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WebCite www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs_details.cfm?from=&pubs_id=5794

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 ==The Hall Waterbed==
-The modern waterbed was created by [[Charles Prior Hall]] in 1968, while he was a design student at [[San Francisco State University]] in [[California]]. Fellow SFSU students Paul Heckel and Evan Fawkes also contributed to the concept. Hall originally wanted to make an innovative chair. His first prototype was a vinyl bag with 300 pounds (136&nbsp;kg) of cornstarch, but the result was uncomfortable. He next filled it with [[Jell-O]], which had an unfortunate "tendency to decompose".<ref>{{cite web|title=Modern Living: The Waves of Morpheus|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902716,00.html|work=Time Magazine|publisher=Time Inc|accessdate=3 June 2012|date=7|month=September|year=1970}}</ref> Ultimately, he abandoned working on a chair, and settled on perfecting a bed.
+The modern waterbed was created by [[Charles Prior Hall]] in 1968, while he was a design student at [[San Francisco State University]] in [[California]]. Fellow SFSU students Paul Heckel and Evan Fawkes also contributed to the concept. Hall originally wanted to make an innovative chair. His first prototype was a vinyl bag with 300 pounds (136&nbsp;kg) of cornstarch, but the result was uncomfortable. He next filled it with [[Jell-O]], which had an unfortunate "tendency to decompose".<ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Living: The Waves of Morpheus|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902716,00.html|work=Time Magazine|publisher=Time Inc|accessdate=3 June 2012|date=7|month=September|year=1970}}</ref> Ultimately, he abandoned working on a chair, and settled on perfecting a bed.
-Hall was granted a patent on his waterbed, which he originally called "the pleasure pit", in 1971. He founded Innerspace Environments, a manufacturing and sales company which became the leading retailer of waterbeds in the U.S., with 30 owned and operated stores.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHARLES PRIOR HALL and  WBX PARTNERS,  Plaintiffs-Appellants,  v.  AQUA QUEEN MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  WATER & WOOD CORP.,  and  VINYL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  ATLANTA VINYL, INC.,  and  CLASSIC CORPORATION, d/b/a/ CLASSIC  FLOTATION SLEEPING SYSTEMS, INC.,  and  LAND & SKY, LTD.,  and  UNITED STATES WATERMATTRESS  CORPORATION,  and  EASY REST, INC., d/b/a/  STROBEL MANUFACTURING,  Defendants-Appellees.|url=http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/96opinions/96-1014.html|work=CHARLES PRIOR HALL and  WBX PARTNERS,  Plaintiffs-Appellants,  v.  AQUA QUEEN MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  WATER & WOOD CORP.,  and  VINYL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  ATLANTA VINYL, INC.,  and  CLASSIC CORPORATION, d/b/a/ CLASSIC  FLOTATION SLEEPING SYSTEMS, INC.,  and  LAND & SKY, LTD.,  and  UNITED STATES WATERMATTRESS  CORPORATION,  and  EASY REST, INC., d/b/a/  STROBEL MANUFACTURING,  Defendants-Appellees|publisher=UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT|accessdate=3 June 2012|month=NONPREC. OPIN. ISSUED: July 11, 1996}}</ref> Hall was unable to defend his patents against multiple competitors and couldn't take full advantage of the waterbed's subsequent popularity. Sales peaked in 1987 at 22% of the domestic mattress industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=For Water Bed Holdout, California Dreaming|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/14/garden/for-water-bed-holdout-california-dreaming.html?src=pm|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=3 June 2012|author=ALLEN SALKIN|date=14|month=August|year=2003}}</ref>
+Hall was granted a patent on his waterbed, which he originally called "the pleasure pit", in 1971. He founded Innerspace Environments, a manufacturing and sales company which became the leading retailer of waterbeds in the U.S., with 30 owned and operated stores.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHARLES PRIOR HALL and  WBX PARTNERS,  Plaintiffs-Appellants,  v.  AQUA QUEEN MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  WATER & WOOD CORP.,  and  VINYL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  ATLANTA VINYL, INC.,  and  CLASSIC CORPORATION, d/b/a/ CLASSIC  FLOTATION SLEEPING SYSTEMS, INC.,  and  LAND & SKY, LTD.,  and  UNITED STATES WATERMATTRESS  CORPORATION,  and  EASY REST, INC., d/b/a/  STROBEL MANUFACTURING,  Defendants-Appellees.|url=http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/96opinions/96-1014.html|work=CHARLES PRIOR HALL and  WBX PARTNERS,  Plaintiffs-Appellants,  v.  AQUA QUEEN MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  WATER & WOOD CORP.,  and  VINYL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  ATLANTA VINYL, INC.,  and  CLASSIC CORPORATION, d/b/a/ CLASSIC  FLOTATION SLEEPING SYSTEMS, INC.,  and  LAND & SKY, LTD.,  and  UNITED STATES WATERMATTRESS  CORPORATION,  and  EASY REST, INC., d/b/a/  STROBEL MANUFACTURING,  Defendants-Appellees|publisher=UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT|accessdate=3 June 2012|month=NONPREC. OPIN. ISSUED: July 11, 1996}}</ref> Hall was unable to defend his patents against multiple competitors and couldn't take full advantage of the waterbed's subsequent popularity. Sales peaked in 1987 at 22% of the domestic mattress industry.<ref>{{cite news|title=For Water Bed Holdout, California Dreaming|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/14/garden/for-water-bed-holdout-california-dreaming.html?src=pm|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=3 June 2012|author=ALLEN SALKIN|date=14|month=August|year=2003}}</ref>
 But there are also disadvantages:
-*The United States National Institute of Child Health and Human Development advises against placing babies on a waterbed or any other soft surface which might obstruct their breathing. Old-style waterbeds are a particular example, as an infant without upper body control cannot lift its face away from the plastic cover. "Your baby is safest on a firm surface. Do not place your baby on a soft mattress, sofa, cushion, waterbed, sheepskin or other soft surface." <ref>http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs_details.cfm?from=&pubs_id=5794</ref>
+*The United States National Institute of Child Health and Human Development advises against placing babies on a waterbed or any other soft surface which might obstruct their breathing. Old-style waterbeds are a particular example, as an infant without upper body control cannot lift its face away from the plastic cover. "Your baby is safest on a firm surface. Do not place your baby on a soft mattress, sofa, cushion, waterbed, sheepskin or other soft surface." <ref>[http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs_details.cfm?from=&pubs_id=5794 ]{{dead link|date=June 2013}}</ref>
 * Heating a waterbed is costly. A waterbed consumes between 300 and 1500 [[Kilowatt hour|kW·h]]/year, depending on the climate, bed size, and other factors. The energy usage can be decreased by about 60% with the use of a soft-sided waterbed.<ref>[http://www.homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/94/940911.html Waterbed Heating: Uncovering Energy Savings in the Bedroom] Home Energy Magazine Online September/October 1994. Retrieved December 3, 2007.</ref>

A '''waterbed''', '''water mattress''', or '''flotation mattress''' is a [[bed (furniture)|bed]] or [[mattress]] filled with water. Waterbeds intended for medical therapies appear in various reports through the 19th century. The modern version, invented in [[San Francisco]] and patented in 1971, became an extremely popular consumer item in the [[United States]] through the 1970s.

==Construction==
[[Image:Softside Waterbed Outside.JPG|thumb|Softside Waterbed 160 × 200 cm with dual heating]]
Waterbeds primarily consist of two types, hard-sided beds and soft-sided beds.

A hard-sided waterbed consists of a water-containing mattress inside a rectangular frame of wood resting on a [[plywood]] deck that sits on a platform.

A soft-sided waterbed consists of a water-containing mattress inside of a rectangular frame of sturdy foam, zippered inside a fabric casing, which sits on a platform. It looks like a conventional bed and is designed to fit existing bedroom furniture. The platform usually looks like a conventional foundation or box spring, and sits atop a reinforced metal frame.

Early waterbed mattresses, and many inexpensive modern mattresses, have a single water chamber. When the water mass in these "free flow" mattresses is disturbed, significant wave action can be felt, and they need time to stabilize after a disturbance. Later types employed wave-reducing methods, including fiber batting and interconnected water chambers. More expensive "waveless" modern waterbeds have a mixture of air and water chambers, usually interconnected.
[[Image:Softside Waterbed Inside.JPG|thumb|Softside Waterbed 160 × 200 cm with two waterchambers and flexible chamberisolation inside]]
Water beds are normally heated. Temperature is controlled via a [[thermostat]] and set to personal preference, but is most commonly average skin temperature, 30&nbsp;[[Celsius|°C]] or about 86&nbsp;[[Degrees Fahrenheit|°F]]. A typical [[heating pad]] consumes 150–400 [[watt]]s of power. Depending on insulation, [[bedding]], temperature, use, and other factors, electricity usage may vary significantly.

Waterbeds are usually constructed from soft [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) or similar material. They can be repaired with nearly any vinyl repair kit.

==History in 1800s==
A form of waterbed was invented in the early 19th century by the Scottish physician [[Neil Arnott]]. ''Dr Arnott's Hydrostatic Bed'' was devised to prevent bedsores in [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/invalid#Noun invalids], and comprised a bath of water with a covering of rubber-impregnated canvas, on which lighter bedding was placed. Arnott did not patent it, permitting anyone to construct a bed to this design.<ref>''An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy'' , Webster & Parkes, Harper & Brothers, NY, 1855 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f5oDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309&dq=%22water+bed%22+mattress#PPA309,M1 Google Books]</ref><ref>Dr. Arnott's Hydrostatic Bed, ''[[London Medical and Surgical Journal]]'', Volume II, 1833 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?pg=PA165 Google Books]</ref>

The use of a waterbed for the ailing Mrs Hale is mentioned in [[Elizabeth Gaskell]]'s 1855 novel ''[[North and South (1855 novel)|North and South]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=North and South|url=http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/editions/north-and-south/9780099511489#popup-back|work=Vintage Classics|publisher=Vintage Publishing|accessdate=3 June 2012|author=Elizabeth Gaskell}}</ref>

In 1871, a waterbed was in use in [[Elmira, NY]] for "invalids". It was briefly mentioned by [[Mark Twain]] in his article "[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0CE6D6103EEE34BC4B51DFB166838A669FDE A New Beecher Church]" which was published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on 23 July 1871. Twain wrote: ''"In the infirmary will be kept one or two water-beds (for invalids whose pains will not allow them to be on a less yielding substance) and half a dozen reclining invalid-chairs on wheels. The water-beds and invalid-chairs at present belonging to the church are always in demand, and never out of service".'' No further information is available.

==Heinlein descriptions==
Science fiction writer [[Robert A. Heinlein]] described therapeutic waterbeds in his novels ''[[Beyond This Horizon]]'' (1942), ''[[Double Star]]'' (1956), and ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'' (1961). In 1980 Heinlein recalled in ''[[Expanded Universe (Heinlein)|Expanded Universe]]'' that:

:''"I designed the waterbed during years as a bed patient in the middle thirties; a pump to control water level, side supports to permit one to float rather than simply lying on a not very soft water filled mattress. Thermostatic control of temperature, safety interfaces to avoid all possibility of electric shock, waterproof box to make a leak no more important than a leaky hot water bottle rather than a domestic disaster, calculation of floor loads (important!), internal rubber mattress and lighting, reading, and eating arrangements—an attempt to design the perfect hospital bed by one who had spent too damn much time in hospital beds."''

Heinlein made no attempt to build his invention.

==The Hall Waterbed==
The modern waterbed was created by [[Charles Prior Hall]] in 1968, while he was a design student at [[San Francisco State University]] in [[California]]. Fellow SFSU students Paul Heckel and Evan Fawkes also contributed to the concept. Hall originally wanted to make an innovative chair. His first prototype was a vinyl bag with 300 pounds (136&nbsp;kg) of cornstarch, but the result was uncomfortable. He next filled it with [[Jell-O]], which had an unfortunate "tendency to decompose".<ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Living: The Waves of Morpheus|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902716,00.html|work=Time Magazine|publisher=Time Inc|accessdate=3 June 2012|date=7|month=September|year=1970}}</ref> Ultimately, he abandoned working on a chair, and settled on perfecting a bed.

Hall was granted a patent on his waterbed, which he originally called "the pleasure pit", in 1971. He founded Innerspace Environments, a manufacturing and sales company which became the leading retailer of waterbeds in the U.S., with 30 owned and operated stores.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHARLES PRIOR HALL and  WBX PARTNERS,  Plaintiffs-Appellants,  v.  AQUA QUEEN MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  WATER & WOOD CORP.,  and  VINYL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  ATLANTA VINYL, INC.,  and  CLASSIC CORPORATION, d/b/a/ CLASSIC  FLOTATION SLEEPING SYSTEMS, INC.,  and  LAND & SKY, LTD.,  and  UNITED STATES WATERMATTRESS  CORPORATION,  and  EASY REST, INC., d/b/a/  STROBEL MANUFACTURING,  Defendants-Appellees.|url=http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/96opinions/96-1014.html|work=CHARLES PRIOR HALL and  WBX PARTNERS,  Plaintiffs-Appellants,  v.  AQUA QUEEN MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  WATER & WOOD CORP.,  and  VINYL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING, INC.,  and  ATLANTA VINYL, INC.,  and  CLASSIC CORPORATION, d/b/a/ CLASSIC  FLOTATION SLEEPING SYSTEMS, INC.,  and  LAND & SKY, LTD.,  and  UNITED STATES WATERMATTRESS  CORPORATION,  and  EASY REST, INC., d/b/a/  STROBEL MANUFACTURING,  Defendants-Appellees|publisher=UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT|accessdate=3 June 2012|month=NONPREC. OPIN. ISSUED: July 11, 1996}}</ref> Hall was unable to defend his patents against multiple competitors and couldn't take full advantage of the waterbed's subsequent popularity. Sales peaked in 1987 at 22% of the domestic mattress industry.<ref>{{cite news|title=For Water Bed Holdout, California Dreaming|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/14/garden/for-water-bed-holdout-california-dreaming.html?src=pm|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=3 June 2012|author=ALLEN SALKIN|date=14|month=August|year=2003}}</ref>

==Advantages and disadvantages==
Waterbeds have several advantages over traditional beds:
* The bed shapes exactly to the body, thus minimizing pressure, especially around the joints. Waterbeds remove pressure from the [[Vertebral column|spine]] allowing the spinal muscles to fully relax. This can aid in the treatment of back pain for some individuals.<ref>[http://www.onlywaterbeds.com/Mattresses_and_chronic_lower_back_pain.pdf "Mattresses and chronic lower back pain - Undergraduate research project at the Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics."] University of Southern Denmark, 2003</ref> In paralytic or movement-impaired people they can reduce the risk of [[bedsores]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bedsores (pressure sores)|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bedsores/DS00570/DSECTION=prevention|work=Mayo Clinic|publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research|accessdate=3 June 2012|author=Mayo Clinic Staff}}</ref> 
* It is impossible for dirt and dead skin particles to penetrate the water mattress, which can then be wiped periodically with a cloth and vinyl cleaner. The cover over the mattress can be regularly washed—thus virtually eliminating [[house dust mite]]s in the bed. Dust mites can trigger [[asthma]], [[eczema]], and [[allergy|allergies]] in people sensitive to them.
* Many modern waterbeds feature two mattresses so individual firmness and heat levels are possible.

But there are also disadvantages:
*The United States National Institute of Child Health and Human Development advises against placing babies on a waterbed or any other soft surface which might obstruct their breathing. Old-style waterbeds are a particular example, as an infant without upper body control cannot lift its face away from the plastic cover. "Your baby is safest on a firm surface. Do not place your baby on a soft mattress, sofa, cushion, waterbed, sheepskin or other soft surface." <ref>[http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs_details.cfm?from=&pubs_id=5794 ]{{dead link|date=June 2013}}</ref>
* Heating a waterbed is costly. A waterbed consumes between 300 and 1500 [[Kilowatt hour|kW·h]]/year, depending on the climate, bed size, and other factors. The energy usage can be decreased by about 60% with the use of a soft-sided waterbed.<ref>[http://www.homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/94/940911.html Waterbed Heating: Uncovering Energy Savings in the Bedroom] Home Energy Magazine Online September/October 1994. Retrieved December 3, 2007.</ref>
* Since some hard-sided waterbeds are of different sizes than other mattresses, [[bed sheet]]s are harder to find and come in fewer varieties. Soft-sided mattresses are conventionally sized to avoid this problem.
* Moving a waterbed is a more difficult process than moving a normal bed; the water must be drained and the frame disassembled, then the frame must be reassembled, the mattress refilled with water, and the water heated for a potentially long period to get the new water to the correct temperature.
* Occasionally, water mattresses may leak. Plastic liners will reduce damage, but emptying, patching, refilling, and reheating it (and sleeping elsewhere until all this is completed) is certainly an inconvenience.
* Wearing clothing with [[zipper]]s such as [[jeans]] while lying on a waterbed can potentially cause leaks, due to the free-swinging zipper tab potentially digging into the bedsheets and puncturing the plastic cover.
* The weight of a waterbed (a bed of 160 x 200 x 020&nbsp;cm will weigh 640&nbsp;kg or 1,410&nbsp;lbs) will put a strain on many floorboards. If the waterbed is 35-42 sq. ft. in size, the floor [[Pascal's law|load stress]] is 40&nbsp;lbs./sq. ft. without occupants. Current [[International Building Code|IBC]] residential loading is 40&nbsp;lbs./sq. ft. including occupants, so the weight of a water bed is high for new construction and can exceed the weight-bearing capacity of older homes where remodeling has already over-taxed the existing floor system.
* Many apartment leases and home insurance policies restrict the use of "water-filled furniture" due to concerns about water damage to the dwelling due to accidental leakage as well as the stress on the floor.

==See also==
* [[List of inflatable manufactured goods]]

==References==
{{cleanup-bare URLs|date=May 2012}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Waterbeds}}
* {{US patent|3585356}} -- "''Liquid support for human bodies''"

[[Category:Beds]]
[[Category:Bedding]]
[[Category:Water and society]]
[[Category:1970s fads and trends]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]

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