data is not included in this article's table. {{cite book |title=The Population of Indonesia, 1974 World Population Year |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c24.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=15 Dec 2011 |series=C.I.C.R.E.D. 2 |date=30 Sep 1973 |publisher=Lembaga Demografi (Demographic Institute), [[University of Indonesia|Universitas Indonesia]] |location=Jakarta |isbn= |oclc=3362457 |ol=4602999M |lccn=77366078  |pages=31–32 |quote=The statistical data on religion show that Islam has the highest percentage of adherents with about 87.1 per cent of the population of Indonesia (National Socio Economic Survey, 1969). The second biggest religion in Indonesia is Protestant (5.2%), while Catholic is the third (2.5%). The rest are Hindu (2.0%) and Buddhist (1.1%) and other religions which are not included in the above classification.}}</ref>
! scope="col" colspan="2" | 1980<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aritonang |first1=Jan S. |last2=Steenbrink |first2=Karel A. |title=A history of Christianity in Indonesia |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC&pg=PA216 |accessdate=20 Nov 2011 |series=Studies in Christian mission |volume=35 |year=2008 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-17026-1 |oclc=228370027 |page=216 |quote=}}</ref><ref>Unable to find online data for ''Sensus Penduduk'' 1980 (''Penduduk Indonesia: hasil sensus penduduk''. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik, 1980).  Unable to find online version of {{cite book |title=Buku Saku Statistik Indonesia 1982 |trans_title=Statistical Pocketbook Of Indonesia 1982 |year=1983 |publisher=Biro Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |oclc=72673205}}, which contains 1980 census data.</ref>
! scope="col" colspan="2" | 1985<ref name="cholil">{{Cite journal | last=Cholil | first=Suhadi | last2=Bagir | first2=Zainal Abidin | last3=Rahayu | first3=Mustaghfiroh | last4=Asyhari | first4=Budi | others=Max M. Richter, Ivana Prazic | year=2010 | month=Aug | title=Annual Report on Religious Life in Indonesia 2009 | publisher=Center for Religious & Cross-cultural Studies, [[Gadjah Mada University]] | place=Yogyakarta, Indonesia | page=15 | isbn=978-602-96257-1-4 | url=http://crcs.ugm.ac.id/files/759Annual%2520Report%2520CRCS%25202009.pdf | accessdate=20 Nov 2011 | format=PDF | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}. Cites BPS-Statistics Indonesia for intercensal population survey 1985, census 1990, census 2000, and intercensal population survey 2005</ref>
! scope="col" colspan="2" | 1990<ref name=cholil /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ricklefs |first1=Merle Calvin |authorlink1=M. C. Ricklefs |title=A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC |accessdate=21 Nov 2011 |edition=3 |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA |isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5 |page=379 |quote=The 1990 census recorded 156.3 million Muslims in Indonesia, 87.2 per cent of the population and the largest Muslim population of any nation in the world. This was a steady percentage, having been 87.1 per cent in 1980. Christians (Catholics and Protestants) totalled 17.2 million, 9.6 per cent of the population, whereas in 1971 the figure was 7.5 per cent and in 1980 it was 8.8 per cent. So Christianity was still growing. In the large cities of Central Java in particular, Christians constituted nearly 20 per cent of the population. The rising tide of religiosity was also reflected in the much smaller communities of Hindus (3.3 million, 1.8 per cent of the population in 1990) and Buddhists (1.8 million, 1.0 per cent of the population).}}</ref><ref>The 1990 census recorded 87.21% Muslims, 6.04% Protestants, 3.58% Catholics, 1.83% Hindus, 1.03% Buddhists and 0.31% as "Others". Population of Indonesia: Results of the 1990 Population (Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik, 1992), p. 24, as cited by {{cite book |last1=Intan |first1=Benyamin Fleming |title="Public religion" and the Pancasila-based state of Indonesia: an ethical and sociological analysis |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OXmRwiYEy1IC&pg=PA6 |accessdate=15 Dec 2011 |series=American University Studies: Theology and Religion |volume=238 |year=2006 |publisher=Peter Lang |location=New York, NY |language= |isbn=978-0-8204-7603-2 |page=6}}</ref>
! scope="col" colspan="2" | 2000<ref name=cholil /><ref>{{Cite journal | publication-date=30 June 2006 | title=Special Census Topic 2000 Round (1995 - 2004) | contribution=Table 6 (Population by religion, sex, urban/rural residence: each census, 1985-2004) | contribution-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybcensus/V2_table6.xls | contribution-format=XLS | type=Spreadsheet | work=Demographic Yearbook | series= | volume=2b - Ethnocultural characteristics | issue= | publisher=United Nations | publication-place=New York | issn=0082-8041 | oclc=173373970 | doi= | url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybcens.htm | accessdate=5 Nov 2011 | quote= | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html |title=Indonesia |date=18 Oct 2011 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency |location=Washington, D.C. |at=People and Society |issn=1553-8133 |accessdate=8 Nov 2011 |quote=Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)}}</ref>
! scope="col" colspan="2" | 2005<ref name=cholil />
! scope="col" colspan="2" | 2010<ref name="sp2010" />
|-  style="text-align:right; font-size:10pt; background:#e6faff; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Islam
| 103.58 || 87.51% || 128.46 || 87.94% || 142.59 || 86.92% || 156.32 || 87.21% || 177.53 || 88.22% || 189.01 || 88.58% || 132.61 || 55.80%
|-  style="text-align:right; font-size:10pt; background:#fafff0; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Protestant
| style="background:white;" rowspan="2"| 8.74
| style="background:white;" rowspan="2"| 7.39%
| 8.51 || 5.82% || 10.59 || 6.46% || 10.82 || 6.04% || 11.82 || 5.87% || 12.36 || 5.79% || 52.81 || 22.23%
|-  style="text-align:right; font-size:10pt; background:#e6faff; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Catholic
| 4.36 || 2.98% || 5.14 || 3.13% || 6.41 || 3.58% || 6.13 || 3.05% || 6.56 || 3.07% || 42.72 || 17.97%
|-  style="text-align:right; font-size:10pt; background:#fafff0; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Hindu
| 2.30 || 1.94%
| style="background:white;" rowspan="6"| 4.76 
| style="background:white;" rowspan="6"| 3.26%
| 3.18 || 1.94% || 3.29 || 1.83% || 3.65 || 1.81% || 3.70 || 1.73% || 3.92 || 1.65%
|-  style="text-align:right; font-size:10pt; background:#e6faff; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Buddhist
| 1.09 || 0.92% || 1.60 || 0.98% || 1.84 || 1.03% || 1.69 || 0.84% || 1.30 || 0.61% || 1.30 || 0.55%
|-  style="text-align:right; font-size:10pt; background:#fafff0; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Confucian<ref>In 1979, Soeharto retracted official recognition of Confucianism.  Hence Confucianism appears in the 1971 census data, but not in 1980 or 1990.  In 2000, Indonesia decided to separately categorize Confucianism only during the enumeration process, but did not actually list this option on the printed form. This is not listed as a separate category in the U.N. data. {{Cite journal | last=Utomo | first=Ariane J. | others=Prof. Terence H. Hull | year=2003 | month=March | title=Indonesian Census 2000: Tables and Reports for AusAID Explanatory Notes | publisher=The Australian National University | page=7 | url=http://nabirekab.bps.go.id/docs/lain/Indonesian%2520Census%25202000.pdf | accessdate=20 Nov 2011 | format=PDF | quote=The six categories for religion were Islam, Catholicism, Protestant, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Other. The decision to have a separate category for Confucianism (Kong Hu Cu) occurred during the enumeration process itself, hence it was not printed in the actual form of the L1. The data on the number of Confucians is only available for certain provinces. However, the number seems much smaller than expected due to the abrupt process of including it in the questionnaire. | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
| 0.97 || 0.82%
| style="background:white;" rowspan="4"| 0.95
| style="background:white;" rowspan="4"| 0.58%
| style="background:white;" rowspan="4"| 0.57
| style="background:white;" rowspan="4"| 0.32%
| style="background:white;" rowspan="4"| 0.41
| style="background:white;" rowspan="4"| 0.20%
| 0.21 || 0.10% || 1.83 || 0.77%
|-  style="text-align:right; font-size:10pt; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Other
| rowspan="3"| 1.69
| rowspan="3"| 1.42%
| rowspan="3"| 0.24
| rowspan="3"| 0.11%
| 0.88 || 0.37%
|-  style="text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Unstated
| 0.17 || 0.07%
|-  style="text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Not asked
| 1.40 || 0.59%
|-  style="text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Total<ref>Totals and lefthand column per year are in millions of persons.</ref>
| 118.37 || &nbsp; || 146.08 || &nbsp; || 164.05 || &nbsp; || 179.25 || &nbsp; || 201.24 || &nbsp; || 213.38 || &nbsp; || 237.64 || &nbsp;
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Indonesia]]
* [[Culture of Indonesia]]
* [[Javanese beliefs]]
* [[Demographics of Indonesia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Bertrand J, ''Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia'', Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004, 278 pages, ISBN 0-521-81889-3. Retrieved October 22, 2006
* {{cite book  | last = Hunt  | first = Stephen J.  | title = Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction  | publisher = Ashgate Publishing  | year = 2003  | location = Aldershot, Hampshire  | isbn = 0-7546-3410-8}}
* International Coalition for Religious Freedom. (2004). [http://www.religiousfreedom.com/wrpt/asiapac/indonesia.htm "Indonesia"]. "Religious Freedom World Report". Retrieved September 6, 2006
* Llyod G and Smith S, ''Indonesia Today'', Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001, 343 pages, ISBN 0-7425-1761-6
* Shaw, E. [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/geness.html "Indonesian Religions"]. "Overview of World Religions". Retrieved September 8, 2006
* {{cite book | last=Bunge | first=F.M. (ed.) | title=Indonesia: A Country Study | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | year=1983 | url=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/ | accessdate=2006-10-02}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Religion In Indonesia}}
[[Category:Religion in Indonesia|*]]

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