Webreflinks - Tom C. Clark

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	34	== Early life and career ==		34	== Early life and career ==
t	35	Clark was born in [[Dallas, Texas\|Dallas]], Texas to Virginia Maxey (née Falls) and William Henry Clark.<ref>[http://www.wargs.com/political/clarkr.html Ancestry of Ramsey Clark]</ref> A graduate of Dallas High School,<ref>Rumbley, Rose-Mary. ''A Century of Class''. Austin TX: Eakin Press, 1984.</ref> he served as a Texas [[United States National Guard\|National Guard]] [[infantry]]man in 1918; afterward he studied law, receiving his law degree from the [[University of Texas School of Law]] in 1922. He was a brother of [[Delta Tau Delta]] fraternity, and later served as their international president. He set up a law practice in his home town of Dallas from 1922 to 1937, but left private practice for a period to serve as civil [[district attorney]] for the city from 1927 to 1932.<ref name="FJC">[http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=444&cid=999 Biography of Tom C. Clark] from the [[Federal Judicial Center]].</ref>	t	35	Clark was born in [[Dallas, Texas\|Dallas]], Texas to Virginia Maxey (née Falls) and William Henry Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.wargs.com/political/clarkr.html \|title=Ancestry of Ramsey Clark \|publisher=Wargs.com \|date= \|accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref> A graduate of Dallas High School,<ref>Rumbley, Rose-Mary. ''A Century of Class''. Austin TX: Eakin Press, 1984.</ref> he served as a Texas [[United States National Guard\|National Guard]] [[infantry]]man in 1918; afterward he studied law, receiving his law degree from the [[University of Texas School of Law]] in 1922. He was a brother of [[Delta Tau Delta]] fraternity, and later served as their international president. He set up a law practice in his home town of Dallas from 1922 to 1937, but left private practice for a period to serve as civil [[district attorney]] for the city from 1927 to 1932.<ref name="FJC">[http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=444&cid=999 Biography of Tom C. Clark] from the [[Federal Judicial Center]].</ref>
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{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox Judge
| birthname     = Thomas Campbell Clark
| image         = Tom C. Clark.gif
| imagesize     = 150px
| caption       =
| office        = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court]]
| termstart     = August 19, 1949
| termend       = June 12, 1967<ref name='fedjudcenter'>{{cite news | author=| coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Federal Judicial Center: Tom C. Clark | date=December 12, 2009 | publisher=| url=http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=444 | work=| pages = | accessdate =December 12, 2009 | language = }}</ref>
| nominator     = [[Harry Truman]]
| appointer     =
| predecessor   = [[Frank Murphy]]
| successor     = [[Thurgood Marshall]]
| order2        = 59th
| title2        = [[Attorney General of the United States]]
| president2    = [[Harry Truman]]
| term_start2   = June 27, 1945
| term_end2     = July 26, 1949
| predecessor2  = [[Francis Biddle]]
| successor2    = [[J. Howard McGrath]]
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1899|9|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], Texas
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1977|6|13|1899|9|23|mf=y}}
| death_place   = New York City
| spouse        =
| religion      = [[Presbyterian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/adh_sc.html |title=Religion of the Supreme Court |publisher=Adherents.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06}}</ref>
| alma_mater    = [[University of Texas School of Law]]
| branch        = [[United States National Guard]]
| unit          = [[Texas National Guard|Texas]]
}}

'''Thomas Campbell''' "'''Tom C.'''" '''Clark''' (September 23, 1899&nbsp;– June 13, 1977) was [[United States Attorney General]] from 1945 to 1949 and an Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]  from 1949 to 1967.

== Early life and career ==
Clark was born in [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], Texas to Virginia Maxey (née Falls) and William Henry Clark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wargs.com/political/clarkr.html |title=Ancestry of Ramsey Clark |publisher=Wargs.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref> A graduate of Dallas High School,<ref>Rumbley, Rose-Mary. ''A Century of Class''. Austin TX: Eakin Press, 1984.</ref> he served as a Texas [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] [[infantry]]man in 1918; afterward he studied law, receiving his law degree from the [[University of Texas School of Law]] in 1922. He was a brother of [[Delta Tau Delta]] fraternity, and later served as their international president. He set up a law practice in his home town of Dallas from 1922 to 1937, but left private practice for a period to serve as civil [[district attorney]] for the city from 1927 to 1932.<ref name="FJC">[http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=444&cid=999 Biography of Tom C. Clark] from the [[Federal Judicial Center]].</ref>

Clark, a [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]], joined the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] in 1937 as a special assistant to the U.S. attorney general for war risk litigation.<ref name="FJC"/> He served as civilian coordinator for the [[Japanese American internment|forced relocation of Japanese-Americans]] during the opening months of World War II. He headed the [[antitrust]] division at Justice in 1943, and the criminal division from 1943 to 1945.<ref name="FJC"/>

==Attorney General and Supreme Court Justice==
{{see also|Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates#Tom Clark nomination|l1=Truman's nomination of Clark to the Supreme Court}}
Appointed [[Attorney General]] by President [[Harry Truman]] in 1945,<ref>{{cite video | year =1945
| title =Video: Air Forces Come Home Via Bomber, 1945/05/28 (1945)| url =http://www.archive.org/details/1945-05-28_Air_Forces_Come_Home_Via_Bomber | publisher =[[Universal Newsreel]] | accessdate =February 20, 2012}}</ref> Clark was nominated to the Court on August 2, 1949, filling the vacancy left by the death of [[Frank Murphy]]. ''The New York Times'' called Clark "a personal and political friend [of Truman's] with no judicial experience and few demonstrated qualifications."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eisler |first1=Kim Isaac |year=1993 |title=A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America |page=76 |place=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=0-671-76787-9}}</ref> Nevertheless, Clark was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on August 18, 1949 by voice vote, receiving his commission the following day.<ref name="FJC"/>

Truman later came to regret his choice; he remarked to a biographer many years later that "Tom Clark was my biggest mistake."<ref>{{cite book | title = The Government and Politics of the United States | edition = 2 | first1 = Nigel | last1 = Bowles | page = 191}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman | last1 = Miller | first1 = Merle | authorlink = Merle Miller | publisher=Berkeley Publishing Company | year = 1973 | isbn = 399112618 | pages = 225–226 | quote = Tom Clark was my biggest mistake. No question about it. … It's just that he's such a dumb son of a bitch.}}</ref> The change in Truman's attitude stemmed from Clark's vote to strike down as unconstitutional Truman's seizure of the nation's steel mills to end a strike in 1952's ''[[Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer]]''.
[[File:2101 Conn Ave..JPG|thumb|left|Clark's former residence in Washington, D.C.]]

Justice Murphy, Clark's predecessor, had made a 5-to-4 majority on the Supreme Court for those justices who viewed the Court as a possible instrument of social change.<ref name="Eisler, 76">Eisler, 76</ref> But Clark, along with Truman's other conservative appointees, would change that.<ref name="Eisler, 76"/> While on the Supreme Court, Clark was generally a conservative who nonetheless proved a key vote in some Warren Court cases expanding the scope of individual rights. He is noted for writing the majority opinion in the landmark cases ''[[Mapp v. Ohio]]'', applying the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] "exclusionary rule" to the states, and ''[[Abington School District v. Schempp]]'', invalidating daily Bible readings in public schools. Clark supported the end of racial segregation, joining the unanimous decisions in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' and ''[[Sweatt v. Painter]]''.

==Later life==
[[File:Tom C. Clark.jpg|thumb|190px|left|Clark in the [[Oval Office]] in 1967 after retiring from the Supreme Court.]]Clark assumed [[senior status]], effectively retiring from the Supreme Court, on June 12, 1967.<ref name="FJC"/> He did so to avoid a [[conflict of interest]] when his son, [[Ramsey Clark]], was appointed Attorney General. He was succeeded on the Court by [[Thurgood Marshall]]. Lyndon Johnson was said{{Whom?|date=February 2011}} to have appointed Ramsey Clark as Attorney General precisely to force Tom Clark off the bench, leaving a vacancy so that LBJ could appoint Marshall as the first African-American Justice on the Supreme Court. After Clark's retirement he served as a visiting judge on several [[United States courts of appeals|U.S. Courts of Appeals]],<ref>See, e.g. [http://openjurist.org/466/f2d/702/bracey-v-herringa ''Bracey v. Herringa'', 466 F.2d 702 (7th Cir. 1972)]</ref> as director of the [[Federal Judicial Center]], and as Chair of the Board of Directors for the American Judicature Society.<ref name="FJC"/>

==Death==
[[File:ClarkStateOfficeBuilding.JPG|thumb|Tom C. Clark State Office Building]]Clark died in New York City and is buried in Restland Memorial Park, [[Dallas, Texas]].

==Legacy==
[[Tom C. Clark High School]] of the Northside Independent School District of [[San Antonio, Texas]] is named in honor of him. Also named after him is the Tom C. Clark Building, an office building of the Texas Judiciary in Austin. His former law clerks honored him by creating the Tom C. Clark award given to the outstanding Supreme Court Fellow each year. Winners of this award include Professor [[Robert P. George|Robert George]], McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence, at [[Princeton University]], and Professor [[Barbara A. Perry]], Senior Fellow at the University of Virginia's [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] and former [[Carter Glass]] Professor of Government at [[Sweet Briar College]]. In 1977, Clark became the first recipient of the Distinguished Jurist Award at [[Mississippi State University]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

An extensive collection of Clark's papers, including his Supreme Court files, is housed at the [[University of Texas]] in Austin. The law school also maintains the "Tom C. Clark" fellowship, entitling selected students with a sizable tuition subsidy. The main student lounge in the school is named after Clark as well. A smaller collection, primarily relating to Clark's years as Attorney General, is located at the [[Harry S. Truman Library]] in Independence, Missouri.

Clark became an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] in 1914 and was a recipient of the [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]].<ref name="Boy Scout Memorial">{{cite web | title = Presidents Park: Boy Scout Memorial | publisher=National Park Service | url = http://www.nps.gov/whho/planyourvisit/explore-the-southern-trail.htm#CP_JUMP_100807 | accessdate =November 18, 2007 }}</ref>

Clark was a member of [[Delta Tau Delta]] International Fraternity and served as the fraternity's International President from 1966 to 1968.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Justice Clark's personal papers, consisting of 524 linear feet (869 boxes, 20 scrapbooks, around 1,000 photographs, and approximately 100 oversize items) are in the care of the University of Texas School of Law.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlaw/00021/law-00021p1.html/ Guide to the Papers of Justice Tom C. Clark at the Tarlton Law Library] [[University of Texas School of Law|The University of Texas School of Law]] online archive</ref>

==See also==
*[[O. John Rogge]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Abraham, Henry J., ''Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed.'' (New York: [[Oxford University Press]], 1992). ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
*Cushman, Clare, ''The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789–1995'' (2nd ed.)  (Supreme Court Historical Society), ([[Congressional Quarterly]] Books, 2001) ISBN 1-56802-126-7; ISBN 978-1-56802-126-3.
*Frank, John P., ''The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions'' (Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) ([[Chelsea House]] Publishers: 1995) ISBN 0-7910-1377-4, ISBN 978-0-7910-1377-9.
*{{cite book|last = Gronlund| first = Mimi Clark| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark: A Life of Service | publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] | year = 2010 | location = Austin, TX | page = 328 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-292-71990-6}}
*Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., ''The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography'', (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
*Urofsky, Melvin I., ''The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary'' (New York: [[Garland Publishing]] 1994). 590 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 0-8153-1176-1; ISBN 978-0-8153-1176-8.
*Wohl, Alexander, "[http://www.slate.com/id/2296453/ Mapp v. Ohio Turns 50 -- If a moderate Texan could love the exclusionary rule, why can't judicial conservatives]?" Slate, June 7, 2011.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tom C. Clark}}
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlaw/00021/law-00021p27.html University of Texas biography]
* {{FJC Bio|444}}
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlaw/00021/law-00021p1.html/ Guide to the Papers of Justice Tom C. Clark at the Tarlton Law Library] [[University of Texas School of Law|The University of Texas School of Law]] online archive
*[http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/Clark-T/ClarkT.asp Oral History Interview with Tom Clark, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library]

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{U.S. Secretary box
| before     = [[Francis Biddle]]
| after      = [[J. Howard McGrath]]
| years      = 1945–1949
| president  = [[Harry S. Truman]]
| department = Attorney General}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]|before=[[Frank Murphy]]|after=[[Thurgood Marshall]]|years=August 19, 1949&nbsp;– June 12, 1967}}
{{S-end}}

{{USAttGen}}

{{start U.S. Supreme Court composition| CJ=[[Fred M. Vinson|Vinson]]}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition court lifespan| cj=Frederick Moore Vinson|years=1946–1953}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1949–1953}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition CJ| CJ=[[Earl Warren|Warren]]}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition court lifespan| cj=Earl Warren|years=1953–1969}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1953–1954}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1955–1956}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1956–1957}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1957–1958}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1958–1962}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1962–1965}}
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1965–1967}}
{{end U.S. Supreme Court composition}}
{{Truman cabinet}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME              = Clark, Tom C.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[United States federal judge]]
| DATE OF BIRTH     = September 23, 1899
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], Texas
| DATE OF DEATH     = June 13, 1977
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[New York, New York]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, Tom C.}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:American Presbyterians]]
[[Category:American prosecutors]]
[[Category:Distinguished Eagle Scouts]]
[[Category:People from Dallas, Texas]]
[[Category:Texas lawyers]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court justices]]
[[Category:United States federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys General]]
[[Category:University of Texas School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Truman Administration cabinet members]]

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