Webreflinks - Robert Hooke

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-[[Charles Lyell]] wrote the following in his [[wikiquote:Charles_Lyell#Principles_of_geology_.281832.29_Vol.1|''Principles of Geology'']] (1832).
+[[Charles Lyell]] wrote the following in his [[wikiquote:Charles Lyell#Principles of geology (1832) Vol.1|''Principles of Geology'']] (1832).
 ==Likenesses==
-No authenticated portrait of Robert Hooke exists. This situation has sometimes been attributed to the heated conflicts between Hooke and Newton, although Hooke's biographer Allan Chapman rejects as a myth the claims that Newton or his acolytes deliberately destroyed Hooke's portrait. German antiquarian and scholar [[Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach]] visited the Royal Society in 1710 and his account of his visit specifically mentions him being shown the portraits of 'Boyle and Hoock' (which were said to be good likenesses), but while Boyle's portrait survives, Hooke's has evidently been lost.<ref name="rod.beavon.clara.net">[http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/leonardo.htm Allan Chapman, "England's Leonardo: Robert Hooke (1635–1703) and the art of experiment in Restoration England", lecture from 'Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain', 67, 239 – 275 (1996), also given at Westminster School as the 1997 Sir Henry Tizard Memorial Lecture]</ref> In Hooke's time, the Royal Society met at Gresham College, but within a few months of Hooke's death Newton became the Society's president and plans were laid for a new meeting place.  When the move to new quarters finally was made a few years later, in 1710, Hooke's Royal Society portrait went missing, and has yet to be found.
+No authenticated portrait of Robert Hooke exists. This situation has sometimes been attributed to the heated conflicts between Hooke and Newton, although Hooke's biographer Allan Chapman rejects as a myth the claims that Newton or his acolytes deliberately destroyed Hooke's portrait. German antiquarian and scholar [[Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach]] visited the Royal Society in 1710 and his account of his visit specifically mentions him being shown the portraits of 'Boyle and Hoock' (which were said to be good likenesses), but while Boyle's portrait survives, Hooke's has evidently been lost.<ref name="rod.beavon.clara.net">{{cite web|author=Rod Beavon |url=http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/leonardo.htm |title=Allan Chapman, "England's Leonardo: Robert Hooke (1635–1703) and the art of experiment in Restoration England", lecture from 'Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain', 67, 239 – 275 (1996), also given at Westminster School as the 1997 Sir Henry Tizard Memorial Lecture |publisher=Rod.beavon.clara.net |date=1999-07-20 |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> In Hooke's time, the Royal Society met at Gresham College, but within a few months of Hooke's death Newton became the Society's president and plans were laid for a new meeting place.  When the move to new quarters finally was made a few years later, in 1710, Hooke's Royal Society portrait went missing, and has yet to be found.

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{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes|expiry=15 October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Robert Hooke
| image             = 13 Portrait of Robert Hooke.JPG
| image_size        =
| caption           = An artist's impression of Robert Hooke. No authenticated contemporary likenesses of Hooke survive.
| birth_date        = {{OldStyleDate|28 July|1635|18 July}}
| birth_place       = [[Freshwater, Isle of Wight|Freshwater]], [[Isle of Wight]], [[England]]
| death_date        = 3 March 1703 (aged 67)
| death_place       = London, England
| residence         = 
| citizenship       =
| nationality       = [[Kingdom of England|English]]
| fields            = Physics and chemistry
| workplaces        = [[Oxford University]]
| alma_mater        = [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
| doctoral_advisor  =
| academic_advisors = [[Robert Boyle]]
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students  =
| known_for         = [[Hooke's law]] <br /> [[Microscopy]] <br /> applied the word '[[cell (biology)|cell]]'
| influences        = [[Richard Busby]]
| influenced        =
| prizes            =
| footnotes         =
| signature         =
}}

'''Robert Hooke''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] ({{OldStyleDate|28 July|1635|18 July}}&nbsp;– 3 March 1703) was an [[English people|English]] [[natural philosopher]], [[architect]] and [[polymath]].

His adult life comprised three distinct periods: as a scientific inquirer lacking money; achieving great wealth and standing through his reputation for hard work and scrupulous honesty following the [[Great Fire of London|great fire of 1666]], but eventually becoming ill and party to jealous intellectual disputes. These issues may have contributed to his relative historical obscurity.

He was at one time simultaneously the curator of experiments of the [[Royal Society]] and a member of its council, [[Gresham Professor of Geometry]] and a Surveyor to the City of London after the Great Fire of London, in which capacity he appears to have performed more than half of all the surveys after the fire.  He was also an important [[architect]] of his time – though few of his buildings now survive and some of those are generally misattributed – and was instrumental in devising a set of planning controls for London whose influence remains today. [[Allan Chapman (historian)|Allan Chapman]] has characterised him as "England's [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]]".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chapman, Alan|url=http://home.clara.net/rod.beavon/leonardo.htm |title=England's Leonardo: Robert Hooke (1635–1703) and the art of experiment in Restoration England|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain|volume= 67|pages= 239–275 |year=1996}}</ref>

[[Robert Gunther]]'s ''Early Science in Oxford'', a history of science in Oxford during the Protectorate, Restoration and Age of Enlightenment, devotes five of its fourteen volumes to Hooke.

Hooke studied at [[Wadham College]] during the [[The Protectorate|Protectorate]] where he became one of a tightly knit group of ardent [[Royalist]]s led by [[John Wilkins]].  Here he was employed as an assistant to [[Thomas Willis]] and to  [[Robert Boyle]], for whom he built the vacuum pumps used in Boyle's [[gas law]] experiments.  He built some of the earliest [[Gregorian telescope]]s, observed the rotations of Mars and Jupiter and, based on his observations of fossils, was an early proponent of biological [[evolution]].<ref>{{Cite book| author = Drake, Ellen Tan | chapter = Hooke's Ideas of the Terraqueous Globe and a Theory of Evolution | editors = Micheal Cooper and Michael Hunter | title = Robert Hooke: Tercentennial Studies | publisher = Ashgate | year = 2006 | location = Burlington, Vermont | pages = 135–149 | isbn = 978-0-7546-5365-3 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=P0-XfTTcwwQC&pg=PA135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| title = Restless Genius: Robert Hooke and His Earthly Thoughts | year = 1996 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-506695-1 | author = Drake, Ellen Tan}}</ref> He investigated the phenomenon of [[refraction]], deducing the [[wave theory of light]], and was the first to suggest that matter expands when heated and that air is made of small particles separated by relatively large distances.  He performed pioneering work in the field of surveying and map-making and was involved in the work that led to the first modern plan-form map, though his plan for London on a grid system was rejected in favour of rebuilding along the existing routes.  He also came near to an experimental proof that [[gravity]] follows an [[inverse square law]], and hypothesised that such a relation governs the motions of the planets, an idea which was subsequently developed by Newton.<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]], 15th Edition, vol.6 p. 44</ref>  Much of Hooke's scientific work was conducted in his capacity as curator of experiments of the [[Royal Society]], a post he held from 1662, or as part of the household of Robert Boyle.

==Life and works==
[[File:Hooke-microscope.png|upright|thumb|Hooke's [[microscope]], from an engraving in ''Micrographia''.]]

Much of what is known of Hooke's early life comes from an autobiography that he commenced in 1696, but was not completed. This was referenced by Richard Waller in his introduction to ''The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, M.D. S.R.S.'', printed in 1705.  The work of Waller, along with [[John Ward (academic)|John Ward]]'s ''Lives of the Gresham Professors'' and [[John Aubrey]]'s ''Brief Lives'', form the major near-contemporaneous biographical accounts of Hooke.

===Early life===
Robert Hooke was born in 1635 in [[Freshwater, Isle of Wight|Freshwater]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] to John Hooke and Cecily Gyles. Robert was the last of four children, two boys and two girls, and there was an age difference of seven years between him and the next youngest.<ref name="Martin"/> Their father John was a Church of England priest, the curate of [[All Saints' Church, Freshwater|Freshwater's Church of All Saints]],<ref name=Jardine23>{{Cite book| last = Jardine | first = Lisa | title = The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man who Measured London | publisher = Harper Collins Publishers | year = 2003 | location = New York | page = 23 | isbn = 0-00-714944-1|edition=1}}</ref> and his two brothers (Robert's uncles) were also ministers. Robert Hooke was expected to succeed in his education and join the Church. John Hooke also was in charge of a local school, and so was able to teach Robert, at least partly at home perhaps due to the boy's frail health. He was a Royalist and almost certainly a member of a group who went to pay their respects to [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] when he escaped to the Isle of Wight. Robert, too, grew up to be a staunch monarchist.

As a youth, Robert Hooke was fascinated by observation, mechanical works, and drawing, interests that he would pursue in various ways throughout his life. He dismantled a brass clock and built a wooden replica that, by all accounts, worked "well enough", and he learned to draw, making his own materials from coal, chalk and ruddle (Iron ore).

On his father's death in 1648, Robert was left a sum of forty pounds<ref name="Martin">{{cite web|url=http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/sggg.htm|title=The Tragedy of Robert Hooke's Brother|last=Martin|first=Rob|year=2000|accessdate=9 March 2010|quote=Robert is given forty pounds, a chest and all the books}}</ref><ref name="JOCEFR">{{cite web|url=http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Hooke.html|title=Hooke biography|author=O'Connor, J J and Robertson, E F|date=August 2002|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland|accessdate=9 March 2010|quote=He was left £40 by his father, together with all his father's books (the often quoted figure of £100 is a much repeated error)}}</ref> that enabled him to buy an apprenticeship; with his poor health throughout his life but evident mechanical facility his father had it in mind that he might become a [[watchmaker]] or [[limner]], though Hooke was also interested  in painting. Hooke was an apt student, so although he went to London to take up an apprenticeship, and studied briefly with [[Samuel Cowper]] and [[Peter Lely]], he was soon able to enter [[Westminster School]] in London, under [[Richard Busby|Dr. Busby]]. Hooke quickly mastered Latin and Greek,<ref name="JOCEFR"/> made some study of Hebrew, and mastered [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']].<ref name="JOCEFR"/> Here, too, he embarked on his lifelong study of [[mechanics]].

It appears that Hooke was one of a group of students whom Busby educated in parallel to the main work of the school.  Contemporary accounts say he was "not much seen" in the school, and this appears to be true of others in a similar position.  Busby, an ardent and outspoken Royalist (he had the school observe a fast-day on the anniversary of the King's beheading), was by all accounts trying to preserve the nascent spirit of scientific inquiry that had begun to flourish in Carolean England but which was at odds with the literal Biblical teachings of the Protectorate.  To Busby and his select students the Anglican Church was a framework to support the spirit of inquiry into God's work, those who were able were destined by God to explore and study His creation, and the priesthood functioned as teachers to explain it to those who were less able.  This was exemplified in the person of [[George Hooper]], the [[Bishop of Bath and Wells]], whom Busby described as "the best scholar, the finest gentleman and will make the completest bishop that ever was educated at Westminster School".

===Oxford===
[[File:Robert Boyle 0001.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Robert Boyle]]]]
In 1653, Hooke (who had also undertaken a course of twenty lessons on the [[pipe organ|organ]]) secured a chorister's place at [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite book| last = Jardine | first = Lisa | title = The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man who Measured London | publisher = Harper Collins Publishers | year = 2003 | location = New York | page = 65 | isbn = 0-00-714944-1}}</ref>  He was employed as a "chemical assistant" to Dr [[Thomas Willis]], for whom Hooke developed a great admiration.  There he met the natural philosopher [[Robert Boyle]], and gained employment as his assistant from about 1655 to 1662, constructing, operating, and demonstrating Boyle's "machina Boyleana" or air pump.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Shapin, Steven | coauthors = Schaffer, Simon | title = Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life | location = Princeton | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1985 | url = http://www.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/ShapinSchaffer/ShapinSchaffer_Seeing.html | chapter = 2 | isbn = 0-691-08393-2 | accessdate = 11 September 2009}}</ref>  He did not take his [[Oxbridge MA|Master of Arts]] until 1662 or 1663.  In 1659 Hooke described some elements of a method of heavier-than-air flight to Wilkins, but concluded that human muscles were insufficient to the task.

Hooke himself characterised his Oxford days as the foundation of his lifelong passion for science, and the friends he made there were of paramount importance to him throughout his career, particularly [[Christopher Wren]].  Wadham was then under the guidance of [[John Wilkins]], who had a profound impact on Hooke and those around him.  Wilkins was also a Royalist, and acutely conscious of the turmoil and uncertainty of the times.  There was a sense of urgency in preserving the scientific work which they perceived as being threatened by the Protectorate.  Wilkins' "philosophical meetings" in his study were clearly important, though few records survive except for the experiments Boyle conducted in 1658 and published in 1660.  This group went on to form the nucleus of the [[Royal Society]].  Hooke developed an air pump for Boyle's experiments based on the pump of [[Ralph Greatorex]], which was considered, in Hooke's words, "too gross to perform any great matter."<ref>{{Cite journal| author = Fulton, John F. | title = The Honourable Robert Boyle, F.R.S. (1627–1692) | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London | year = 1960 | volume = 15| pages = 119–135  (123) | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.1960.0012}}</ref>

It is known that Hooke had a particularly keen eye, and was an adept mathematician, neither of which applied to Boyle.  Gunther suggests that Hooke probably made the observations and may well have developed the mathematics of [[Boyle's law]].  Regardless, it is clear that Hooke was a valued assistant to Boyle and the two retained a mutual high regard.

A chance surviving copy of Willis' pioneering ''De anima brutorum'', a gift from the author, was chosen by Hooke from Wilkins' library on his death as a memento at [[John Tillotson]]'s invitation.  This book is now in the [[Wellcome Library]].  The book and its inscription in Hooke's hand are a testament to the lasting influence of Wilkins and his circle on the young Hooke.

In 1655, according to his autobiographical notes, Hooke began to acquaint himself with astronomy, through the good offices of John Ward.  Hooke applied himself to the improvement of the [[pendulum]] and in 1657 or 1658, he began to improve on pendulum mechanisms, studying the work of [[Riccioli]], and going on to study both gravitation and the mechanics of timekeeping.  Hooke recorded that he conceived of a way to determine [[longitude]] (then a critical problem for navigation), and with the help of Boyle and others he attempted to patent it.  In the process, Hooke demonstrated a pocket-watch of his own devising, fitted with a [[coil spring]] attached to the arbour of the balance.  Hooke's ultimate failure to secure sufficiently lucrative terms for the exploitation of this idea resulted in its being shelved, and evidently caused him to become more jealous of his inventions.  There is substantial evidence to state with reasonable confidence, as Ward, [[Aubrey]], Waller and others all do, that Hooke developed the [[balance spring]] independently of and some fifteen years before [[Christiaan Huygens|Huygens]], who published his own work in ''Journal de Scavans'' in February 1675. Henry Sully, writing in Paris in 1717, described the [[anchor escapement]] as "an admirable invention of which Dr. Hooke, formerly professor of geometry in Gresham College at London, was the inventor."<ref>Sully, H and Le Roy, J (1737) ''Regle artificielle des tems'', G. Dupuis, Paris, ch. 1, p. 14</ref> [[William Derham|Derham]] also attributes it to Hooke.<ref>Derham, William (1734) ''The artificial clock maker'', James, John and Paul Knapton. at the Crown, in Ludgate Street., p. 97.</ref>

===Royal Society===
The [[Royal Society]] was founded in 1660, and in April 1661 the society debated a short tract on the rising of water in slender glass pipes, in which Hooke reported that the height water rose was related to the bore of the pipe (due to what is now termed [[capillary action]]).  His explanation of this phenomenon was subsequently published in ''Micrography Observ.'' issue 6, in which he also explored the nature of "the fluidity of gravity". On 5 November 1661, Sir [[Robert Moray]] proposed that a Curator be appointed to furnish the society with Experiments, and this was unanimously passed with Hooke being named.  His appointment was made on 12 November, with thanks recorded to Dr. Boyle for releasing him to the Society's employment.

In 1664, Sir John Cutler settled an annual gratuity of fifty pounds on the Society for the founding of a ''Mechanick Lecture'', and the Fellows appointed Hooke to this task.  On 27 June 1664 he was confirmed to the office, and on 11 January 1665 was named ''Curator by Office'' for life with an additional salary of £30 to Cutler's annuity.<ref>Sir John Cutler and Hooke were at odds in the following years over monies due to Hooke. Following Cutler's death, Hooke enlisted the aid of friends of the Cutler family, including Master of [[The Haberdashers Company]] Sir [[Richard Levett]], for whom Hooke was involved in a building commission, to help recover the funds owed by Cutler. {{cite book|author=Jardine, Lisa |title=The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man Who Measured London|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HmGA-cK4IAQC&pg=PA244|year=2005|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-053898-9|pages=244–}}</ref>

Hooke's role at the Royal Society was to demonstrate experiments from his own methods or at the suggestion of members.  Among his earliest demonstrations were discussions of the nature of air, the implosion of glass bubbles which had been sealed with comprehensive hot air, and demonstrating that the ''Pabulum vitae'' and ''flammae'' were one and the same. He also demonstrated that a dog could be kept alive with its thorax opened, provided air was pumped in and out of its lungs, and noting the difference between [[venous]] and [[arterial]] [[blood]].  There were also experiments on the subject of gravity, the falling of objects, the weighing of bodies and measuring of [[barometric pressure]] at different heights, and [[pendulum]]s up to {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=mid|long}}.

Instruments were devised to measure a second of arc in the movement of the sun or other stars, to measure the strength of [[gunpowder]], and in particular an engine to cut teeth for watches, much finer than could be managed by hand, an invention which was, by Hooke's death, in constant use.<ref name=Waller>{{Cite book|last = Waller | first = Richard | title = The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, M.D. S.R.S.|publisher=Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford|year=1705|location= London}}</ref>

In 1663 and 1664, Hooke produced his microscopy observations, subsequently collated in ''[[Micrographia]]'' in 1665.

On 20 March 1664, Hooke succeeded Arthur Dacres as [[Gresham Professor of Geometry]].  Hooke received the degree of "Doctor of Physic" in December 1691.<ref>{{Cite journal| author = De Milt, Clara | title = Robert Hooke, Chemist | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1939 | month = November | volume = 16 | pages = 503–510| doi = 10.1021/ed016p503|bibcode = 1939JChEd..16..503D| issue = 11 }}</ref>

==Personality and disputes==
Hooke was  irascible, at least in later life, proud, and prone to take umbrage with intellectual competitors, though he was by all accounts also a staunch friend and ally and was loyal always to the circle of ardent [[Royalist]]s with whom he had his early training at [[Wadham College]], particularly [[Christopher Wren]].  His reputation suffered after his death and this is popularly attributed to a dispute with [[Isaac Newton]] over credit for his work on gravitation, the planets and to a lesser degree light. His dispute with [[Henry Oldenburg|Oldenburg]] over credit for the watch escapement is another well-known example. Newton, as President of the Royal Society, did much to obscure Hooke, including, it is said, destroying (or failing to preserve) the only known portrait of the man.  It did not help that the first life of Wren, ''[[Parentalia, or, Memoirs of the family of the Wrens|Parentalis]]'', was written by Wren's son, and tended to exaggerate Wren's work over all others.  Hooke's reputation was revived during the twentieth century through studies of [[Robert Gunther]] and Margaret 'Espinasse. After a long period of relative obscurity he has now been recognized as one of the most important scientists of his age.<ref>See, for example, the 2003 Hooke meeting at the University of Oxford: {{cite web| title = Robert Hooke Day at Christ Church, Oxford | url = http://hooke.chem.ox.ac.uk/ | accessdate = 23 January 2009}}</ref>

He was apt to use [[ciphers]] and guard his ideas.  As curator of Experiments to the Royal Society he was responsible for demonstrating many ideas sent in to the Society, and there is evidence that he would subsequently assume some credit for these ideas. Hooke also was immensely busy and thus unable&nbsp;– or in some cases unwilling, pending a way of profiting from the enterprise via letters patent&nbsp;– to develop all of his own ideas. This was a time of immense scientific progress, and numerous ideas were developed in several places simultaneously.

None of this should distract from Hooke's inventiveness, his remarkable experimental facility, and his capacity for hard work. His ideas about gravitation, and his claim of priority for the inverse square law, are outlined below.  He was granted a large number of patents for inventions and refinements in the fields of elasticity, optics, and barometry. The Royal Society's Hooke papers (recently discovered after disappearing when Newton took over) will open up a modern reassessment.

[[File:Louse diagram, Micrographia, Robert Hooke, 1667.jpg|thumb|upright|Diagram of a [[louse]] from Hooke's ''[[Micrographia]]'']]
Much has been written about the unpleasant side of Hooke's personality, starting with comments by his first biographer, Richard Waller, that Hooke was "in person, but despicable" and "melancholy, mistrustful, and jealous."<ref name=Waller/> Waller's comments influenced other writers for well over two centuries, so that a picture of Hooke as a disgruntled, selfish, anti-social curmudgeon dominates many older books and articles.  For example, Arthur Berry said that Hooke "claimed credit for most of the scientific discoveries of the time."<ref>{{Cite book| last = Berry | first = Arthur | title = A Short History of Astronomy | publisher = John Murray | location = London | year = 1898 | page = 221}}- See also the reprint published by Dover in 1961</ref>  Sullivan wrote that Hooke was "positively unscrupulous" and possessing an "uneasy apprehensive vanity" in dealings with Newton.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Sullivan | first = J. W. N. | title = Isaac Newton 1642–1727 | publisher = Macmillan | location = New York  | year = 1938 | pages = 35–37}}</ref>  Manuel used the phrase "cantankerous, envious, vengeful" in his description.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Manuel | first = Frank E. | title = A Portrait of Isaac Newton | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1968 | page = 138}}</ref> More described Hooke having both a "cynical temperament" and  a "caustic tongue."<ref>{{Cite book| last = More | first = Louis Trenchard. | title = Isaac Newton  | publisher = Charles Schribner's Sons | location = New York | year = 1934 | pages = 94–95}}</ref> Andrade was more sympathetic, but still used the adjectives "difficult", "suspicious", and "irritable" in describing Hooke.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Andrarde | first = E. N. De C. | title = Isaac Newton  | publisher = Chanticleer Press | location = New York  | year = 1950 | pages = 56–57}}</ref>

The publication of Hooke's diary in 1935<ref>{{Cite book| first = Robert | last = Hooke | editor-last = Robinson | editor-first = H. W. | editor2-last = Adams | editor2-first = W. | title = The Diary of Robert Hooke, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., 1672–1680 | year = 1935 | place = London | publisher = Taylor & Francis }}</ref> revealed other sides of the man that 'Espinasse, in particular, has detailed carefully.  She writes that "the picture which is usually painted of Hooke as a morose and envious recluse is completely false.".<ref>{{Cite book| last = 'Espinasse | first = Margaret | title = Robert Hooke | publisher = William Heinemann Ltd. | year = 1956 | location = London | page = 106 }}</ref>  Hooke interacted with noted craftsmen such as [[Thomas Tompion]], the clockmaker, and Christopher Cocks (Cox), an instrument maker.  Hooke often met [[Christopher Wren]], with whom he shared many interests, and had a lasting friendship with [[John Aubrey]].  Hooke's diaries also make frequent reference to meetings at coffeehouses and taverns, and to dinners with Robert Boyle.  He took tea on many occasions with his lab assistant, Harry Hunt.  Within his family, Hooke took both a niece and a cousin into his home, teaching them mathematics.

Robert Hooke spent his life largely on the Isle of Wight, at Oxford, and in London.  He never married, but his diary shows that he was not without affections, and more, for others.  On 3 March 1703, Hooke died in London, having amassed a sizable sum of money, which was found in his room at Gresham College.  He was buried at [[St Helen's Bishopsgate]], but the precise location of his grave is unknown.

==Science==
[[File:HookeFlea01.jpg|thumb|Hooke's drawing of a [[flea]]]]

===Mechanics===
In 1660, Hooke discovered [[Hooke's law|the law]] of [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] which bears his name and which describes the linear variation of [[tension (mechanics)|tension]] with extension in an [[elasticity (solid mechanics)|elastic]] spring.  He first described this discovery in the anagram "ceiiinosssttuv", whose solution he published in 1678 as "Ut tensio, sic vis" meaning "As the extension, so the force."  Hooke's work on elasticity culminated, for practical purposes, in his development of the [[balance spring]] or hairspring, which for the first time enabled a portable timepiece&nbsp;– a watch&nbsp;– to keep time with reasonable accuracy.  A bitter dispute between Hooke and [[Christiaan Huygens]] on the priority of this invention was to continue for centuries after the death of both;  but a note dated 23 June 1670 in the Hooke Folio (see ''External links'' below), describing a demonstration of a balance-controlled watch before the Royal Society, has been held to favour Hooke's claim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webapps.qmul.ac.uk/cell/Hooke/hooke_folio.php?id=80&option=both |title=Hooke Folio Online |publisher=Webapps.qmul.ac.uk |accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref>
[[File:RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cell structure of [[Cork (material)|Cork]] by Hooke]]
It is interesting from a twentieth-century vantage point that Hooke first announced his law of elasticity as an [[anagram]].  This was a method sometimes used by scientists, such as Hooke, Huygens, [[Galileo]], and others, to establish priority for a discovery without revealing details.

Hooke became Curator of Experiments in 1662 to the newly founded Royal Society, and took responsibility for experiments performed at its weekly meetings.  This was a position he held for over 40 years.  While this position kept him in the thick of science in Britain and beyond, it also led to some heated arguments with other scientists, such as Huygens (see above) and particularly with [[Isaac Newton]] and the Royal Society's [[Henry Oldenburg]].  In 1664 Hooke also was appointed Professor of [[Geometry]] at [[Gresham College]] in London and Cutlerian Lecturer in Mechanics.<ref>{{Cite book| last = 'Espinasse | first = Margaret | title = Robert Hooke | publisher = William Heinemann Ltd. | year = 1956 | location = London | page = 187 }}</ref>

On 8 July 1680, Hooke observed the [[Cymatics|nodal patterns]] associated with the [[normal mode|modes of vibration]] of glass plates. He ran a bow along the edge of a glass plate covered with flour, and saw the nodal patterns emerge.<ref name=columbia>[http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/html/chladni.html Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni], [http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/about/index.html Institute for Learning Technologies], [[Columbia University]]</ref><ref name=oxford>''Oxford Dictionary of Scientists'', Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 101, ISBN 7810802259.</ref>

===Gravitation===
While many of his contemporaries believed in the aether as a medium for transmitting attraction or repulsion between separated celestial bodies, Hooke argued for an attracting principle of gravitation in [[Micrographia]] of 1665. Hooke's 1666 Royal society lecture "On gravity" added two further principles&nbsp;– that all bodies move in straight lines till deflected by some force and that the attractive force is stronger for closer bodies. [[Dugald Stewart]], in his ''Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind'',<ref>Stewart, Dugald (1877) [http://books.google.com/books?id=OAwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA304 ''Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind''], T. & T. Clark, Vol. 2, Ch. 2, Section 4.2 (pp. 304 ff.)</ref> quoted Hooke's own words on his system of the world. <blockquote>"I will explain," says Hooke, in a communication to the Royal Society in 1666, "a system of the world very different from any yet received. It is founded on the following positions. 1. That all the heavenly bodies have not only a gravitation of their parts to their own proper centre, but that they also mutually attract each other within their spheres of action. 2. That all bodies having a simple motion, will continue to move in a straight line, unless continually deflected from it by some extraneous force, causing them to describe a circle, an ellipse, or some other curve. 3. That this attraction is so much the greater as the bodies are nearer. As to the proportion in which those forces diminish by an increase of distance, I own I have not discovered it...."</blockquote>

Hooke's 1670 Gresham lecture explained that gravitation applied to "all celestial bodies" and added the principles that the gravitating power decreases with distance and that in the absence of any such power bodies move in straight lines.

Hooke published his ideas about the "System of the World" again in somewhat developed form in 1674, as an addition to "An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth from Observations".<ref name=attempt>Hooke's 1674 statement in "An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth from Observations", is available in [http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView/ECHOzogiLib?mode=imagepath&url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/XXTBUC3U/pageimg online facsimile here].</ref> Hooke clearly postulated mutual attractions between the Sun and planets, in a way that increased with nearness to the attracting body.

Hooke's statements up to 1674 made no mention, however, that an inverse square law applies or might apply to these attractions.  Hooke's gravitation was also not yet universal, though it approached universality more closely than previous hypotheses.<ref>Wilson, p. 239</ref>  Hooke also did not provide accompanying evidence or mathematical demonstration.  On these two aspects, Hooke stated in 1674: "Now what these several degrees [of gravitational attraction] are I have not yet experimentally verified" (indicating that he did not yet know what law the gravitation might follow); and as to his whole proposal: "This I only hint at present", "having my self many other things in hand which I would first compleat, and therefore cannot so well attend it" (i.e. "prosecuting this Inquiry").<ref name=attempt />

In November 1679, Hooke initiated a remarkable exchange of letters with Newton<ref>{{cite book|author=Iliffe, Rob |title=Newton:A Very Short Introduction|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_8KyKP1T-sYC&pg=PT140|year= 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-157902-8|pages=140–}}</ref> (of which the full text is now published).<ref name=167986letters>Turnbull, H W (ed.) (1960), ''Correspondence of Isaac Newton'', Vol. 2 (1676–1687), Cambridge University Press, giving the Hooke-Newton correspondence (of November 1679 to January 1679/80) at pp. 297–314, and the 1686 correspondence over Hooke's priority claim at pp. 431–448.</ref>  Hooke's ostensible purpose was to tell Newton that Hooke had been appointed to manage the Royal Society's correspondence.<ref>Turnbull, H W (ed.) (1960), ''Correspondence of Isaac Newton'', Vol. 2 (1676–1687), Cambridge University Press, p. 297.</ref>  Hooke therefore wanted to hear from members about their researches, or their views about the researches of others;  and as if to whet Newton's interest, he asked what Newton thought about various matters, giving a whole list, mentioning "compounding the celestial motions of the planetts of a direct motion by the tangent and an attractive motion towards the central body", and "my hypothesis of the lawes or causes of springinesse", and then a new hypothesis from Paris about planetary motions (which Hooke described at length), and then efforts to carry out or improve national surveys, the difference of latitude between London and Cambridge, and other items.   Newton's reply offered "a fansy of my own" about a terrestrial experiment (not a proposal about celestial motions) which might detect the Earth's motion, by the use of a body first suspended in air and then dropped to let it fall.  The main point was to indicate how Newton thought the falling body could experimentally reveal the Earth's motion by its direction of deviation from the vertical, but he went on hypothetically to consider how its motion could continue if the solid Earth had not been in the way (on a spiral path to the centre). Hooke disagreed with Newton's idea of how the body would continue to move.<ref>Several commentators have followed Hooke in calling Newton's spiral path mistaken, or even a 'blunder', but there are also the facts: (a) that Hooke left out of account Newton's specific statement that the motion resulted from dropping "a heavy body suspended in the Air" (i.e. a resisting medium), see Newton to Hooke, 28 November 1679, document #236 at page 301, 'Correspondence' vol.2 cited above, and compare Hooke's report to the Royal Society on 11 December 1679 where Hooke reported the matter "supposing no resistance", see D Gjertsen, 'Newton Handbook' (1986), at page 259; and (b) that Hooke's reply of 9 December 1679 to Newton considered the cases of motion both with and without air resistance: The resistance-free path was what Hooke called an 'elliptueid'; but a line in Hooke's diagram showing the path for his case of air resistance was, though elongated, also another inward-spiralling path ending at the Earth's centre: Hooke wrote "where the Medium ... has a power of impeding and destroying its motion the curve in wch it would move would be some what like the Line AIKLMNOP &c and ... would terminate in the center C". Hooke's path including air resistance was therefore to this extent like Newton's (see 'Correspondence' vol.2, cited above, at pages 304–306, document #237, with accompanying figure). The diagrams are also online: see Wilson, p. 241, showing [http://books.google.com/books?id=rkQKU-wfPYMC&pg=PA241 Newton's 1679 diagram] with spiral, and extract of his letter; also Wilson, p. 242 showing [http://books.google.com/books?id=rkQKU-wfPYMC&pg=PA242 Hooke's 1679 diagram] including two paths, closed curve and spiral. Newton pointed out in his later correspondence over the priority claim that the descent in a spiral "is true in a resisting medium such as our air is", see 'Correspondence', vol.2 cited above, at page 433, document #286.</ref> A short further correspondence developed, and towards the end of it Hooke, writing on 6 January 1679|80 to Newton, communicated his "supposition ... that the Attraction always is in a duplicate proportion to the Distance from the Center Reciprocall, and Consequently that the Velocity will be in a subduplicate proportion to the Attraction and Consequently as Kepler Supposes Reciprocall to the Distance."<ref>See page 309 in 'Correspondence of Isaac Newton', Vol 2 cited above, at document #239.</ref>  (Hooke's inference about the velocity was actually incorrect)<ref>Wilson, p. 244.</ref>

In 1686, when the first book of Newton's '[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]' was presented to the Royal Society, Hooke claimed that Newton had had from him the "notion" of "the rule of the decrease of Gravity, being reciprocally as the squares of the distances from the Center".  At the same time (according to [[Edmond Halley]]'s contemporary report) Hooke agreed that "the Demonstration of the Curves generated therby" was wholly Newton's.<ref name=167986letters />

A recent assessment about the early history of the inverse square law is that "by the late 1660s," the assumption of an "inverse proportion between gravity and the square of distance was rather common and had been advanced by a number of different people for different reasons".<ref>Gal, Ofer (2002) ''Meanest foundations and nobler superstructures: Hooke, Newton and the 'Compounding of the Celestiall Motions of the Planetts'', Springer, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0nKYlXxIemoC&pg=RA1-PA9 p. 9], ISBN 1402007329.</ref> Newton himself had shown in the 1660s that for planetary motion under a circular assumption, force in the radial direction had an inverse-square relation with distance from the center.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Whiteside, D T |title=The pre-history of the 'Principia' from 1664 to 1686|jstor=531520|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1991.0002 |journal= Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume= 45|year=1991|pages =11–61 (13–20)}}</ref> Newton, faced in May 1686 with Hooke's claim on the inverse square law, denied that Hooke was to be credited as author of the idea, giving reasons including the citation of prior work by others before Hooke.<ref name=167986letters />  Newton also firmly claimed that even if it had happened that he had first heard of the inverse square proportion from Hooke, which it had not, he would still have some rights to it in view of his mathematical developments and demonstrations, which enabled observations to be relied on as evidence of its accuracy, while Hooke, without mathematical demonstrations and evidence in favour of the supposition, could only guess (according to Newton) that it was approximately valid "at great distances from the center".<ref name=167986letters />

On the other hand, Newton did accept and acknowledge, in all editions of the 'Principia', that Hooke (but not exclusively Hooke) had separately appreciated the inverse square law in the solar system.  Newton acknowledged Wren, Hooke and Halley in this connection in the Scholium to Proposition 4 in Book 1.<ref>See for example the 1729 English translation of the 'Principia', [http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA66 p. 66].</ref>  Newton also acknowledged to Halley that his correspondence with Hooke in 1679–80 had reawakened his dormant interest in astronomical matters, but that did not mean, according to Newton, that Hooke had told Newton anything new or original: "yet am I not beholden to him for any light into that business but only for the diversion he gave me from my other studies to think on these things & for his dogmaticalness in writing as if he had found the motion in the Ellipsis, which inclined me to try it."<ref name=167986letters />

One of the contrasts between the two men was that Newton was primarily a pioneer in mathematical analysis and its applications as well as optical experimentation, while Hooke was a creative experimenter of such great range, that it is not surprising to find that he left some of his ideas, such as those about gravitation, undeveloped.  This in turn makes it understandable how in 1759, decades after the deaths of both Newton and Hooke, [[Alexis Clairaut]], mathematical astronomer eminent in his own right in the field of gravitational studies, made his assessment after reviewing what Hooke had published on gravitation.  "One must not think that this idea ... of Hooke diminishes Newton's glory", Clairaut wrote; "The example of Hooke" serves "to show what a distance there is between a truth that is glimpsed and a truth that is demonstrated".<ref>The second extract is quoted and translated in W.W. Rouse Ball, "An Essay on Newton's 'Principia'" (London and New York: Macmillan, 1893), at page 69.</ref><ref>The original statements by Clairaut (in French) are found (with orthography here as in the original) in "Explication abregée du systême du monde, et explication des principaux phénomenes astronomiques tirée des Principes de M. Newton" (1759), at Introduction (section IX), page 6: "Il ne faut pas croire que cette idée ... de Hook diminue la gloire de M. Newton", [and] "L'exemple de Hook" [serves] "à faire voir quelle distance il y a entre une vérité entrevue & une vérité démontrée".</ref>

===Microscopy===
[[File:Hooke Microscope-03000276-FIG-4.jpg|thumb|upright|Hooke's microscope]]
In 1665 Hooke published ''[[Micrographia]]'', a book describing observations made with [[microscope]]s and [[telescope]]s, as well as some original work in [[biology]].  Hooke coined the term ''[[cell (biology)|cell]]'' for describing biological organisms, the term being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to [[monk|monks']] cells.  The hand-crafted, leather and gold-tooled microscope he used to make the observations for ''Micrographia'', originally constructed by Christopher White in London, is on display at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, DC.

''Micrographia'' also contains Hooke's, or perhaps Boyle and Hooke's, ideas on combustion.  Hooke's experiments led him to conclude that combustion involves a substance that is mixed with air, a statement with which modern scientists would agree, but that was not widely understood, if at all, in  the seventeenth century.  Hooke went on to conclude that respiration also involves a specific component of the air.<ref>See particularly Observation 16 of ''Micrographia''.</ref> Partington even goes so far as to claim that if "Hooke had continued his experiments on combustion it is probable that he would have discovered [[oxygen]]".<ref>{{Cite book| author = Partington, J. P. | title = A Short History of Chemistry | year = 1951 | edition = 2| publisher = Macmillan and Company | location = London | pages = 78–80 }}</ref>

===Palaeontology===
[[File:Moon Micrographia Hooke.png|thumb|upright|Drawings of the [[Moon]] and the [[Pleiades]] from Hooke's ''[[Micrographia]]'']]
One of the observations in ''Micrographia'' was of [[petrified wood|fossil wood]], the microscopic structure of which he compared to ordinary wood. This led him to conclude that fossilized objects like petrified wood and fossil shells, such as [[Ammonites]], were the remains of living things that had been soaked in petrifying water laden with minerals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=Martin J.S.|authorlink=Martin J. S. Rudwick|title=The Meaning of Fossils|year=1976|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|page=54}}</ref> Hooke believed that such fossils provided reliable clues to the past history of life on earth, and, despite the objections of contemporary naturalists like [[John Ray]] who found the concept of [[extinction]] theologically unacceptable, that in some cases they might represent species that had become extinct through some geological disaster.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowler|first=Peter J.|authorlink=Peter J. Bowler|title=The Earth Encompassed|year=1992|publisher=W. W. Norton|pages=118–119}}</ref>

[[Charles Lyell]] wrote the following in his [[wikiquote:Charles Lyell#Principles of geology (1832) Vol.1|''Principles of Geology'']] (1832).

<blockquote>
'The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke M.D.,'... appeared in 1705, containing 'A Discourse of Earthquakes'... His treatise... is the most philosophical production of that age, in regard to the causes of former changes in the organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature. 'However trivial a thing,' he says, 'a rotten shell may appear to some, yet these monuments of nature are more certain tokens of antiquity than coins or medals, since the best of those may be counterfeited or made by art and design, as may also books, manuscripts, and inscriptions, as all the learned are now sufficiently satisfied has often been actually practised,' &c.; 'and though it must be granted that it is very difficult to read them and to raise a chronology out of them, and to state the intervals of the time wherein such or such catastrophes and mutations have happened, yet it is not impossible.
</blockquote>

===Astronomy===
[[File:Saturn Robert Hooke 1666.jpg|thumb|left|Hooke noted the shadows (a and b) cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this drawing of [[Saturn]].]]

One of the more-challenging problems tackled by Hooke was the measurement of the distance to a star (other than the Sun).  The star chosen was [[Gamma Draconis]] and the method to be used was [[parallax]] determination.  After several months of observing, in 1669, Hooke believed that the desired result had been achieved.  It is now known that Hooke's equipment was far too imprecise to allow the measurement to succeed.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Hirshfeld, Alan W. | title = Parallax, The Race to Measure the Cosmos|isbn=0716737116 | year = 2001| publisher = W. H. Freeman | location = New York | pages = 144–149 }}</ref>  Gamma Draconis was the same star [[James Bradley]] used in 1725 in discovering the [[aberration of light]].

Hooke's activities in astronomy extended beyond the study of stellar distance.  His ''Micrographia'' contains illustrations of the [[Pleiades]] star cluster as well as of [[lunar craters]].  He performed experiments to study how such craters might have formed.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Ashbrook, Joseph |isbn=0521106044| title = The Astronomical Scrapbook | year = 1984 | place = Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher = Sky Publishing Corporation | pages = 240–241 }}</ref>  Hooke also was an early observer of the [[rings of Saturn]],<ref>{{Cite book| author = Alexander, A. F. O'D. | title = The Planet Saturn | year = 1962 | place = Londin | publisher = Faber and Faber Limited | pages = 108–109 }}</ref> and discovered one of the first observed [[double-star]] systems, [[Gamma Arietis]], in 1664.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Aitken, Robert G. | title = The Binary Stars | year = 1935 | place = New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill | page = 1 }}</ref>

===Memory===
A lesser-known contribution however one of the first of its kind was Hooke's scientific model of human [[memory]].  Hooke in a 1682 lecture to the Royal Society proposed mechanistic model of human memory which would bear little resemblance to the mainly philosophical models before it.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Singer, B. R. |year=1979|title=Robert Hooke on memory: Association and time perception (I)|journal=Notes & Records of the Royal Society of London|volume= 31|pages= 115–131|jstor=531553|pmid=11609928|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1976.0003|issue=1}}</ref>  This model would address the components of  encoding, memory capacity, repetition, retrieval, and forgetting—some with surprising modern accuracy.<ref name="Hintzman, D. L. 2003">{{cite journal|author=Hintzman, D. L. |year=2003|title=Robert Hooke's model of memory|journal= Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|pmid=12747488|volume= 10|pages= 3–14|doi=10.3758/BF03196465|issue=1}}</ref> This work, overlooked for nearly 200 years would share a variety of similarities with [[Richard Semon]]'s work of 1919/1923, both assuming memories were physical and located in the brain.<ref>Semon, R. (1923). Mnemic psychology (B. Duffy, Trans.). London: George Allen & Unwin. (Original work published 1919)</ref><ref>Schacter, D. L. (2001). ''Forgotten ideas, neglected pioneers: Richard Semon and the story of memory''. Philadelphia: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis, ISBN 184169052X.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Schacter, D. L., Eich, J. E., & Tulving, E. |year=1978|title= Richard Semon's theory of memory|journal= Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior|volume=17|pages= 721–743|doi=10.1016/S0022-5371(78)90443-7|issue=6}}</ref>  The model's more interesting points are that it (1) allows for attention and other top-down influences on encoding; (2) it uses resonance to implement parallel, cue-dependent retrieval; (3) it explains memory for recency; (4) it offers a single-system account of repetition and priming, and (5) the power law of forgetting can be derived from the model's assumption in a straightforward way.<ref name="Hintzman, D. L. 2003"/>  This lecture would be published posthumously in 1705 as the memory model was unusually placed in a series of works on the nature of light.  It has been speculated that this work saw little review as the printing was done in small batches in a post-Newtonian age of science and was most likely deemed out of date by time it was published.  Further interfering with its success was contemporary memory psychologists' rejection of immaterial souls, which Hooke invoked to some degree in regards to the processes of attention, encoding and retrieval.

Hooke was Surveyor to the City of London and chief assistant of [[Christopher Wren]].  Hooke helped Wren rebuild London after the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire]] in 1666, and also worked on designing London's [[Monument to the Great Fire of London|Monument to the fire]], the [[Royal Greenwich Observatory]], [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House in Bloomsbury]], and the infamous [[Bethlem Royal Hospital]] (which became known as 'Bedlam').  Other buildings designed by Hooke include The [[Royal College of Physicians]] (1679), [[Ragley Hall]] in [[Warwickshire]], and the parish church at [[Willen]] in Milton Keynes, [[History of Buckinghamshire|Buckinghamshire]].  Hooke's collaboration with [[Christopher Wren]] also included [[St Paul's Cathedral]], whose dome uses a method of construction conceived by Hooke. Hooke also participated in the design of the [[Pepys Library]], which held the manuscripts of [[Samuel Pepys]]'s diaries, the most frequently cited eyewitness account of the Great Fire of London.<ref>{{cite book|title=Magdalene Described|first=R.|last=Hyam|publisher=Crampton & Sons Ltd|location=Sawston, Cambridgeshire, U.K.|year=1982}}</ref>

In the reconstruction after the Great Fire, Hooke proposed redesigning London's streets on a grid pattern with wide boulevards and arteries, a pattern subsequently used in the [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|renovation of Paris]], Liverpool, and many American cities.  This proposal was thwarted by arguments over property rights, as property owners were surreptitiously shifting their boundaries.  Hooke was in demand to settle many of these disputes, due to his competence as a surveyor and his tact as an arbitrator.

For an extensive study of Hooke's architectural work, see the book by Cooper.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Cooper | first = Michael | title = A More Beautiful City: Robert Hooke and the Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire | publisher = Sutton Publishing Ltd. | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-7509-2959-6}}</ref>

==Likenesses==
No authenticated portrait of Robert Hooke exists. This situation has sometimes been attributed to the heated conflicts between Hooke and Newton, although Hooke's biographer Allan Chapman rejects as a myth the claims that Newton or his acolytes deliberately destroyed Hooke's portrait. German antiquarian and scholar [[Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach]] visited the Royal Society in 1710 and his account of his visit specifically mentions him being shown the portraits of 'Boyle and Hoock' (which were said to be good likenesses), but while Boyle's portrait survives, Hooke's has evidently been lost.<ref name="rod.beavon.clara.net">{{cite web|author=Rod Beavon |url=http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/leonardo.htm |title=Allan Chapman, "England's Leonardo: Robert Hooke (1635–1703) and the art of experiment in Restoration England", lecture from 'Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain', 67, 239 – 275 (1996), also given at Westminster School as the 1997 Sir Henry Tizard Memorial Lecture |publisher=Rod.beavon.clara.net |date=1999-07-20 |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> In Hooke's time, the Royal Society met at Gresham College, but within a few months of Hooke's death Newton became the Society's president and plans were laid for a new meeting place.  When the move to new quarters finally was made a few years later, in 1710, Hooke's Royal Society portrait went missing, and has yet to be found.

Two contemporary written descriptions of Hooke's appearance have survived. The first was recorded by his close friend [[John Aubrey]], who described Hooke in middle age and at the height of his creative powers:

:"He is but of midling stature, something crooked, pale faced, and his face but little below, but his head is lardge, his eie full and popping, and not quick; a grey eie. He haz a delicate head of haire, browne, and of an excellent moist curle. He is and ever was temperate and modera.te in dyet, etc."

The second is a rather unflattering description of Hooke as an old man, written by Richard Waller:

:"As to his Person he was but despicable, being very crooked, tho' I have heard from himself, and others, that he was strait till about 16 Years of Age when he first grew awry, by frequent practicing, with a Turn-Lath ... He was always very pale and lean, and laterly nothing but Skin and Bone, with a Meagre Aspect, his Eyes grey and full, with a sharp ingenious Look whilst younger; his nose but thin, of a moderate height and length; his Mouth meanly wide, and upper lip thin; his Chin sharp, and Forehead large; his Head of a middle size. He wore his own Hair of a dark Brown colour, very long and hanging neglected over his Face uncut and lank..."<ref name="rod.beavon.clara.net"/>

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine published a portrait, supposedly of Hooke, in its 3 July 1939 issue.  However, when the source was traced by [[Ashley Montagu]], it was found to lack a verifiable connection to Hooke.  Moreover, Montagu found that contemporary written descriptions of Hooke's appearance agreed with one another, but that neither matched ''Time'''s alleged picture of him.<ref>{{Cite journal| author = Montagu, M. F. Ashley | title = A Spurious Portrait of Robert Hooke (1635–1703) | journal = Isis | volume = 33 | year = 1941 | pages = 15–17 | doi = 10.1086/358521}} See also 3 July 1939 issue of ''Time'' (page 39).</ref>

In 2003, historian [[Lisa Jardine]] claimed that a recently discovered portrait was of Hooke,<ref>{{Cite book| last = Jardine | first = Lisa | title = The Curious Life of Robert Hooke | publisher = Harper Collins | year = 2003 | pages = 15–19 }}</ref> but this claim was disproved by William Jensen of the [[University of Cincinnati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfour/oesper2.html |title=Source- The UC Libraries Newsletter |publisher=Libraries.uc.edu |date=4 February 2011 |accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref>  The portrait identified by Jardine, in fact, depicts the Flemish scholar [[Jan Baptist van Helmont]].

Other possible likenesses of Hooke include the following:
* A seal used by Hooke displays an unusual profile portrait of a man's head, which some have argued portrays Hooke.
* The engraved frontispiece to the 1728 edition of [[Ephraim Chambers|Chambers' ''Cyclopedia'']] shows a drawing of a bust of Robert Hooke.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.she-philosopher.com/players/RHsplash.html |title=Robert Hooke |publisher=she-philosopher.com |date=17 August 2007 |accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref> The extent to which the drawing is based on an actual work of art is unknown.
* A memorial window<ref>{{cite web|author=Rod Beavon |url=http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/robert_hooke.htm |title=Robert Hooke |publisher=Rod.beavon.clara.net |date=26 March 1999 |accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref> existed at [[St Helen's Bishopsgate]] in London, but it was a formulaic rendering, not a likeness.  The window was destroyed in the [[1993 Bishopsgate bombing]].

In 2003 history painter [[Rita Greer]] embarked on a self-funded project to memorialize Hooke. The Rita Greer Robert Hooke project aimed to produce credible images of him, both painted and drawn, that fitted his contemporary descriptions by John Aubrey<ref>{{Cite book| last = Aubrey | first = John | title = Brief Lives | publisher = Boydell Press; New edition (5 March 2009) }}</ref> and Richard Waller.<ref name=Waller/> Greer's images of Hooke, his life and work have been used for TV programmes in UK and US, in books, magazines and for PR.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Burgan | first = Michael | title = Robert Hooke  Natural Philosopher and Scientific Explorer | publisher = Compass Point Books, Minneapolis, Minnesota | year = 2008 | pages = Cover, pp. 88, 21, 26, 45, 65, 77, 88, 96, 98, 99, 101| isbn = 0756533155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last = Fekany Lee | first = Kimberly | title = Cell Scientists:  from Leeuwenhoek to Fuchs | publisher = Compass Point Books, Minneapolis, Minensota | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-7565-3964-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last = Chapman | first = Allan | title = England's Leonardo  Robert Hooke and the Seventeenth-Century Scientific Revolution | publisher = Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd | year = 2005 | pages = Portrait of Robert Hooke inside dust jacket and last page of plates | isbn = 0-7503-0987-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gresham College memorial portrait of Robert Hooke | journal = Dome, the magazine of the Friends of St. Paul's Cathedral | issue = 46 | page = 17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last = Chapman | first = Allan | title = Robert Hooke: the forgotten genius of physics | journal = Interactions | publisher = Institute of Physics | issue = April 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = Rita's portraits of Hooke sought after across UK | journal = Petersfield Post | issue = 21 May | year = 2008 | page  = 13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = Unveiling of memorial portrait of Robert Hooke as astronomer and inventor | journal = Openhouse.  Newspaper for the staff of the Open University | issue = 421 | year = 2009 }}</ref>

==Commemorations==
* [[3514 Hooke]], an asteroid (1971 UJ)
* [[Hooke (crater)|Craters]] on the [[Moon]] and on [[Mars]] are named in his honour.
* The Hooke Medal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bscb.org/?url=meetings/hooke |title=BSCB :: The British Society for Cell Biology |publisher=www.bscb.org |accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref>
* Robert Hooke Science center St. John Smith Square Westminster School London
* [[List of new memorials to Robert Hooke 2005 - 2009]]
* [[Boyle-Hooke plaque|The Boyle-Hooke plaque]] in [[Oxford]]

==See also==
* [[Catenary]]
* [[Great red spot]]
* [[Hooke's atom]]
* [[List of astronomical instrument makers]]
* [[Optical microscope]]
* [[Reticle]] (crosshair)
* [[Sash window]]
* [[Shadowgraph]]
* [[Universal joint]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*Wilson, Curtis (1989), Ch. 13 "The Newtonian achievement in astronomy", pp. 233–274 in ''Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics: 2A: Tycho Brahe to Newton'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521242541.

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Andrade | first = E. N. De C. | title = Wilkins Lecture: Robert Hooke | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | year = 1950 | pages = 153–187 | jstor=82545 | volume = 137 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1950.0029 |  issue = 887|bibcode = 1950RSPSB.137..153A }}
* {{Cite book| first = John | last = Aubrey | editor-last = Clark | editor-first = Andrew | title = Brief Lives | year = 1898 | place = Oxford | publisher = Clarendon Press |pages = 409–416 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=cGZdVb2Cj3AC&printsec=frontcover}}
* {{Cite book| last = Bennett | first = Jim | coauthors = Michael Cooper, Michael Hunter, Lisa Jardine | title = London's Leonardo: The Life and Work of Robert Hooke | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-19-852579-6 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Chapman | first = Allan | title = England's Leonardo: Robert Hooke and the Seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution | publisher = [[Institute of Physics]] Publishing | year = 2004| isbn = 0-7503-0987-3}}
* {{Cite book| last = Chapman | first = Allan | coauthors = Paul Kent (eds.) | title = Robert Hooke and the English Renaissance | publisher = Gravewing | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-85244-587-3}}
* {{Cite book| last = Cooper | first = Michael | title = 'A More Beautiful City': Robert Hooke and the Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire | publisher = Sutton Publishing Ltd. | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-7509-2959-6}}
* {{Cite book| last = Cooper | first = Michael | coauthors = Michael Hunter | title = Robert Hooke: Tercentennial Studies | publisher = Ashgate | year = 2006 | location = Burlington, Vermont}}
* {{Cite book| author = Gunther, Robert (ed.) | title = Early Science in Oxford | volume = 7 | publisher = privately printed | date= 1923-67}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Hall | first = A. R. | title = Robert Hooke and Horology | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London | volume = 8 | year = 1951 | pages = 167–177 | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.1951.0016 | issue = 2}}
* Hooke, Robert (1635–1703). [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?id=HistSciTech.HookeMicro ''Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon...'']
* {{Cite book| first = Robert | last = Hooke | editor-last = Robinson | editor-first = H. W. | editor2-last = Adams | editor2-first = W. | title = The Diary of Robert Hooke, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., 1672–1680 | year = 1935 | place = London | publisher = Taylor & Francis }}
* {{Cite book| last = Inwood | first = Stephen | title = The Man Who Knew Too Much | publisher = Pan | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-330-48829-5 }}(Published in the US as ''The Forgotten Genius'')
* {{Cite journal| last = Stevenson | first = Christine | title = Robert Hooke, Monuments and Memory | journal = Art History | volume = 28 | month = February | year = 2005 | pages = 43–73 | doi = 10.1111/j.0141-6790.2005.00453.x | issue = 1}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Robert Hooke|Robert Hooke}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Hooke, Robert}}
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html UCMP&nbsp;– Robert Hooke (1635–1703)]
* [http://www.themonument.info/hooke/default.asp The Monument&nbsp;– Dr. Robert Hooke]
* [http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/ Robert Hooke], hosted by Westminster School
* [http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm A timeline of Hooke's life]
* [http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/leonardo.htm ''England's Leonardo''], a lecture on Robert Hooke
* [http://www.she-philosopher.com/players/RHsplash.html An engraved bust] of Robert Hooke
* ''Micrographia''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15491 Hooke's ''Micrographia''], at [[Project Gutenberg]] (downloadable collections, including searchable ASCII text and book as complete html document with images)
** [http://contentdm.lindahall.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/classics&CISOPTR=4719&CISOSHOW=4335 Hooke's ''Micrographia''], at Linda Hall Library
* {{cite web|url=http://archive.museophile.org/ox/univ-col/boyle-hooke.html |title=Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235455/http://archive.museophile.org/ox/univ-col/boyle-hooke.html |archivedate=26 September 2007}}
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/feb/09/science.research Lost manuscript of Robert Hooke discovered]&nbsp;– from [[The Guardian]]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/mar/29/science.research Manuscript bought for The Royal Society]&nbsp;– from [[The Guardian]]
* [http://www.peterloud.co.uk/photos/MK_Churches/Willen/Willen.html A Panoramic Virtual Tour of Hooke's Church at Willen]&nbsp;–  by Peter Loud
* ''[http://www.scienceblogs.org.uk/archives/ Exploring our archives]'', a blog by researchers at the Royal Society exploring Hooke's lost manuscript
* {{cite web| last = Westfall | first = Richard S. | title = Robert Hooke | publisher = Rice University (The Galileo Project) | url = http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hooke.html | accessdate = 16 February 2008}}
* {{cite web| last = Cooper | first = Michael | title = Now that the dust has settled: A view of Robert Hooke post-2003 | date = 11 May 2008 | url =http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=799 | accessdate = 22 December 2008}}&nbsp;– A 60-minute presentation by Prof. Michael Cooper, with links to slides, audio, video, and a transcript, with references

{{Authority control|PND=118774883|LCCN=n/50/28929|VIAF=32063971|SELIBR=218146}}

{{Persondata
| NAME=Hooke, Robert
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
| SHORT DESCRIPTION=polymath, physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH=18 July 1635
| PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Freshwater, Isle of Wight|Freshwater]], [[Isle of Wight]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH=3 March 1703
| PLACE OF DEATH=[[London]], [[England]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hooke, Robert}}
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:Artists from London]]
[[Category:English Anglicans]]
[[Category:English architects]]
[[Category:English inventors]]
[[Category:English physicists]]
[[Category:Natural philosophers]]
[[Category:Original Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]]
[[Category:People from Freshwater, Isle of Wight]]
[[Category:Professors of Gresham College]]
[[Category:Scientific instrument makers]]
[[Category:1635 births]]
[[Category:1703 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century English people]]

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