# subscribed links TSV file
author	wikipedia
item	Geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography	Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia.Geography is the study of the Earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity. Geography research addresses both the questions of where, as well as why phenomena occur in particular places. The word comes from the Greek words Ge (γη) or Gaea (γαια), both meaning "Earth", and graphein (γραφειν) meaning "to describe" or "to write"."Mere place names are not geography. To know by heart a whole gazeteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a geographer. Geography has higher aims than this... to trace out the great laws o
item	First law of geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_geography	The first law of geography according to Waldo Tobler is "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related to each other."
item	Quantitative revolution	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_revolution	The quantitative revolution was one of the four major turning points in the history of geography (the other three being regional geography, environmental determinism and critical geography). The quantitative revolution occurred in the 1950s through to the 1960s and marked a rapid change in the method behind geographical research. The main claim for the quantitative revolution is that it led to a shift from a descriptive (ideographic) geography to an empirical law making (nomothetic) geography.
item	Absolute location	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_location	Absolute location is the actual spot on the planet where something is. A good example would be the latitude and longitude of a place. For instance, Lake Maracaibo of Venezuela is at 10°39' N latitude and 71°36' W longitude.
item	Relative location	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_location	Relative location is the place that something is in comparison to something else. A good example of relative location is if you were to give directions to somebody and you used terms such as "it is across the street from the market" or "it is to the left of the gas station."
item	Sense of place	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_place	Sense of Place is a characteristic that some geographic places have and some do not. It is often defined as those characteristics that make a place special or unique, as well as those that foster a sense of authentic human attachment and belonging.Contents1 Geographic place2 Geographers and place3 Placelessness4 See also
item	List of geographical topics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_topics	This is a list of geography topics:[edit]
item	ABmaps	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABmaps	ABmaps.com is a free Web Map Server and portal. The website provides services such as address finding, route planner and others. The mapping engine behind the portal developed by AtlasCT. The technology is based on streaming vector graphics and Macromedia Flash format comparing to other popular mapping portals such as Google Maps and Windows Live Local which are utilize raster maps.Contents1 Services2 Mobile3 World maps4 See also4.1 Comparable services5 External links
item	Animal geographies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_geographies	Animal Geographies is an area of study in geography, studying the spaces and places occupied by animals in human culture.
item	Areography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areography	Areography is the study of the features of the planet Mars such as landforms, climates, weather patterns, relic zones conserving possible lifeforms or their fossils, and also the physical processes that create and modify these features, and the spatial patterns among them. The term derives from Ares, the Greek equivalent of the Roman god Mars, by analogy with geography (from Gaia).
item	Association of American Geographers	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Geographers	The Association of American Geographers (AAG) is an educational and scientific society aimed at advancing the understanding of, study of, and importance of geography and related fields. The organization was founded on 29 December 1904 in Philadelphia, and was amalgamated with the American Society of Professional Geographers on 29 December 1948 in Madison, Wisconsin. Currently, the association boasts a membership of over 9,000. It represents one of the largest geographical associations in North America. The organization unites students, professors, researchers, lawyers, and other scientists across the entire North American continent. Its headquarters are in Washington, DC.
item	Bulgarian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_exonyms	Below is a list of Bulgarian language exonyms for places in Europe. Note that this list only includes names that are significantly different from the local toponym.Beograd Белград (Belgrad)Bitola Битоля (Bitolya)Bucureşti Букурещ (Bukuresht)Chişinău Кишинев (Kishinev)Den Haag Хага (Kaga)Durrës Драч (Drach)[1]Dudeştii Vechi Stár Bišnov[2] or Стар Бешенов (Star Beshenov)Edessa Воден (Voden)Edirne Одрин (Odrin)Firenze Флоренция (Florentsiya)Florina Лерин (Lerin)Genève Женева (Zheneva)Genova Генуа (Genua)Hârşova Хърсово (Harsovo)[1]Giurgiu Гюргево (Gyurgevo)
item	Calipuy National Reservation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calipuy_National_Reservation	The Calipuy National Reservation is located in La Libertad. Its main purpose is to protect the guanaco’s populations.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calipuy_National_Reservation"			Categories: IUCN Category II | Geography of Peru | National Reservations of Peru | World Heritage Sites in Peru																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal too
item	Central Patricia%2C Ontario	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Patricia%2C_Ontario	Central Patricia is a community in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is the second most northerly community in Ontario that is accessible by road, just a few kilometres south of Pickle Lake. Central Patricia is also northeast of the towns of Kenora and Keewatin. This community is linked to the rest of the provincial network by the former Secondary Highway 646, which connects with Secondary Highway 599.
item	Chala	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chala	The Chala or "Coast" is one of the eight natural regions in Peru. It is formed by all the western lands that arise from sea level up to the height of 500 meters.Sea lions in Paracas, Peru.
item	Comb	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb	A comb is a device made of solid material, generally flat, always toothed, and is used in hair care for straightening and cleaning hair or other fibers.
item	Combe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe	A combe or (variant spellings) coombe, coomb or cwm (from Welsh) is the uppermost part of a valley.
item	Coombe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombe	A coombe or (variant spellings) combe, coomb or cwm is a short valley or hollow on a hill or coastline. Combes are generally a dry valley in a limestone or chalk escarpment. The term is commonly used in southwest England and (acc. to dict.LEO.de) in Wales, too.See also: comb, corrie, dell, side valley, scarp.
item	Country	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country	In political geography and international politics a country is a geographical territory. It is used casually in the sense of both the concept of nation (a cultural entity; see below) and state (a political entity). Some definitions tend to place it as meaning only state,[1] though general use is wider than this.[2]
item	Croatian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_exonyms	Below is list of Croatian language exonyms for places outside of Croatia :Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Cyprus4 Czech Republic5 Denmark6 France7 Germany8 Greece9 Hungary10 Italy11 Luxembourg12 Macedonia13 Moldova14 Polan
item	Czech exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_exonyms	Below is list of Czech language exonyms for places in non-Czech-speaking areas of Europe :Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Croatia5 Denmark6 Finland7 France8 Germany9 Greece10 Hungary11 Italy12 Lithuania13 Luxembourg14 Neth
item	Danish exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_exonyms	Below is list of Danish language exonyms for places in non-Danish-speaking areas of Europe :Contents1 Albania2 Belgium3 Czech Republic4 Finland5 Germany6 Greece7 Italy8 Poland9 Portugal10 Romania11 Russia12 Sweden13 See also
item	Deprivation indicy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprivation_indicy	Deprivation indicies measure the level of deprivation in an area.
item	Dutch exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_exonyms	Below is list of Dutch language exonyms for places in non-dutch-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Links to more extensive lists1.1 Belgium1.2 France1.3 Germany2 List of Dutch exonyms for places in other areas2.1 Austria2.2 Czech Republic2.3 Denmark2.4 Greece2.5 Hungary2.6 Italy2.7 Poland2.8</s
item	English exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_exonyms	Below is list of English language exonyms for places in non-English-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Cyprus5 Czech Republic6 Denmark7 France8 Germany9 Greece10 Ireland11 Italy12 Netherlands13 Poland14 <span class="
item	Environmental determinism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_determinism	Environmental determinism, also known as climatic determinism, environmentalism, or the geographic factor, is the view that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture. Those who believe this view say that humans are strictly defined by stimulus-response (environment-behavior) and cannot deviate.
item	Environmental geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_geography	Environmental geography is the branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the dynamics of geology, meteorology, hydrology, biogeography, and geomorphology, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment.The links between cultural and physical geography were once more readily apparent than they are today. As human experience of the world is increasingly mediated by technology, the relationships have often become obscured.Environmental geography represents a critically important set of analytical tools for assessing the impact of human presence on the environment by measuring the result of human activity on natural landforms and cycles.[edit]See alsoHuman geographyPhysical geographyMeteorologyWeatherClimate<a href="/wiki/Image:Armillary_sphere.png"
item	Estate %28land%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_%28land%29	The term estate applies to land under ownership and as such is a generic term for a parcel of land held by an individual or family, common in early British Gentry.
item	Estonian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_exonyms	Below is list of Estonian language exonyms for places in non-Estonian-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Bulgaria5 Denmark6 Finland7 France8 Germany9 Greece10 Italy11 Latvia12 Luxembourg13 Poland<span class="to
item	Extreme point	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_point	An extreme point or an extremal point in general sense is a point that belongs to the extremity of something.In mathematics, an extreme point of a convex set S in a real vector space is a point in S which does not lie in the open line segment joining any two points of S. Intuitively, an extreme point is a "corner" of S. Compare: concave, convex.In mathematics, the term should not be confused with a similar notion of extremal point which is a point where some function attains its extremum. For example, points in the plane that have minimal or maximal X-coordinates are called extremal points in X direction. Similarly extremal points may be defined for any direction, not only in a direction of a coordinate axis.In graph theory, the leaf vertices of a tree are sometimes called extremal points or extremal vertices.In geography, an extreme (extremal) point is a point of land that extends farther in one direction than any other part of that land, which corresponds to the mathematical notion of extremal point in a given direction.See these lists of extreme points of the world.
item	French exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_exonyms	Below is list of French language exonyms for places in non-French-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Austria2 Belgium3 Cyprus4 Czech Republic5 Denmark6 Germany7 Greece8 Italy9 Malta10 Netherlands11 Poland12 Portugal13 Romania14 <span class="toctex
item	GeoComputation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoComputation	GeoComputation is an emergent paradigm for multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary research that enables the exploration of previously insoluable, extraordinarily intricate problems in geographic context.[edit]
item	Geographic references	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_references	The following is a list of sources used in the creation of encyclopedia articles on various geographic topics and locations, such as cities, counties, states, and countries. These sources are cited within the thousands of articles which link to this page.Contents1 International references2 Brazil3 Canada4 Hong Kong5 India6 Ireland7 Italy8 Norway9 United States10 References11 See also
item	Geographical renaming	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_renaming	Geographical renaming is the act of changing the name of a geographical feature or area. This can range from the uncontroversial change of a street name to a highly disputed change to the name of a country. Some names are changed locally but are not recognised by other countries, especially when there is a difference in language. Other names may not be officially recognised but remain in common use.
item	Geography and environment of New York City	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_and_environment_of_New_York_City	The geography and environment of New York City is characterized by its coastal position at the meeting of the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean in a naturally sheltered harbor. The city's geography, with its scarce available land surrounded mostly by water, is a factor in making New York the city with the highest population density in the United States. Environmental issues are chiefly concerned with managing this density, which is also a factor in making New York among the most energy efficient and least automobile-dependent cities in the United States. The city's climate is temperate.Contents1 Geography2 Climate3 Environmental issues3.1 Water supply3.2 Energy efficiency3.3 Green building3.4 Farmers' markets3.5 Air pol
item	Geoinformatics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoinformatics	Geoinformatics is a science which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address the problems of geosciences and related branches of engineering.
item	Geomatics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics	Geomatics is the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering of geographic information, or spatially referenced information.Contents1 Overview2 Applications3 See also4 International organizations in geomatics5 External links
item	Geomatics engineering	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics_engineering	Geomatics Engineering is a rapidly developing discipline that focuses on spatial information (i.e. information that has a location). The location is the primary factor used to integrate a very wide range of data for viewing and analysis. Geomatics Engineers apply engineering principles to spatial information and implement relational data structures involving measurement sciences, thus using Geomatics and acting as Spatial Information Engineers.
item	Geomorphometry	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphometry	Geomorphometry is the science of quantitative land surface analysis. It gathers various mathematical, statistical and image processing techniques that can be used to quantify morphological, hydrological, ecological and other aspects of a land surface. Common synonyms for geomorphometry are geomorphological analysis, terrain morphometry or terrain analysis and land surface analysis. In simple terms, geomorphometry aims at extracting (land) surface parameters (morphometric, hydrological, climatic etc.) and objects (watersheds, stream networks, landforms etc.) using input digital land surface model (also known as digital elevation model) and parameterization software. Extracted surface parameters and objects can then be used, for example, to improve mapping and modelling of soils, vegetation, land use, geomorphological and geological features and similar.
item	Geosophy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosophy	Geosophy is a concept introduced to geography by J.K. Wright in 1947. The word is a compound of ‘ge’ (Greek for earth) and ‘sophia’ (Greek for knowledge). Wright defined it thus:Geosophy ... is the study of geographical knowledge from any or all points of view. To geography what historiography is to history, it deals with the nature and expression of geographical knowledge both past and present—with what Whittlesey has called ‘man’s sense of [terrestrial] space’. Thus it extends far beyond the core area of scientific geographical knowledge or of geographical knowledge as otherwise systematized by geographers. Taking into account the whole peripheral realm, it covers the geographical ideas, both true and false, of all manner of people—not only geographers, but farmers and fishermen, business executives and poets, novelists and painters, Bedouins and Hottentots—and for this reason it necessarily has to do in large degree with subjective conceptions.(Wright 1947)
item	Geospatial technology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geospatial_technology	Geospatial Technology refers to technology used for visualization, measurement, and analysis of features or phenomena that occur on the earth. This terminology has become common in the United States, and is synonymous with Spatial Information Technology.&#160;This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geospatial_technology"			Categories: Technology stubs | <a href="/wiki/Category:Cartography" title="Category:Carto
item	German exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_exonyms	Below is list of German language exonyms for places in non-German-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Links to more extensive lists1.1 Belgium1.2 Czech Republic1.3 Crostia1.4 Hungary1.5 Italy1.6 Poland1.7 Slovakia1.8 Slovenia1.9 Switzerland2 List of German exonyms for places in other areas2.1 Albania<span cla
item	Greek exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_exonyms	Below is list of modern day Greek language exonyms for European places outside of Greece:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Bulgaria5 Croatia6 Czech Republic7 Denmark8 France9 Germany10 Italy11 Luxembourg12 Macedonia13 Netherlands<sp
item	Hazelwood%2C Ireland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelwood%2C_Ireland	Hazelwood is located 2 miles outside the town of Sligo in northwest Ireland, in the parish of Calry. It is the location for Yeats The Song of Wandering Aengus . The wood is beside Lough Gill, which contains Yeats' Lake Isle of Innisfree. The wood is popular among tourists for its scenic walks and for the fishing on Lough Gill.&#160;This Ireland-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelwood%2C_County_Sligo"			<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&amp;article=Hazelwood%2C_C
item	Health Impact Assessment	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Impact_Assessment	Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is defined as "a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population." (ECHP 1999, p. 4)Contents1 Overview2 Determinants of health3 Levels of HIA4 HIA practitioners5 HIA worldwide6 HIA conferences7 References8 Further reading8.1 Online/Interactive Guides to HIA8.2 Manuals and Guidelines8.3 <span
item	Health geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_geography	Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care. Initially referred to as medical geography[1] it was based on the bio-medical model of health and grounded in the logical positivism philosophy. The social or socio-ecological model, adopts a more holistic approach to disease and illness. It emphasises treatment of the whole person and not just components of the system. Under this model, new illnesses (for eg. mental ill health) are recognised, and other types of medicine (for eg. complementary or alternative medicine) are combined with traditional medicine. This alternative methodological approach meant medical geography was broadened to incorporate philosophies such as structuration, structuralism social interactionalism and f
item	History of geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geography	This article explores the history of geography.Contents1 Ancient Greek geography2 Middle Ages3 Marco Polo4 18th century5 19th century6 20th century6.1 Environmental determinism6.2 Regional geography6.3 The Quantitative revolution6.4 Critical geography7 See also8 References<span class="tocnum
item	Horizontal plane	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_plane	In astronomy, geography, geometry and related sciences and contexts, a plane is said to be horizontal at a given point if it is locally perpendicular to the gradient of the gravity field, i.e., with the direction of the gravitational force (per unit mass) at that point.
item	Horrible Geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrible_Geography	Horrible Geography is a series of books published in the UK by Scholastic. They are designed to get children interested in Geography by concentrating on the trivial, unusual, gory, or unpleasant. It is written by Anita Ganeri and illustrated by Mike Phillips.[edit]
item	Human geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography	Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the systematic study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface. It encompasses human, political, cultural, social, and economic aspects of the social sciences. While the major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth (see physical geography) it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out, and environmental geography is emerging as an important link between the two.Contents1 Disciplines of Human geography2 See also3 External links4 References
item	Hungarian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_exonyms	Below is list of Hungarian language exonyms for places outside of Hungary&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belarus4 Belgium5 Bosnia-Herzegovina6 Bulgaria7 Croatia8 Czech Republic9 Denmark10 France11 Germany12 Greece13 Italy14 <sp
item	Icelandic exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_exonyms	Below is list of Icelandic language exonyms for places in non-Icelandic-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Czech Republic5 Denmark6 France7 Germany8 Greece9 Ireland10 Italy11 Luxembourg12 Norway13 Poland14 <span c
item	Incorporation of nature within a city	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_of_nature_within_a_city	Over the centuries the roles of rivers as part of the city has altered many times from the original use for the irrigating crops in nearby fields, as well as being an essential resource in establishing a permanent settlement. However when the industrial revolution took place in the 19th century the role of the rivers in cities altered and it became a far more valuable resource as it allowed not only for the transportation of goods from town to town but also became the basis for the expansion and improvement of the trading prowess of the city. This transportation of goods was done through the construction of a canal network spreading across the country which tamed the rivers sufficiently and so therefore allowed for the movement of goods such as coal to move from place to place. Furthermore after the advancement of the railway network which now took over most of the movement of goods throughout the country, this left the rivers and canals of Britain without a role in Britain’s transport network. This allowed areas of the canal and river networks to become polluted through chemical waste and public misuse, which caused difficulties for the animals for which the river and its surrounding wetlands and marshes were their natural habitats. Yet since the 1950’s there has been a dramatic increase in the number of riverside developments which have not only brought increased money into the area but have also redeveloped and enhanced the natural environment and increased the aesthetic qualities of these areas on the whole.
item	Index of Multiple Deprivation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation	'The Index of Multiple Deprivation' 2004 (IMD 2004) is a measure of multiple deprivation at the small area level, it is unique in its inclusion of a measure of geographical access as an element of deprivation and in its direct measure of poverty (through data on benefit receipts). The IMD 2004 is based on the idea of distinct dimensions of deprivation which can be recognised and measured separately. These are then combined into a single overall measure. The Index is made up of seven distinct dimensions of deprivation called Domain Indices. These relate to:IncomeThe purpose of this Domain is to capture the proportions of the population experiencing income deprivation in an area.EmploymentThis Domain measures employment deprivation by considering people of working age who are involuntarily excluded from the world of work, either through unemployment. ill health or family circumstances.Health and disabilityThis Domain identifies areas with relatively high rates of people who die prematurely or whose quality of life is impaired by poor health or who are disabled, across the whole population.Education, skills and training.The purpose of the Domain is to capture the extent of deprivation in education, skills and training in a local area. The indicators fall into two sub-domains: one relating to lack of attainment among children and young people and one relating to lack of qualifications in terms of skills. These two sub-domains are designed to reflect the ‘flow’ and ‘stock’ of educational disadvantage wi
item	International Geographical Union	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geographical_Union	The International Geographical Union (Union Géographique Internationale; IGU / UGI) was founded in Brussels, Belgium, in 1922. The Union has 34 Commissions and four task forces. The commissions range from Applied Geography, Gender Geography, Marine Geography, as well as Landscape Analysis and Water Sustainability.Contents1 Objectives2 Presidents3 Secretaries-General and Treasurers4 References5 External links
item	Isodapane	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodapane	Isodapane is a similar term to the geographical term isotherm. It was introduced by Alfred Weber. It means "equal cost", used in industrial and economic geography. It is a theoretical tool used to assist in finding the optimal location for industry.
item	Italian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_exonyms	Below is list of Italian language exonyms for places in non-Italian-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Croatia5 Czech Republic6 Denmark7 France8 Germany9 Greece10 Hungary11 Ireland12 Lithuania13 Luxembourg14 <
item	Janca	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janca	Janca is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is located in the frozen heights where the condor lives.Condor flying in The Colca Canyon, Arequipa, Peru.
item	Junin National Reservation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junin_National_Reservation	The Junin National Reservation is located in Junin. One of its main purposes is to protect the ecosystem and biodiversity of Junin lake.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junin_National_Reservation"			Categories: IUCN Category II | Peru | Geography of Peru | National Reservations of Peru | World Heritage Sites in Peru																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Junin_N
item	Land surface	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_surface	Land surface (ground surface) is the upper surface of the solid earth. It is formed by interchanging geological (migration of tectonic plates, faulting and faulting, volcanic eruptions), erosional (water and wind erosion, landslides) and extra-terrestrial (falls of meteors) processes and events. Land surface is, by its nature, fractal, anisotropic and non-periodic. This means that similar shapes and properties of land surface can be observed at various scales and in various directions. Land surface can be rather smooth but also very rough and dissected and complex. Areas of land surface that have relatively homogeneous morphometric properties are called landforms. Land surface is the object of study of geomorphology, geomorphometry, geology and similar geo sciences.
item	Latvian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_exonyms	Below is list of Latvian language exonyms for places in non-Latvian-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Bulgaria5 Denmark6 Estonia7 France8 Germany9 Greece10 Italy11 Lithuania12 Luxembourg13 Netherlands<span
item	List of European exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_exonyms	Below is a list with links to further Wikipedia-pages containing lists of exonyms of various European languages for villages, towns, and cities in Europe.Albanian exonymsBulgarian exonymsCroatian exonymsCzech exonymsDanish exonymsDutch exonymsEstonian exonymsGerman exonymsGreek exonymsEnglish exonymsFinnish exonymsFrench exonymsHungarian exonymsIcelandic exonymsItalian exonymsLatvian exonymsLithuanian exonymsNorwegian exonymsPolis
item	List of multilingual countries and regions	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multilingual_countries_and_regions	Main article: Multilingualism
item	Lithuanian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_exonyms	Below is list of Lithuanian language exonyms for places in non-Lithuanian-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:
item	Local administrative unit	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_administrative_unit	Generally, a local administrative unit (LAU) is an area of governmental administration below a province, region, state or other major national subdivision. Not all countries will use this term, but it can be descriptively applied anywhere.
item	Lomas de Lachay	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomas_de_Lachay	The Lomas de Lachay is a national reserve in the foothills of the Huaral Province in Lima. The reserve is located 105 km (65 miles) north from the capital Lima and features a unique mist-fed ecosystem of wild plant and animal species. The National Reserve of Lachay was established June 21, 1977 by means of Supreme Law #310-77-AG. It expands across an area of 520.7 square kilometres. Its main purpose is to restore and protect the ecosystem of the Lomas de Lachay (Lachay hills).The hills are a result of a combination of coastal climate factors, and subject to a peculiar geography. They originate from the primary spurring of the Andes, a location where they contact the clouds which cover the area the majority of the year. There are two distinct seasons in Lachay: the humid season (which is the most important), from approximately June to November and the dry season, from December to May. The first season is emphasized due to its ability to give life to the green vegetation and attract the fauna of the region, while the second season is noted for presenting a drying process which ends when the first fog appears in the fall.In the Lomas de Lachay (Lachay Hills) there are 74 plant species registered, among them 25 are on their way to extinction. Among the most notable, you will find the Peruvian papaya (Carica candicans), (Capparis prisca), (Caesalpinia tinctoria) and the nettle (Lo
item	User:Mappychris	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mappychris	Mappychris (born July 19, 1988) is a Massachusetts-born American student of geography and Wikipedian.
item	Metropolis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis	A metropolis (in Greek metera = mother and polis = city/town) is a major city, in most cases with a population of at least one million inside its urban area, or at least, over half million inhabitants in the city proper. It must be regarded as a significant economical, political and cultural center for some country or region, and is usually an important hub for international connections and communications. The plural of the word is metropolises.
item	Natural environment	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment	Devil's Punchbowl Waterfall, New Zealand.
item	Northern Hemisphere	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere	The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet's surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball'). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and about 88-90% of the population.
item	Northernmost settlements	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northernmost_settlements	Some of the northernmost settlements in the world are:Alert, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada 82°28' N — Pop. 5Nord, Greenland, Denmark 81°43' N — Pop. 4Eureka, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada 79°59' N — Pop. 0Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway 78°55' N — Pop. 30Pyramiden (Russian), Svalbard, Norway 78°50' N — Pop. 0 (abandoned)Etah, Greenland 78° 19' N, 72° 38' W - Pop. 0 (abandoned)Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway 78°12' N — Pop. 1,700Barentsburg (Russian), Svalbard, Norway 78°04' N — Pop. 950Sveagruva, Svalbard, Norway 77°55' N — Pop. 200<li
item	Norwegian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_exonyms	Below is list of Norwegian language exonyms for places outside of Norway&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Belgium3 Czech Republic4 Finland5 Germany6 Greece7 Italy8 Lithuania9 Poland10 Russia11 See also
item	Omagua	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omagua	Omagua or Low Jungle is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is located between 80 and 400 m above sea level in the Amazon rainforest. In this region, there are a lot of rivers that create meanders, swamps and lagoons.
item	Pacaya%E2%80%93Samiria National Reservation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaya%E2%80%93Samiria_National_Reservation	The Pacaya–Samiria National Reservation is located in Loreto. Its main purpose is to preserve the ecosystems of the Omagua Region and to promote the indigenous towns.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaya%E2%80%93Samiria_National_Reservation"			Categories: IUCN Category II | Peru | Geography of Peru | National Reservations of Peru | World Heritage Sites in Peru																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edi
item	Pampa Galeras %E2%80%93 Barbara D%E2%80%99Achille	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampa_Galeras_%E2%80%93_Barbara_D%E2%80%99Achille	Pampa Galeras – Barbara D’Achille is located in Ayacucho and it is the habitat of the vicuña.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampa_Galeras_%E2%80%93_Barbara_D%E2%80%99Achille"			Categories: IUCN Category II | Peru | Geography of Peru | National Reservations of Peru | World Heritage Sites in Peru																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page			
item	Pantasma	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantasma	Pantasma is a region in the north of Nicaragua. In the Miskito language the word Pantasma means small humans or flat head. The Spanish word Fantasma (Galego: Pantasma) origins from the Greek Phantasma and means ghost.
item	Paracas National Reservation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_National_Reservation	The Paracas National Reservation is located in Ica. Its main purpose is to preserve the sea ecosystem and protect the historical - cultural heritage.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_National_Reservation"			Categories: IUCN Category II | Peru | Geography of Peru | National Reservations of Peru | World Heritage Sites in Peru																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History				
item	Peneplain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peneplain	A peneplain is final stage in fluvial or stream erosion. After the streams in an area have reached base level, lateral erosion is dominant as the streams erode the highland areas between them. Finally, virtually all of the upland is gone and the stream floodplains merge in an area of very low to no topographic relief. Essentially the result is a flat plain which is the ultimate stage in the cycle of erosion or geographical cycle. The streams within a peneplained region show extensive meandering and braiding. If the area is subsequently uplifted due to adjacent orogenic processes without internal deformation within the peneplain, the streams will again begin downward erosion and create incised meanders, water gaps, and other unique geomorphic features. The concept was developed by the early geomorphologists William Morris Davis and Walther Penck in the early 1900s.&#160;This article relating to a topographical term is a <a href="/w
item	Physical geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography	Physical geography or physiography is a subfield of geography that focuses on the systematic study of patterns and processes within the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. It aims to understand the physical layout of the Earth, its weather and global flora and fauna patterns. Many areas of physical geography make use of geology, particularly in the study of weathering and erosion. The geology of other planets is discussed at Geological features of the solar system.
item	Physiographic regions of Peru	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_Peru	When the Spanish arrived, they divided Peru (because of political reasons) in three main regions: the Coastal reigon, that is bounded by the Pacific Ocean; the Highlands, that is located on the Andean Heights, and the Jungle, that is located on the Amazonian Jungle. But Javier Pulgar Vidal, a geographer who studied the biogeographic reality of the Peruvian territory for a long time, proposed the creation of eight Natural Regions. In 1941, the III General Assembly of the Pan-American Institute of Geography and History approved this motion.
item	Pickle Lake%2C Ontario	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickle_Lake%2C_Ontario	Pickle Lake, Ontario, Canada is the most northerly Ontario community that has year-round access by road, located 530 kilometers north of Thunder Bay, Ontario. This access is provided by Highway 599, the only access road to the town from the south. More northerly communities rely on winter roads for access and are cut off to land travel in the summer. Highway 599 meets the Northern Ontario Resource Trail (formerly Tertiary Highway 808) at Pickle Lake.Area code: +(00)1-807Contents1 Nearest places2 Media2.1 Radio Stations2.2 TV Stations3 External links
item	Place names considered unusual	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_names_considered_unusual	There are many unusual place names throughout the world. The study of placenames is known as Toponymy.Types of placenames often seen as unusual include:Names with unorthodox spelling or sound.Names which are extremely short (e.g., one-letter names) or extremely long.Names that describe something that is commonly not a geographical location.calendar-related namesnumerical namesInterrogative pronoun namesFor places with names that match or resemble the name of another much better known place, see List of misleading place names.Many place names that appear odd to English-speakers are from other languages. Often they are either meaningless or innocuous in their own tongue. Well known examples of this are the town of Condom, France, and the village of Fucking, Austria.Some parts of the world have been seen as places which are famous for a large number of unusual names such as Dorset [1] in England; Ireland [2]; Antarctica [3]; Alberta <sup id="_ref-3" class="refer
item	Polish exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_exonyms	Below is list of Polish language exonyms for places in non-Polish-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Links to more extensive lists1.1 Belarus1.2 Germany1.3 Ukraine2 List of Polish exonyms for places in other areas2.1 Albania2.2 Austria2.3 Belarus2.4 Belgium2.5 Bulgaria2.6 Croatia2.7 Czech Republic<li class
item	Portage	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage	Portage refers to the practice of carrying a canoe or other boat over land to avoid an obstacle on the water route (such as rapids or a waterfall in a river), or between two bodies of water. Places where this carrying occurs are also called portage.
item	Portuguese exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_exonyms	Below is list of Portuguese language exonyms for places in non-Portuguese-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Bulgaria5 Czech Republic6 Denmark7 Finland8 France9 Germany10 Greece11 Ireland12 Italy13 Luxembourg<a href="
item	Puna %28Geography%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_%28Geography%29	Puna is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. The Puna region is surrounded by high plateaus and andean cliffs. The region has a cold climate. It is situated between 3,500 and 4,100m above sea level. Morning temperatures are positive but at night it drops below 0ºC.Lamas, a fauna species of this Region
item	Quechua %28Geography%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_%28Geography%29	Quechua is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is located between the 2 300 and 3 500 m above the sea level. It is composed by big valleys that are divided by rivers. These rivers are kept thanks to the estival rains.Passionflower or Granadilla, a flora species.
item	Region	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region	Region can be used to mean:Any considerable and connected part of a space or surface; specifically, a tract of land or sea of considerable but indefinite extent; a country; a district; in a broad sense, a place without special reference to location or extent but viewed as an entity for geographical, social or cultural reasons. The proper techniques of space delimitation covers regionalization.the equatorial regionsthe temperate regionsthe polar regionsthe upper regions of the atmosphereAn administrative subdivision of a city, a territory, a country or the European Union.The geographically-specific encoding present on many commercially-produced DVDs.(historical) Such a division of the city of Rome and of the territory about Rome, of which the number varied at different times; a district, quarter, or ward.(figuratively) The inhabitants of a region or district of a country.(anatomy) A place in or a part
item	Regional geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_geography	Regional geography is a study of regions of all sizes across the Earth. It has a prevailing descriptive character. The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region which consists of natural as well as human elements. Attention is paid also to regionalization which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions.Regional geography is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences (similar to quantitative geography or bunch of critical geographies). This approach to study was prevailing during the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century also known as a period of prevailing regional geography paradigm when regional geography took the central position in geographical sciences. It was later criticised for its descriptiveness and the lack of theory (regional geography as an empirical approach of geographical sciences). Massive criticism was leveled against this approach in the fifties and during the quantitative revolution. Main critics were Kimble[1] and Schaefer[2].Notable regional geographers were Alfred Hettner from Germany with his concept of chorology, Vidal de la Blache from France with the possibilism approach (possibilism as a softer notion of <a href="/wiki/Environm
item	Romanian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_exonyms	Below is list of Romanian language exonyms for places in non-Romanian-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Austria2 Belgium3 Czech Republic4 Denmark5 Estonia6 Germany7 Greece8 Hungary9 Italy10 Netherlands11 Poland12 Portugal13 Russia14 <span c
item	Rupa-Rupa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupa-Rupa	Rupa-Rupa or High Jungle is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is located between 400 and 1 000 m above the sea level. This region has lots of narrow and long valleys and fluvial mountain trails (also called pongos). The weather is warm, humid and rainy.Jaguar or Otorongo, a fauna species from the Rupa-Rupa Region.
item	Russian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_exonyms	Below is a list of Russian language exonyms for places in Europe. Note that this list only includes names that are significantly different from the local toponym.
item	Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reservation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinas_and_Aguada_Blanca_National_Reservation	The Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reservations are located in Arequipa and Moquegua. Their main purpose is to preserve the flora, fauna and the landscapes formation.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinas_and_Aguada_Blanca_National_Reservation"			Categories: IUCN Category II | Geography of Peru | National Reservations of Peru | World Heritage Sites in Peru																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 <a href="/w/index.php?title
item	San Jos%C3%A9 de Suaita	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Suaita	San Jose de SuaitaKnight falls
item	SeaLand Isle	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaLand_Isle	SeaLand Isle is the name given to an area of approximately 6,000,000 square nautical miles (21,000,000&#160;km²) in the East Pacific Ocean claimed by Deepsea Ventures, Inc., Gloucester, Virginia, USA. The project is the creation of actor Bob Schott who appeared in the Clint Eastwood motion picture The Line of Fire.Contents1 Exact location2 Claim to property3 Claimant4 Mapping of claim5 Conflict of claims6 Law of the Sea7 Deeds8 External links
item	Slovak exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_exonyms	Below is list of Slovak language exonyms for places in non-Slovak-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Croatia5 Denmark6 France7 Germany8 Greece9 Hungary10 Italy11 Luxembourg12 Moldova13 Netherlands14 P
item	Slovenian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_exonyms	Below is list of Slovenian language exonyms for places outside of Slovenia&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria2.1 Carinthia3 Belgium4 Croatia5 Cyprus6 Czech Republic7 Denmark8 France9 Germany10 Greece11 Hungary12 Italy13 <span class
item	Southern Hemisphere	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere	The Southern Hemisphere is the half of a planet's surface (or celestial sphere) that is south of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball').
item	Southernmost settlements	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southernmost_settlements	The southernmost settlements in the world, excluding research bases in Antarctica (there are already permanent settlements there), are:LocationLatitudePopulation (hab.)Puerto Toro, Chile55.1° Saround 50Puerto Williams, Chile54.9º S2,400Ushuaia, Argentina54.83º S50,000Grytviken, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands54.3º Sup to 18Río Grande, Argentina53.8º S60,000Punta Arenas, Chile53.17º S125,000[edit]
item	Spanish exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_exonyms	Below is list of Spanish language exonyms for places in non-Spanish-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Austria3 Belgium4 Bulgaria5 Czech Republic6 Denmark7 Estonia8 France9 Germany10 Greece11 Italy12 Lithuania13 Luxembourg<a href="#Nethe
item	Spatial data analysis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_data_analysis	Spatial data analysis is a quantitative approach to geographical analysis that applies rigorous statistical techniques to geographic data, to ultimately analyze why phenomena occurs in particular places, and what dynamic factors are key. Spatial data analysis goes beyond the basic analytical capabilities available in Geographic Information Systems, with separate tools providing extended ability to use techniques including spatial regression and geographically-weighted regression (GWR).[edit]
item	Spatial epidemiology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_epidemiology	Spatial epidemiology is the study of the spatial distribution of disease.&#160;This geographical term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.This health-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Science-symbol-2.png/30px-Science-symbol-2.png" a
item	Subtropics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics	The subtropics refers to the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the two tropic zones, which are bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, at latitude 23.5 ° north and south. The term 'subtropics' describes the climatic region found adjacent to the tropics, closer to either the north or south pole latitudinal.
item	Suni %28Geography%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suni_%28Geography%29	Suni or Jalca is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is located between 3,500 and 4,100 metres above sea level. Suni has a dry and cold weather and there are many glacial valleys.
item	Swedish exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_exonyms	Below is list of Swedish language exonyms for places in non-Swedish-speaking areas of Europe&#160;:Contents1 Albania2 Belgium3 Czech Republic4 Denmark5 Estonia6 Finland7 Germany8 Greece9 Italy10 Luxembourg11 Poland12 Portugal13 Romania14 <span class
item	Template:Location grid	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_grid	Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_grid"			Categories: Geographic coordinate systems | Geography-related lists | Geography																Views						 Template				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account											 if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); 		<div
item	Template:Location grid2	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_grid2	Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_grid2"			Categories: Geographic coordinate systems | Geography-related lists | Geography																Views						 Template				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account											 if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); </script
item	The world%27s most northern	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_world%27s_most_northern	//[edit]City lifeTromsø July 2003. The university is on the island, near the center of the picture.Capital (of an independent nation): Reykjavík, Iceland (64°08′N 21°56′W)Town: Longyearbyen, Svalbard (78°13′N 15°33′E)City: Hammerfest, Norway (70°39′N)100,000 population city: Norilsk, Russia (69°21′N)Million population city: S
item	The world%27s most southern	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_world%27s_most_southern	//[edit]City lifeCapital: Wellington, New Zealand, 41°17′S 174°47′EAdministrative Centre: Port Stanley, Falkland Islands,Big City: Punta Arenas, Chile, 53°10′S 70°56′WCity: Ushuaia, Argentina, 54°48′S 68°18′WHabitation: Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica, 90°00′00" SCricket ground: Stewart Island, New ZealandHotel: Ushuaia, Argentina, 54°48′S 68°18′WMcDonald's Restaurant: Punta Arenas, ChileMedieval stone castle: Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, 20°16′S 30°54′EMilli
item	Thematic map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_map	Maps come in a variety of formats. A thematic map (also called a statistical or special purpose map) displays the spatial pattern of a theme or series of attributes. In contrast to reference maps which show many geographic features (forests, roads, political boundaries), thematic maps emphasize spatial variation of one or a small number of geographic distributions. These distributions may be physical phenomena such as climate or human characteristics such as population density and health issues. These types of maps are sometimes referred to as graphic essays that portray spatial variations and interrelationships of geographical distributions. Location, of course, is also important to provide a reference base of where selected phenomena are occurring. Barbara B. Petchenik described the difference as "in place, about space." While general reference maps show where something is in space, thematic maps tell a story about that place.Contents1 A Brief History of Maps2 Examples of Early Thematic Cartographers3 Uses of Thematic Maps4 Displaying Data5 Methods of thematic mapping6 References</tabl
item	Third World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World	Third World is a term first coined in 1952 by French demographer Alfred Sauvy to distinguish nations that aligned themselves with neither the West nor with the Soviet Bloc during the Cold War. Today, however, the term is frequently used to denote nations with a low UN Human Development Index (HDI), independent of their political status (meaning that the PRC, Russia and Brazil, all of which were very strongly aligned during the Cold War, are often termed third world). However, there is no objective definition of Third World or "Third World country" and the use of the term remains common. Some in academia see it as being out of date, colonialist, othering and inaccurate; its use has continued, however <a href="http://web108.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+973E2CB5%2D2D86%2D4911%2D8D7D%2D712B45978DA0%40sessionmgr6+dbs+buh+cp+1+1E81&amp;_us=sel+False+frn+1+sl+0+hs+True+cst+0%3B1%3B2%3B3%3B4%3B6%3B7%3B9%3B10+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+mdbs+buh+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAAGEGB00032528+2EB5&amp;_uso=hd+False+tg%5B0+%2D+st%5B0+%2DThird++World+db%5B0+%2Dbuh+op%5B0+%2D+2CC6&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=3" class="external autonumber" title="http://web108.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+973E2CB5%2D2D86%2D4911%2D8D7D%2D712B45978DA0%40sessionmgr6+dbs+buh+cp+1+1E81&amp;_us=sel+False+frn+1+sl+0+hs+True+cst+0%3B1%3B2
item	Titicaca National Reservation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titicaca_National_Reservation	The Titicaca National Reservation is located in Puno. Its main purpose is to preserve the ecosystems and landscapes of the Titicaca lake.The Uros floating island on Lake Titicaca, Puno, Peru.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titicaca_National_Reservation"			Categories: IUCN Category II | Peru | Geography of Peru | National Reservations of Peru | <
item	Turan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan	Turan (in Persian: توران) is the ancient Iranian name for the Eastern nomads. In modern discourse, it is primarily an ideological term designating Turkic, Mongolic and Finno-Ugric languages and people more or less indiscriminately, implying a common ancestry and common culture of the various ethnicities in question.[citation&#160;needed]Contents1 Turan in Iranian literature1.1 Avesta1.2 Shahnameh2 Turan in modern literature2.1 Geography2.2 Linguistics2.3 Ideology2.4 <span class="toct
item	UNIGIS	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIGIS	UNIGIS is a worldwide network of universities cooperating since 1990 in the design, development and delivery of distance learning in Geographical Information Science and Systems. The UNIGIS network offers Postgraduate Certificate, Diploma and Master's courses, following the mission of 'Educating GIS Professionals Worldwide'.
item	Ukrainian exonyms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_exonyms	Below is a list of Ukrainian language exonyms for places in Europe. Note that this list only includes names that are significantly different from the local toponym.
item	Vertical direction	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_direction	In astronomy, geography, geometry and related sciences and contexts, a direction passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it is locally aligned with the gradient of the gravity field, i.e., with the direction of the gravitational force (per unit mass) at that point.[edit]
item	World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World	World is primarily referring to planet Earth, especially when capitalized the World. Unlike the term "earth", "world" (like the term international and the adjective of globe, global) is used in combination with the core topics describing our world society or world community.Contents1 Origin and history of the name2 History3 Government4 Law5 Politics6 Geography and climate7 Economy8 Demographics9 Language10 Culture<span class="tocnumb
item	World Systems Theory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Systems_Theory	Unlike former sociological theories, which presented general models of social change with particular focus at the societal level, world-systems theory (or world system perspective) explores the role and relationships between societies (and the subsequent changes produced by them). A theory primarily developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, Samir Amin, Giovanni Arrighi and Andre Gunder Frank in response to the many new activities in the capitalist world-economy during the mid 1970s, world-systems theory is derived from two key intellectual sources, the neo-Marxist literature on development and the French Annales School and Fernand Braudel.
item	Yunga	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunga	The Yunga is one of eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is formed by valleys, fluvial mountain trails and streams where people cultivate native plants like the Canistel or eggfruit tree, the lucumo tree, the cherimoya or chirimoyo, the guava or guayabo and the avocado or palto. Citrus cultivation is also common besides sugar cane.
item	List of basic geographical topics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_geographical_topics	Below is a list of basic topics in geography -- topics which will help the beginner become familiar with the field of geography. For a comprehensive list, see List of geographical topics.This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
item	List of bands named after places	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bands_named_after_places	This is a list of notable bands named after real or fictional places. Bands whose names vary slightly (for example, in spelling, pluralization, or the addition of relatively insignificant terms such as determiners, prepositions, numerals, and synonyms of band) from those of their namesakes are included. Bands named after non-places which are in turn named after places are also included. (The "named after" relation is assumed to be transitive.) Bands with names of places as part of their names (only), such as Hanoi Rocks and The Presidents of the United States of America, are excluded. Bands named after types of places, such as Mountain and Skid Row, are also excluded.
item	List of islands of Central America	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America	This is a list of islands of Central America.Islands of BelizeIslands of Costa RicaIslands of El SalvadorIslands of HondurasIslands of NicaraguaIslands of PanamaRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America"			Category: Geography-related lists																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_islan
item	Lists of countries	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_countries	
item	List of cities and towns in East Prussia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_East_Prussia	List of cities and towns in East Prussia, as used before 1945:
item	List of lakes in Estonia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Estonia	This is a list of lakes in Estonia.
item	Islands of the Turks and Caicos	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since April 2006.
item	List of African territories and states by date of colonization	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_territories_and_states_by_date_of_colonization	This is a list of the dates when African states were made colonies or protectorates of European powers and lost their independence. It only deals with modern times, thus the expansion of the Ancient Greeks, Roman Empire, and barbarian tribes into Africa is ignored. A number of regions such as the Congo and the Sahara Desert had no organized states and it is almost impossible to tell when, or if, these areas ever became controlled by Europeans.
item	List of major geographic bodies%2C ordered according to area	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_geographic_bodies%2C_ordered_according_to_area	List of major geographic bodies, ordered according to area
item	List of municipalities in Asturias by population	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Asturias_by_population	Data from INE (Statistic National Institute), 20041Gijón266.41940Candamo2.5232Oviedo201.15441Riosa2.5103Avilés83.18542Boal2.3954Siero47.89043Allande2.3955Mieres47.71944Cabrales2.3236Langreo45.73145Muros de Nalón2.1787Castrillón22.50146Belmonte de Miranda2.1598San Martín del Rey Aurelio20.24747Regueras, Las2.1459<a href="/wiki/Cangas_del_Narcea
item	List of oil-consuming states	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil-consuming_states	Countries in decreasing order of oil consumption. (Barrels per day, as of 2003.)United States20,033,504Japan5,578,386China5,550,000Germany2,677,443Russia2,675,000India2,320,000Canada2,193,263South Korea2,168,128Brazil2,100,000France2,059,843Mexico2,015,232Italy1,874,380Saudi Arabia1,775,000United Kingdom1,722,419Spain1,544,260Iran1,425,000Indonesia1,155,000[edit]
item	List of old roads in Kuala Lumpur	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_old_roads_in_Kuala_Lumpur	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since April 2006.
item	List of regions bordering other regions	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_bordering_other_regions	Contents1 Boundaries1.1 Continents1.2 Countries1.3 Dependencies1.4 Oceans1.5 Seas2 See also3 External links
item	List of surface features of Mars seen by the Opportunity rover	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_seen_by_the_Opportunity_rover	The following is a list of surface features of Mars seen by the Opportunity rover:Argo (crater)Eagle (crater)Endurance (crater)Erebus (crater)Fram (crater)Heat Shield RockMeridiani PlanumSinus MeridianiVictoria (crater)Vostok (crater)Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_seen_by_the_Opportunity_rover"			Categories: Geography-related lists | Surface features of Mars | Mars Exploration Rover			<!-
item	List of surface features of Mars seen by the Spirit rover	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_seen_by_the_Spirit_rover	The following is a list of surface features of Mars seen by the Spirit rover:Adirondack (Mars)Apollo 1 HillsBonneville (crater)Columbia HillsGrissom HillGusev craterHome Plate (Mars)Husband HillLarry's LookoutMcCool HillSleepy Hollow (Mars)Thira (crater)Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_seen_by_the_Spirit_rover"			Categories: Geography-related lists | Surface features of Mars | <a href=
item	List of cities and towns in the Neumark	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Neumark	List of cities and towns in the Neumark, as used before 1945.City/TownDistrict (Kreis)Pop. in 1939Polish nameArnswaldeArnswalde11,738ChoszcznoBärwaldeKönigsberg/Nm.3,580MieszkowiceBerlinchenSoldin7,621BarlinekBernsteinArnswalde/Soldin2,728PełczyceBobersbergCrossen1,122BobrowiceCrossenCrossen7,526Krosno OdrzańskieDramburgDramburg7,301Drawsko
item	List of oil-producing states	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil-producing_states	This is a list of states that extract crude oil from oil wells.Contents1 Africa2 Asia3 Australasia4 Europe5 Persian Gulf6 North America7 Central America and the Caribbean8 South America9 See also10 External links
item	List of places in the United States with an official population less than 10	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_the_United_States_with_an_official_population_less_than_10	This is a list of census-designated places in the United States where the population was recorded as fewer than 10 in the 2000 census.Point of Rocks, Wyoming, pop 3East Blythe, California, pop 3North Red River Township, Minnesota, pop 3Rulien Township, Minnesota, pop 3Hush Lake, Minnesota, pop 3Pfeiffer Lake, Minnesota, pop 3Livermore, New Hampshire, pop 3Hillsview, South Dakota, pop 3Hobart Bay, Alaska, pop 3This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_in_the_United_States_with_an
item	List of topics related to current Polish territories	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_current_Polish_territories	This is a list of topics relating to current Polish territories, which at some point of history were a part of Germany, by Wikipedia page.Contents1 History of territories2 History of cities3 Famous people born in Poland4 Organisations
item	Lists of informal regions	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_informal_regions	This is a list of lists of "unofficial" (i.e. non-administrative) regions by country:List of regions of AustraliaList of regions of CanadaList of regions in IndiaList of regions of JapanList of regions of the United States and historic regions of the United StatesList of traditional regions of SlovakiaTraditional regions of UkraineRegions of LithuaniaList of historical regions of Central EuropeTraditional districts of Norway and Regions of NorwayTraditional districts of Denmark and Lands of Denmark<a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinc
item	List of Sierra Nevada topics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sierra_Nevada_topics	This is a list of Sierra Nevada topics, about the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. Please see Sierra Nevada for alternative meanings. See also: List of guidebooks about the Sierra Nevada.Contents1 Principal Mountains2 Counties in the Sierra3 Principal rivers and lakes4 Other natural features5 National parks and monuments6 National forests7 Wilderness areas8 Trails and routes
item	List of trivia lists	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trivia_lists	//[edit]Material[edit]General intellectual[edit]Mathematics[edit]Trivia for mathematiciansList of matricesList of groups[edit]Linguistic[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_trivia_lists&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" ti
item	Wikimedia Commons	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons	Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid BeelsThe Wikimedia Commons (English homepage; also called "Commons" or "Wikicommons") is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. It is another project of the Wikimedia Foundation like Wikipedia, but one that is a common resource repository to all the various Wikimedia sister projects regardless of language.Files uploaded to the Commons repository can be used like locally uploaded files on all other projects on the Wikimedia servers in all languages, including Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikisource and Wikinews, or indeed downloaded for offsite use, as all of the content is either in the public domain or released under fr
item	Geography of Albania	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Albania	Albania has a total area of 28,750 square kilometers. It shares a 287-kilometre border with Serbia and Montenegro to the north, a 151-kilometre border with the Republic of Macedonia to the north and east, and a 282-kilometre border with Greece to the south and southeast. Its coastline is 362 kilometres long. The lowlands of the west face the Adriatic Sea and the strategically important Strait of Otranto, which puts less than 100 kilometers of water between Albania and the heel of the Italian "boot" (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea).
item	Geography of Afghanistan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan	Afghanistan is located in Central Asia and specifically upon the geologic Iranian plateau, and is 647,500km² (similar to the Australian state of New South Wales, or the Canadian province of Manitoba, and slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Texas). The country is landlocked and mountainous, containing most of the Hindu Kush. There are four major rivers in the country: Amu Darya, Hari Rud, and the Kabul and Helmand Rivers.
item	Geography of Algeria	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria	Algeria comprises 2,381,741 square kilometers of land, more than four-fifths of which is desert, in northern Africa, between Morocco and Tunisia. It is the second largest country in Africa, after Sudan. Its Arabic name, Al Jazair (the islands), derives from the name of the capital Algiers (Al Jazair in Arabic), after the small islands formerly found in its harbor. It has a long Mediterranean coastline. The northern portion, an area of mountains, valleys, and plateaus between the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara Desert, forms an integral part of the section of North Africa known as the Maghrib. This area includes Morocco, Tunisia, and the northwestern portion of Libya known historically as Tripolitania.
item	Geography of American Samoa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_American_Samoa	This article describes the geography of American Samoa.Tutuila Island - NASA NLT Landsat 7 (Visible Color) Satellite ImageLocationOceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about two thirds of the way from Hawaii to New ZealandGeographic coordinates14°20′S 170°0′WMap referencesOceaniaAreaTotal: 199 km²Land: 199 km²Water: 0 km²Note: Includes Rose At
item	Geography of Andorra	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Andorra	ReferencesThis article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain. (2000)This article contains material from the US Department of State's Background Notes which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain. (2003)
item	Geography of Angola	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Angola	Angola is located on the South Atlantic Coast of West Africa between Namibia and the Republic of the Congo. It also is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia to the east. The country is divided into an arid coastal strip stretching from Namibia to Luanda; a wet, interior highland; a dry savanna in the interior south and southeast; and rain forest in the north and in Cabinda. The Zambezi River and several tributaries of the Congo River have their sources in Angola. The coastal strip is tempered by the cool Benguela current, resulting in a climate similar to coastal Peru or Baja California. There is a short rainy season lasting from February to April. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are mild. The interior highlands have a mild climate with a rainy season from November through April followed by a cool dry season from May to October. Elevations generally range from 3,000 to 6,000 feet (900 to 1,800 m). The far north and Cabinda enjoy rain throughout much of the year.
item	Geography of Anguilla	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Anguilla	This article describes the geography of Anguilla.LocationCaribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, east of Puerto RicoGeographic coordinates18°15′N 63°10′WMap referencesCentral America and the CaribbeanAreaTotal: 102 km²Land: 102 km²Water: 0 km²Area - comparativeAbout half the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries0 kmCoastline61 kmMaritime claimsExclusive fishing zone: 200 nmTerritorial sea: 3 nmClimateTropical moderated by northeast trade windsTerrainflat and low-lying island of coral and limestoneElevation extremesLowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 mHighest point: Crocus Hill 65 mNatural resources<a href="/wiki/Salt" titl
item	Geography of Antigua and Barbuda	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda	Antigua and Barbuda lie in the eastern arc of the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Caribbean Sea. Antigua is 650 km southeast of Puerto Rico; Barbuda lies 48 km due north of Antigua, and the uninhabited island of Redonda is 56 km southwest of Antigua. The largest island, Antigua, is 21 km across and 281 km² in area, or about two-thirds the size of New York City. Barbuda covers 161 km², while Redonda encompasses a mere 2.6 km². The capital of Antigua and Barbuda is St. John's, located at St. John's Harbour on the northwest coast of Antigua. The principal city of Barbuda is Codrington, located on Codrington Lagoon.
item	Geography of Argentina	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Argentina	Argentina is a country in southern South America, situated between the Andes in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast and Chile in the west.Argentina is the second largest country of South America after Brazil and the 8th largest country in the world. Its total area is approximately 2.7 million km². Argentina claims a section of Antarctica (Argentine Antarctica) but has agreed to suspend sovereignty disputes in the region as a signatory to the Antarctic Treaty. Argentina also asserts claims to several South Atlantic islands administered by the United Kingdom.Contents1 Area1.1 Claims2 Boundaries3 Geographical zones<a href="#C
item	Geography of Armenia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia	Modern-day Armenia is a landlocked country in Asia Minor, between the Black and Caspian Seas, bordered on the north and east by Georgia and Azerbaijan and on the south and west by Iran and Turkey.
item	Geography of Aruba	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Aruba	This article describes the geography of Aruba.LocationCaribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of VenezuelaGeographic coordinates12°30′N 69°58′WMap referencesCentral America and the CaribbeanAreaTotal: 193 km²Land: 193 km²Water: 0 km²Land boundaries0 kmCoastline68.5 kmMaritime claimsTerritorial sea: 12 nmClimateTropical marine; little seasonal temperature variationTerrainFlat with a few hills; scant vegetationElevation extremesLowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 mHighest point: Mount Jamanota 188 mBest known: Hooiberg 165 m (541 ft)Natural resourcesNegligible; white sandy beachesLand useArable land: 10.53% (including aloe 0.01%)Permanent crops: 0%Other: 89.47% (1998 est.)Irrigated land0.01 sq km (1998 est.)Natural hazardsWhile Aruba barely lies within the Caribbean hurricane b
item	Geography of Australia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Australia	The geography of Australia encompasses a wide variety of biogeographic regions being the world's smallest continent but the sixth-largest country. The population of Australia is concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts.Australia is in a continental tectonic plate of the Indo-Australian Plate.Contents1 Physical geography1.1 Geology1.2 Hydrology2 Political geography3 Climate4 Land use5 Natural hazards6 Environment7 See also8 References
item	Geography of Austria	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Austria	Austria is a small, predominantly mountainous country geographically located in Central Europe, approx. between Germany, Italy and Hungary. It has a total area of 83,859 km², about twice the size of Switzerland and slightly smaller than the state of Maine.The landlocked country shares national borders with Switzerland (164 km) and the tiny principality of Liechtenstein (35 km) to the west, Germany (784 km) and the Czech Republic (362 km) and Slovakia (91 km) to the north, Hungary to the east (346 km), and Slovenia (311 km) and Italy (430 km) to the south (total: 2563 km).
item	Geography of Azerbaijan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan is situated in Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia. Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan: the Caspian Sea, whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north; and the extensive flatlands at the country's center. About the size of Portugal or the state of Maine, Azerbaijan has a total land area of approximately 86,600 square kilometers, less than 1% of the land area of the former Soviet Union. Of the three Transcaucasian states, Azerbaijan has the greatest land area. Special administrative subdivisions are the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, which is separated from the rest of Azerbaijan by a strip of Armenian territory, and the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Region, entirely within Azerbaijan. (The status of Nagorno-Karabakh was under negotiation in 1994.) Located in the region of the southern Caucasus Mountains, Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea to the east, Georgia and Russia to the north, Iran to the south, and Armenia to the southwest and west. A small part of Nakhichevan also borders Turkey to the northwest. The capital of Azerbaijan is the ancient city of Baku, which has the largest and best harbor on the Caspian Sea and has long be
item	Geography of the Bahamas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Bahamas	The Bahamas are a group of about 700 atolls and cays in the western Atlantic Ocean, of which only between 30 and 40 are inhabited. The largest of the islands is Andros Island, located 120 miles south-east of Florida. The Bimini islands are to its northwest. To the North is the island of Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city in the country, Freeport, Bahamas. The island of Great Abaco is to its east. In the very south is the island of Great Inagua, the second largest island in the country. Other notable islands include Eleuthera Island, Cat Island, Bahamas, San Salvador Island, Acklins Island, Crooked Island, Bahamas, and Mayaguana . Nassau is the capital and largest city, located on New Providence. The islands have a subtropical climate, moderated by the Gulf Stream. Most people are Christian in religion, and English is the official language.</p
item	Geography of Bahrain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain	Bahrain (from the Arabic word for "two seas") comprises an archipelago of thirty-three islands situated midway in the Persian Gulf close to the shore of the Arabian Peninsula. The islands are about twenty-four kilometers from the east coast of Saudi Arabia and twenty-eight kilometers from Qatar. The total area of the islands is about 691 square kilometers, or about four times the size of the District of Columbia. The largest island, accounting for 83% of the area, is Bahrain (aka Al Bahrayn), which has an extent of 572 square kilometers. From north to south, Bahrain is forty-eight kilometers long; at its widest point in the north, it is sixteen kilometers from east to west.
item	Geography of Bangladesh	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh	Bangladesh is a low-lying, riverine country located in South Asia with a largely marshy jungle coastline of 710 kilometers (440 mi) on the northern littoral of the Bay of Bengal. Formed by a deltaic plain at the confluence of the Ganges (Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna), and Meghna Rivers and their tributaries, Bangladesh's alluvial soil is highly fertile, but vulnerable to flood and drought. Hills rise above the plain only in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the far southeast and the Sylhet division in the northeast. Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladesh has a tropical monsoonal climate characterized by heavy seasonal rainfall, high temperatures, and high humidity. Natural calamities, such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores affect the country almost every year. Bangladesh also is affected by major cyclones--on average 16 times a decade. One cyclone struck the southeastern coast in May 1991, killing 136,000 people.
item	Geography of Barbados	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Barbados	This article describes the geography of Barbados.
item	Geography of Belarus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus	Belarus, a generally flat country (the average elevation is 162 meters above sea level) without natural borders, occupies an area of 207,600 square kilometers, or slightly smaller than the United Kingdom or the state of Kansas. Its neighbors are Russia to the east and northeast, Latvia to the north, Lithuania to the northwest, Poland to the west, and Ukraine to the south.Geographic coordinates53°&#160;N 28°&#160;EContents1 Topography and Drainage2 Climate3 Environmental concerns4 Area and boundaries5 Resources and land use6 References<
item	Geography of Belgium	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium	This article is about the geography of Belgium.
item	Geography of Belize	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Belize	Belize is a small Central American nation, located at 17°15′ north of the equator and 88°45′ west of the Prime Meridian. It borders the Caribbean Sea to the east, with 386km of coastline. It has a total of 516km of land borders—Mexico to the north-northwest (250km) and Guatemala to the south-southwest (266km). Belize's total size is 22,960km,² of which 22,800 km² is land and 160km² is water; this makes the country ten times larger than the Australian Capital Territory, about half the size of Nova Scotia, slightly larger than Wales, and slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Belize is the only English-speaking country in Central America and the only one without a Pacific coastline. Many coral reefs, cays, and islands to the east—such as Lighthouse Reef, Glover Reef, and the Turneffe Islands—are part of Belize's territory; the country's largest river is the eponyomous Belize River.
item	Geography of Benin	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Benin	Benin, a narrow, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of 112,622 square kilometers, roughly the size of Pennsylvania, Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance of 700 km (430 mi). Although the coastline measures 121 km (75 mi), the country measures about 325 km (about 200 mi) at its widest point. It is one of the smaller countries in West Africa: eight times smaller than Nigeria, its neighbor to the east. It is, however, twice as large as Togo, its neighbor to the west. A relief map of Benin shows that it has little variation in elevation (average elevation 200 meters).
item	Geography of Bermuda	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bermuda	This article describes the geography of Bermuda.LocationBermuda is near North America, and comprises a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, east of South Carolina (US). Nearly antipodal to Perth, Western Australia. The archipelago is comprised of more than a hundred islands and islets, although it is most often thought of and described as a single unit: the island; The Rock; Bermuda (but the two official names are properly the Islands of Bermuda (or Bermuda Islands) and The Somers Isles).Contents1 Formation and Geology2 Native Terrestrial Ecology3 Introduced Flora and Fauna4 Climate5 Human Geography<li class=
item	Geography of Bhutan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan	The Kingdom of Bhutan is a Himalayan nation, located towards the eastern extreme of the aforementioned mountain range. It is fairly evenly sandwiched between the sovereign territory of two nations: first, the People's Republic of China on the north and northwest. There are approximately 470 kilometers of border with that nation's Tibet Autonomous Region. The second nation is the Republic of India on the south, southwest, and east; there are approximately 605 kilometers with the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, and Sikkim, in clockwise order from the kingdom. Bhutan's total borders amount to 1,075 kilometers. The Kingdom of Nepal to the west, the People's Republic of Bangladesh to the south, and the Union of Myanmar to the southeast are other close neighbours; the former two are separated by only very small stretches of Indian territory.
item	Geography of Bolivia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia	The geography of Bolivia is unique among the nations of South America. Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries on the continent, and also has the highest average altitude. The main features of Bolivia's geography include the Altiplano, a highland plateau of the Andes, and Lake Titicaca (Lago Titicaca), the largest lake in South America and the highest commercially navigable lake on Earth.Contents1 Area and location2 Geographic regions3 Climate4 Lake Titicaca5 Mountains6 Valleys7 Lowlands8 
item	Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina	Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia.
item	Geography of Brazil	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil	The country of Brazil occupies a large portion of northern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil covers a total area of 8,514,215 km² (3,287,357 sq. mi) which includes 8,456,510 km² (3,265,076 sq. mi) of land and 55,455 km² (21,411 sq. mi) of water. The highest point in Brazil is Pico da Neblina at 2,994 m (9,823 ft); the lowest point is sea level. Brazil is bordered by the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela. By comparison, Brazil is slightly smaller in land mass than the United States.
item	Geography of British Indian Ocean Territory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory	Location:archipelago in the Indian Ocean, south of India, about one-half the way from Africa to Indonesia
item	Geography of Brunei	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Brunei	Brunei is in Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia. Its geographical coordinates are 4°30′N 114°40′E.
item	Geography of Bulgaria	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria	Bulgaria is a country situated in south-eastern Europe, bordering Romania, Serbia, the Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Turkey and the Black Sea. Its northern border with Romania follows the Danube river until Silistra. The land area of Bulgaria is 110,550 square kilometers, slightly larger than that of Iceland or the U.S. state of Tennessee. The country is situated on the west coast of the Black Sea, with Romania to the north, Greece and Turkey to the south, and Yugoslavia to the west. Considering its small size, Bulgaria has a great variety of topographical features. Even within small parts of the country, the land may be divided into plains, plateaus, hills, mountains, basins, gorges, and deep river valleys.
item	Geography of Burkina Faso	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso	Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) is a landlocked Sahel country that shares borders with six nations. It lies between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea, south of the loop of the Niger River. The land is green in the south, with forests and fruit trees, and desert in the north. Most of central Burkina Faso lies on a savanna plateau, 198-305 meters (650-1,000 ft.) above sea level, with fields, brush, and scattered trees. Burkina Faso's game preserves--the most important of which are Arly, Nazinga, and W National Park--contain lions, elephants, hippopotamus, monkeys, warthogs, and antelopes. Tourism is not well developed.
item	Geography of Burundi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi	Location: Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo
item	Geography of Cambodia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia	Cambodia is a country in Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Its approximate geographical coordinates are 13°&#160;N 105°&#160;E. Its 2,572 km border is split among Vietnam (1,228 km), Thailand (803 km) and Laos (541 km), as well as 443 km of coastline. Cambodia covers 181,040 square kilometers in the southwestern part of the Indochina peninsula. It lies completely within the tropics; its southernmost points are only slightly more than 10° above the equator. Roughly square in shape, the country is bounded on the north by Thailand and by Laos, on the east and southeast by Vietnam, and on the west by the Gulf of Thailand and by Thailand. Much of the country's area consists of rolling plains. Dominant features are the large, almost centrally located, Tonle Sap (Great Lake) and the Mekong River, which traverses the country from north to south.
item	Geography of Cameroon	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon	Location: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria
item	Geography of Cape Verde	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Cape_Verde	This article describes the geography of Cape Verde.
item	Geography of the Cayman Islands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cayman_Islands	The Cayman Islands are a British dependency and island nation comprised of a three-island archipelago in the Caribbean Sea: Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman. The Cayman Islands are 240 km south of Cuba and 268 km northwest of Jamaica, and are between Cuba and Central America. Its geographic coordinates are 19°30 north, 80°30 west.The Cayman Islands have a land area of 259 km² (101.2 square miles), about 1.5 times the size of Washington, D.C. and 3 km² larger than Saint Kitts and Nevis. The Caymans have a coastline of 160 km (99 km). The Cayman Islands make a maritime claim of a 200-nautical mile exclusive fishing zone and a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles.The Cayman Islands' lowest elevation is the Caribbean Sea at sea level. The highest point is <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_B
item	Geography of the Central African Republic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Central_African_Republic	Location: Central Africa, north of Democratic Republic of the Congo
item	Geography of Chad	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Chad	Chad is a land-locked country in north central Africa measuring 1,284,000 square kilometers (496,000 sq. mi.), roughly three times the size of California. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometers in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B.E.T. desert region, which is larger than France. The capital city of N'Djaména, situated at the confluence of the Chari and Logone Rivers, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 persons.
item	Geography of Chile	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Chile	Chile is a country situated in southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru. Chile's territorial shape is certainly among the world's most unusual. From north to south, Chile extends 4,270 kilometers, and yet it only averages 177 kilometers east to west. On a map, Chile looks like a long ribbon reaching from the middle of South America's west coast straight down to the southern tip of the continent, where it curves slightly eastward. Cape Horn, the southernmost point in the Americas, where the Pacific and Atlantic oceans turbulently meet, is Chilean territory. Chile's northern neighbors are Peru and Bolivia, and its border with Argentina to the east, at 5,150 kilometers, is one of the world's longest.
item	Geography of Colombia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia	Colombia is located in the North of South America (4 00 N, 72 00 W) and part of Caribbean South America. It is the only South American country with coast in both oceans (Atlantic or Caribbean Sea with 1,760 km and Pacific Ocean with 1,448 km. Colombia borders the following: North with the Caribbean Sea (sea boaders with Jamaica, Haiti and Dominican Republic). West with Panama (225 km) and sea borders with Costa Rica both in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean and Nicaragua. South with Ecuador (590 km), Peru (1,496 km) and Brazil (1,643 km). East with Brazil and Venezuela (2,050 km).
item	Geography of Comoros	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Comoros	
item	Geography of the Republic of the Congo	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo	Location: Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and Gabon
item	Geography of the Cook Islands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cook_Islands	The Cook Islands can be divided into two groups.Contents1 Southern Cook Islands2 Northern Cook Islands3 Location4 Geography
item	Geography of Costa Rica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Costa_Rica	Costa Rica is located on the Central American Isthmus, 10° north of the Equator and 84° west of the Prime Meridian. It borders both the Caribbean Sea (to the east) and the North Pacific Ocean (to the west), with a total of 1,290 km of coastline (212 km on the Caribbean coast and 1016 km on the Pacific).
item	Geography of Croatia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia	Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia
item	Geography of Cuba	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba	Cuba is an island nation located in the Caribbean Sea, with the geographic coordinates 21°3N, 80°00W. Cuba has a total land area of 110,860 km²–slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It has 3735 km of coastline and 29 km of land borders–all with the United States territory at Guantánamo Bay, where the U.S. Navy's Guantanamo Bay Naval Base is located.
item	Geography of Cyprus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus	Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia. In the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean, it is located south of the Anatolian peninsula (Asia Minor), or modern-day Turkey, of the Asian (or Eurasian) mainland; thus, it is generally included in Western Asia, or the Middle East, geographically.
item	Geography of the Czech Republic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic	Location: Central Europe, southeast of Germany
item	Geography of C%C3%B4te d%27Ivoire	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire	Côte d'Ivoire (the Ivory Coast) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00°N, 5 00°W. The country is shaped like a square and borders the Gulf of Guinea in the north Atlantic Ocean to the south (515 km of coastline) and five other African nations on the other three sides, with a total of 3,110 km of borders: Liberia to the southwest (716 km), Guinea to the northwest (610 km), Mali to the north-northeast (532 km), and Ghana to the east (668 km). In total, Côte d'Ivoire comprises 322,460 km², of which 318,000 km² is land and 4,460 km² is water, which makes the country slightly larger than the U.S. state of New Mexico, or about the size of Germany.Côte d'Ivoire makes maritime claims of 200 nautical miles (370 km) as an exclusive economic zone, 12 nautical miles (22 km) of territorial sea, and a 200 nautical mile (370 km) continental shelf.Contents<a href
item	Geography of Denmark	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Denmark	See alsoList of islands of Denmark[edit]
item	Geography of Djibouti	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti	Djibouti is in Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, between Eritrea and Somalia. Its coordinates are 11°30′N 43°00′E.
item	Geography of Dominica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Dominica	Dominica is an island in the Caribbean Sea, located about halfway between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago. Its coordinates are 15 25 N, 61 20 W. The island is roughly four times the size of Washington, DC (in area, not population). There are no significant lakes on the island.
item	Geography of the Dominican Republic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Dominican_Republic	This article details the geography of the Dominican Republic.[edit]
item	Geography of East Timor	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_East_Timor	This article describes the geography of East Timor.LocationSoutheastern Asia, northwest of Australia in the Lesser Sunda Islands at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago; note - East Timor includes the eastern half of the island of Timor, the Ocussi-Ambeno region on the northwest portion of the island of Timor, and the islands of Atauro and JacoGeographic coordinates8°50′S 125°55′EMap referencesSoutheast AsiaAreaTotal: 15,007 km²Land: NA km²Water: NA km²Land boundariesTotal: 228 kmBorder countries: Indonesia 228 kmCoastline706 kmMaritime claims</d
item	Geography of Egypt	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since April 2006.
item	Geography of El Salvador	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_El_Salvador	The geography of El Salvador is unique among the nations of Central America. The country is in borders the North Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest, with Guatemala in the north-northwest and Honduras to the north-northeast. In the southeast, the Golfo de Fonseca separtes it from Nicaragua. El Salvador is the smallest Central American country in area and is the only one without a coastline on the Caribbean Sea.
item	Geography of Equatorial Guinea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Equatorial_Guinea	The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is located in west central Africa. Bioko Island lies about 40 kilometers (25 mi.) from Cameroon. Annobón Island lies about 595 kilometers (370 mi.) southwest of Bioko Island. The larger continental region of Rio Muni lies between Cameroon and Gabon on the mainland; it includes the islands of Corisco, Elobey Grande, Elobey Chico, and adjacent islets.Bioko Island, called Fernando Po until the 1970s, is the largest island in the Gulf of Guinea - 2,017 square kilometers (780 sq. mi.). It is shaped like a boot, with two large volcanic formations separated by a valley that bisects the island at its narrowest point. The 195-kilometer (120-mi.) coastline is steep and rugged in the south but lower and more accessible in the north, with excellent harbors at Malabo and Luba, and several scenic beaches between those towns.On the continent, Rio Muni covers 26,003 square kilometers (10,040 sq. mi.). The coastal plain gives way to a succession of valleys separated by low hills and spurs of the Crystal Mountains. The Rio Benito (Mbini) which divides Rio Muni in half, is unnavigable except for a 20-kilomet
item	Geography of Eritrea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea	Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the northeast and east by the Red Sea, on the west and northwest by Sudan, on the south by Ethiopia, and on the southeast by Djibouti. The country has a high central plateau that varies from 1,800 to 3,000 meters (6,000 to 10,000 feet) above sea level. A coastal plain, western lowlands, and some 300 islands comprise the remainder of Eritrea's land mass. Eritrea has no year-round rivers.
item	Geography of Estonia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia	Between 57.3 and 59.5 latitude and 21.5 and 28.1 longitude, Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform. It borders the Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia. Average elevation reaches only 50m (160 ft.).
item	Geography of Ethiopia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia	Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. The country has a high central plateau that varies from 1,800 to 3,000 m (6,000 to 10,000 ft) above sea level, with the highest mountain reaching 4,533 m (14,872 ft). Elevation is generally highest just before the point of descent to the Great Rift Valley, which splits the plateau diagonally. A number of rivers cross the plateau -- notably the Blue Nile rising from Lake Tana. The plateau gradually slopes to the lowlands of the Sudan on the west and the Somali-inhabited plains to the southeast.
item	Geography of Fiji	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Fiji	Fiji is a group of volcanic islands in the South Pacific, lying about 4,450 km (2,775 mi) southwest of Honolulu and 1,770 km (1,100 mi) north of New Zealand. Of the 322 islands and 522 smaller islets making up the archipelago, about 106 are permanently inhabited. Viti Levu, the largest island, covers about 57 % of the nation's land area, hosts the two official cities (the capital Suva, and Lautoka) and most other major towns, such as Ba, Nasinu, and Nadi (the site of the international airport), and contains some 69 % of the population. Vanua Levu, 64 km to the north of Viti Levu, covers just over 30 % of the land area and is home to some 15 % of the population. Its main towns are Labasa and Savusavu.
item	Geography of Finland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Finland	The geography of Finland differs from that of other Nordic countries. Bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia, Finland is the northernmost country on the European continent. Although other countries have points extending farther north, virtually all of Finland is north of 60 degrees north latitude; nearly a quarter of the land area and fully one-third of the latitudinal extent of the country lie north of the Arctic Circle.
item	Geography of France	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_France	//[edit]LocationWestern Europe, bordering the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay) and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain. Mainland France's roughly hexagonal shape has lent itself to a popular French nickname: l'hexagone.Geographic coordinates: 46°00′N 
item	Geography of French Guiana	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_French_Guiana	Geography of French Guiana.Contents1 Location2 Geographic coordinates3 Map references4 Area5 Land boundaries:6 Maritime claims7 Climate8 Terrain9 Elevation extremes10 Natural resources11 Land use
item	Geography of Gabon	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Gabon	Gabon is a country in West Africa, lying along the Atlantic Ocean, just south of the Bight of Biafra.Contents1 Borders2 Climate3 Terrain4 Environment5 Other
item	Geography of Germany	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Germany	This article describes the geography of Germany.Location of GermanyContents1 Location2 Area3 Climate4 Terrain5 Land boundaries6 Coastline7 Maritime claims8 Rivers9 Lakes</
item	Geography of Greece	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Greece	Greece is located in southeastern Europe on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula. Greece is bounded in the north by Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia, and Albania; in the east by Turkey; and in the west by the Ionian Sea, south by the Mediterranean Sea and east by the Aegean Sea. The country ranges approximately in latitude from 35°00′N to 42°00′N and in longitude from 19°00′E to 28°30′E. As a result, it has considerable climactic variation, as discussed below.
item	Geography of Grenada	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Grenada	This article describes the geography of Grenada.
item	Geography of Guadeloupe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Guadeloupe	Guadeloupe comprises five islands: Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre (separated from Basse-Terre by a narrow sea channel called salt river) with the adjacent islands of La Désirade, Les Saintes and Marie-Galante. Basse-Terre has a rough volcanic relief whilst Grande-Terre features rolling hills and flat plains.
item	Geography of Ghana	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana	Ghana is a country in West Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea, just a few degrees north of the equator.Contents1 Location and size2 Climate3 Terrain4 Geographical regions4.1 Low Plains4.2 Ashanti Uplands4.3 Akwapim-Togo Ranges4.4 Volta Basin4.5 High plains5 Rivers and lakes6 Natural hazards7 <span c
item	Geography of Guam	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Guam	This article describes the geography of Guam.LocationOceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the PhilippinesGeographic coordinates13°26′31″N, 144°46′35″EMap referencesOceaniaAreaTotal: 541.3 km²Land: 541.3 km²Water: 0 km²Area--comparativeThree times the size of Washington, DCLand boundariesApproximately 30 miles/51 km long and 9 miles/15.3 km wide, narrowing to four miles/6.8 km wide at the center.Coastline125.5 kmMaritime claimsExclusive economic zone: 200 nmTerritorial sea: 12 nmThe southern maritime boundary of Guam forms a border with the Federated States of Micronesia, and the northern maritime boundary forms a border with the Northern Marianas Islands.ClimateTropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeas
item	Geography of Guatemala	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Guatemala	This article describes the geography of Guatemala.LocationCentral America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Honduras and Belize and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between El Salvador and MexicoGeographic coordinates15°30′N 90°15′WMap referencesCentral America and the CaribbeanAreaTotal: 108,890 km²Land: 108,430 km²Area - comparativeSlightly smaller than TennesseeLand boundariesTotal: 1,687 kmBorder countries: Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico 962 kmCoastline400 kmMaritime claimsContinental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone: 200 nmTerritorial sea: 12 nmClimateTropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlandsTer
item	Geography of Guinea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea	Guinea is located on the Atlantic Coast of West Africa and is bordered by Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The country is divided into four geographic regions: A narrow coastal belt (Lower Guinea); the pastoral Fouta Djallon highlands (Middle Guinea); the northern savanna (Upper Guinea); and a southeastern rain-forest region (Forest Guinea). The Niger, Gambia, and Senegal Rivers are among the 22 West African rivers that have their origins in Guinea.
item	Geography of Guinea-Bissau	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea-Bissau	This article describes the geography of Guinea-Bissau.LocationWestern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and SenegalGeographic coordinates12°00′N 15°00′WMap referencesAfricaAreaTotal: 36,120 km²Land: 28,000 km²Water: 8,120 km²Area--comparativeSlightly less than three times the size of ConnecticutLand boundariesTotal: 724 kmBorder countries: Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 kmCoastline350 kmMaritime claimsExclusive economic zone: 200 nm (370.4 km)Territorial sea: 12 nm (22.2 km)ClimateTropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan windsTerrainMostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in eastEleva
item	Geography of Guyana	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Guyana	Guyana is a country in Northern South America and part of Caribbean South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Suriname and Venezuela. With a land area of approximately 197,000 square kilometres, Guyana is about the size of Idaho. The country is situated between 1 and 9 north latitude and between 56 and 62 west longitude. With a 430-kilometre Atlantic coastline on the northeast, Guyana is bounded by Venezuela on the west, Brazil on the west and south, and Suriname on the east. The land comprises three main geographical zones: the coastal plain, the white sand belt, and the interior highlands.
item	Geography of Haiti	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti	The nation of Haiti comprises the western one-third of the island of Hispaniola, west of the Dominican Republic and between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. Haiti's geographic coordinates are at a longitude of 72° 25′ west and a latitude of 19° 00′ north. The total area is 27,750km,² of which 27,560km² is land and 190km² is water. This makes Haiti slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Maryland. Haiti has 1,771km of coastline and a 360km-border with the Dominican Republic.
item	Geography of Honduras	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Honduras	Honduras is a country situated in Central America Honduras borders the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean. Guatemala lies to the west, Nicaragua to the south east and El Salvador to the south west. It is the second largest Central American republic. The triangular-shaped country has a total area of about 112,000 square kilometers. The 735-kilometer northern boundary is the Caribbean coast extending from the mouth of the Río Motagua on the west to the mouth of the Río Coco on the east, at Cabo Gracias a Dios. The 922-kilometer southeastern side of the triangle is the land border with Nicaragua; it follows the Río Coco near the Caribbean Sea and then extends southwestward through mountainous terrain to the Golfo de Fonseca on the Pacific Ocean. The southern apex of the triangle is a 153- kilometer coastline at the Golfo de Fonseca, which opens onto the Pacific Ocean. The western land boundary consists of the 342-kilometer border with El Salvador and the 256-kilometer border with Guatemala.
item	Geography of Hungary	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary	With a land area of 93,030 square kilometers, Hungary is a country in Central Europe. It measures about 250 kilometers from north to south and 524 kilometers from east to west. It has some 2,258 kilometers of boundaries, shared with Austria to the west, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia to the south and southwest, Romania to the southeast, the Ukraine to the northeast, and Slovakia to the north.
item	Geography of Iceland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland	Iceland is a large island with extensive volcanic and geothermal activity located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean east of Greenland immediately south of the Arctic Circle. It lies about 4,200 kilometers (2,600 mi.) from New York and 830 kilometers (520 mi.) from Scotland. The rift associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which marks the division between the European and North American plates runs across Iceland from the southwest to the northeast. This geographic feature is prominent at the Þingvellir National Park where the promontory creates an extraordinary natural amphitheater. Just over a thousand years ago Iceland's first parliament (Althing) was convened there.About half of Iceland's land area, which is of recent volcanic origin, consists of a mountainous lava desert (highest elevation 2,119 m (6,970 ft) above sea level), and other wasteland. Eleven percent is covered by three large glaciers:Vatnajökull (8300 km²)<a href="/wiki/Langj%C3%B6kull" title="Langjök
item	Geography of Indonesia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia	Indonesia is situated in Southeast Asia, in the Malay Archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Oceans. It is in a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean. The country's variations in culture have been shaped--although not specifically determined--by centuries of complex interactions with the physical environment. Although Indonesians are now less vulnerable to the vicissitudes of nature as a result of improved technology and social programs, to some extent their social diversity has emerged from traditionally different patterns of adjustment to their physical circumstances.
item	Geography of Iran	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iran	The Iranian landscape is predominantly mountainous, with high contrasting green oases. (Image was taken in the southern Alborz range near Firouzkuh)Iran is situated in Southwest Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan. Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries. Its mountains have helped to shape both the political and the economic history of the country for several centuries. The mountains enclose several broad basins, or plateaus, on which major agricultural and urban settlements are located. Until the twentieth century, when major highways and railroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population
item	Geography of the Isle of Man	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Isle_of_Man	The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of over 75 000. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at 54°15′N 4°30′W.Contents1 Dimensions2 Coast3 Climate4 Terrain5 Land Use6 Natural hazards and environmental issues7 Geology8 Demographics</
item	Geography of Israel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Israel	Map of IsraelIsrael is located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bounded on the north by Lebanon, on the northeast by Syria, on the east and southeast by Jordan, on the southwest by Egypt, and on the west by the Mediterranean Sea. Before June 1967, the area compo
item	Geography of Italy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Italy	This article describes the geography of Italy.LocationSouthern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia.Geographic coordinates42°50′N 12°50′EMap referencesEuropeAreaTotal: 301,230 km²Land: 294,020 km²Water: 7,210 km²Note: includes Sardinia and SicilyLand boundariesTotal: 1,932.2 kmBorder countries: Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 232 km, Switzerland 740 kmSee also Extreme points of Italy.Coastline7,600 kmMaritime claimsContinental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitationTerritorial sea: 12 nautical milesClimatePredominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in sout
item	Geography of Jamaica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Jamaica	Jamaica lies 145 kilometers south of Cuba and 160 kilometers west of Haiti. Its capital city, Kingston, is about 920 kilometers southeast of Miami. At its greatest extent, Jamaica is 235 kilometers long, and it varies between 35 and 82 kilometers wide. With an area of 10,911 square kilometers, Jamaica is the largest island of the Commonwealth Caribbean and the third largest of the Greater Antilles, after Cuba and Hispaniola. Pedro Bank, an area of shallow seas, with a number of cays (low islands or reefs), extending generally east to west for over 160 kilometers, lies southwest of Jamaica. To the southeast lie the Morant Cays, fifty-one kilometers from Morant Point, the easternmost point of Jamaica.Contents1 Geology and landforms2 Coasts3 Climate4 Vegetation5 Key facts<li class="tocl
item	Geography of Jersey	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey	This article describes the geography of Jersey.LocationWestern Europe, island in the English Channel, north of Brittany, west of the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy, northwest of FranceGeographic coordinates49°15′N 2°10′WMap referencesEuropeAreaTotal: 116 km²Land: 116 km²Water: 0 km²Area--comparativeUnited States comparative: about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DCUnited Kingdom comparative: about 0.33 times the size of the Isle of WightLand boundaries0 kmCoastline70 kmMaritime claimsExclusive fishing zone: 12 nmTerritorial sea: 3 nm<d
item	Geography of Jordan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan	Jordan is situated in Southwest Asia, northwest of Saudi Arabia. It is considered one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity". The territory of Jordan covers about 91,880 square kilometers. Until 1988, when King Hussein relinquished Jordan's claim to the West Bank, that area was considered part of Jordan, although officially recognized as such by only the United Kingdom and Pakistan. At that time the West Bank—which encompasses about 5,880 square kilometers—had been under Israeli occupation since the June 1967 War between Israel and the states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.
item	Geography of Kenya	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya	This article describes the geography of Kenya.LocationEastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and TanzaniaGeographic coordinates1°00′N 38°00′EMap referencesAfricaAreaTotal: 582,650 km²Land: 569,250 km²Water: 13,400 km²Land boundariesTotal: 3,446 kmBorder countries: Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 kmCoastline536 kmMaritime claimsContinental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone: 200 nmTerritorial sea: 12 nmClimateVaries from tropical along coast to arid in interiorTerrainLo
item	Geography of Kiribati	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Kiribati	This article describes the geography of the Republic of Kiribati (pronounced "keer-ih-bahs"). Kiribati consists of 32 atolls and one island scattered over all four hemispheres in an expanse of ocean equivalent in size to the continental United States. The islands lie roughly halfway between Hawaiʻi and Australia in the Micronesian region of the South Pacific. The three main island groupings are the Gilbert Islands, Phoenix Islands, and Line Islands. On 1 January 1995 Kiribati moved the International Date Line to include its easternmost islands and make it the same day throughout the country.
item	Geography of Kuwait	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait	Satellite image of KuwaitKuwait is situated in Southwest Asia, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia. It is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity". Once a small gulf shaykhdom known locally as a center for pearl diving and boat construction, Kuwait came to international prominence in the post-World War II era largely because of its enormous oil revenues. Yet its history as an autonomous political entity is much older, dating back to the eighteenth century. At that time, the town of Kuwait was settled by migrants from central Arabia who arrived at what was then a lightly populated fishing village under the suzerainty of the <a href="/w/index.
item	Geography of Laos	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Laos	Laos is a landlocked nation in Southeast Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam, that covers 236,800 square kilometers in the center of the Southeast Asian peninsula, is surrounded by Burma, Cambodia, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its location has often made it a buffer between more powerful neighboring states, as well as a crossroads for trade and communication. Migration and international conflict have contributed to the present ethnic composition of the country and to the geographic distribution of its ethnic groups.
item	Geography of Latvia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia	Between 55.40 and 58.05 latitude and 20.58 and 28.14 longitude, Latvia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform, between Estonia and Lithuania. About 98% of the country lie under 200 m elevation (640 ft.). The damp climate resembles New England's. With the exception of the coastal plains, the ice age divided Latvia into three main regions: the morainic Western and Eastern uplands and the Middle lowlands. Latvia holds over 12,000 rivers, only 17 of which are longer than 60 miles, and over 3,000 small lakes, most of which are eutrophic. The major rivers include Daugava, Lielupe, Gauja; also Salaca. Woodlands, more than half of which are pine woods, cover around 41% of the country. Other than peat, dolomite, and limestone, natural resources are scarce. Latvia has 531 km (329 mi.) of sandy coastline, and the ports of Liepaja and Ventspils provide important warm-water harbors for the Baltic littoral.
item	Geography of Lebanon	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon	Having a rectangular-like shape, Lebanon stretches along the east side of the Mediterranean Sea, with its length almost three times its width. As it stretches from North to South, the width of its terrain becomes narrower. Lebanon's mountainous terrain, proximity to the sea, and strategic location at a crossroads of the world were decisive factors in shaping its history. The political, economic, and religious movements that either originated in the region or crossed through to leave an imprint upon Lebanese society give form to that history.
item	Geography of Lesotho	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Lesotho	Location: Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa
item	Continent	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent	A continent (Latin continere, "to hold together") is a large continuous landmass.A world map depicting the traditional geographic continents plus nation-statesDymaxion map by <a href="/wiki/Buckminster
item	Area	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area	Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. Surface area is the summation of the areas of the exposed sides of an object.Contents1 Units2 Useful formulas3 See also4 External links
item	Population	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population	In sociology and biology, a population is the collection of people, or organisms of a particular species, living in a given geographic area, or space, usually by census.
item	Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia	Asia is the largest and most populous continent or region, depending on the definition. It covers 8.7 percent of the Earth's total surface area, or 29.8 percent of its land area, and it contains more than 60 percent of the world's human population.
item	Square kilometre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_kilometre	Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. It is one of the SI derived units.
item	Square mile	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_mile	A square mile is an Imperial unit / U.S. customary unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (5,280 feet, 1,760 yards, 1,609.344 metres) in length. It is not an SI or metric unit and is used primarily in the United States and Canada. The SI unit of area is the square metre.[edit]
item	Earth	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth	Earth (often referred to as "The Earth") is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth in order of size. It is the largest of its planetary system's terrestrial planets and the only place in the universe currently known to support life. The Earth was formed around 4.57 billion (4.57×109)[1] years ago (see Age of the Earth) and its largest natural satellite, the Moon, was orbiting it shortly thereafter, around 4.533 billion years ago.Since it formed, the Earth has evolved through geologic and biological processes so that any traces of the original conditions have been virtually eliminated. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron core that generates a magnetic field. The atmospheric conditions have been significantly altered by the presence of life forms, which create an ecological balan
item	Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa	Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30,300,000 km² (11,700,000 mi²) including adjacent islands, it covers 5.9% of the Earth's total surface area, and 20.3% of the total land area.[1] With more than 840,000,000 people (as of 2005) in 61 territories, it accounts for more than 12% of the world's human population.A satellite composite image of AfricaContents1 Etymology2 Geography3 H
item	2006 in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_Africa	2005 in Africa - 2006 in AfricaContents1 International organisations1.1 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)2 Sports2.1 Athletics2.2 Cycling2.3 Wrestling3 Culture3.1 Cinema4 References5 Events in Africa by month
item	Afonso I of Kongo	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Kongo	Afonso I (often spelled "Affonso" as he did in his own letters, translated in English as Alphonzo or Alphonse) Mvemba a Nzinga of Kongo (c. 1456 - 1542 or 1543), who reigned from 1509 to late 1542 or 1543, was the son of king Nzinga a Nkuwu, who was ruling in 1483 when the Portuguese arrived, and was baptized by them as João I in 1491. Afonso was probably baptized at about the same time. Afonso was assigned to rule Kongo's northern province of Nsundi, and was accompanied there by a number of Portuguese priests. He was successful in his rule there, extending Nsundi's borders probably north of the Congo River. According to Afonso's account of events his father lost his interest in Christianity toward the end of his reign, but Afonso became a devout Christian. Intrigues at court, caused João to doubt his son, and he was deprived of his province, but eventually Afonso exonerated himself and was returned to the province.
item	Africa Day	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Day	Africa Day is the annual commemoration on May 25 of the 1963 founding of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), which was in in July 2002 succeeded by the present African Union, while amalgamating with the African Economic Community (AEC), but kept the date and name of Africa Day.[edit]
item	Africa Inland Mission	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Inland_Mission	Africa Inland Mission (AIM) is a nondenominational Christian mission organisation focusing on Africa and islands in the Indian Ocean. AIM was founded in 1895 by Peter Cameron Scott together with Arthur Pierson and Charles Hurlburt, and as of 2004 has over 850 missionaries.Contents1 History of AIM2 See also3 References4 External links
item	Africa Squadron	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Squadron	The Africa Squadron was a unit of the United States Navy that operated from 1843 to 1859 to suppress the slave trade along the coast of West Africa.
item	African Academy of Sciences	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Academy_of_Sciences	The African Academy of Sciences (AAS) is an Africa-wide scientists organisation. It serves firstly to honour African scientists who have become internationally renowned through their efforts in their respective fields, and secondly to encourage the development of the research and technology base throughout Africa.
item	African Development Fund	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Fund	The African Development Fund was established in 1972 following an agreement between the African Development Bank and certain non-regional member countries to provide loans on concessional terms to less developed regional member countries. Resources of the African Development Fund are made available on concessional terms to support development activities aimed at creating an enabling environment for sustainable growth as well as contributing to poverty reduction in low-income African countries. The Fund's resources are mainly derived from contributions and periodic replenishments by the State Participants to cover operations over three-year periods.[edit]
item	African French	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_French	French in Africa is present and spoken by many people. A great number of states in the continent of Africa speak the French language with local specificities. French arrived in Africa with colonization from France and Belgium. Africans are now an important part of la Francophonie.[edit]
item	African Growth and Opportunity Act	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act	In May 2000, the U.S. Congress approved legislation known as the African Growth and Opportunity Act, or AGOA (Title I, Trade and Development Act of 2000; P.L. 106-200). The purpose of this legislation was to assist the economies of sub-Saharan Africa and to improve economic relations between the United States and the region.[edit]
item	African Lakes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Lakes	The African Lakes Corporation plc (ALC) is a British company which operates businesses in Africa. It is often referred to as just "African Lakes".
item	African Petroleum Producers Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Petroleum_Producers_Association	African Petroleum Producers Association, APPA (Association des pays africains producteurs de pétrole in French, Associação de Produtores de Petróleo Africanos in Portuguese and رابطة منتجي النفط الأفريقية in Arabic) is an organisation of african countries producing petroleum. It was founded in 1986. The headquarters of the organisation are in Brazzaville in the Congo.
item	African Union	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union	Anthem: Let us all unite and celebrate togetherCapitalAddis Ababa, EthiopiaMembership53 member statesOfficial languagesThe African languages, as well as Arabic, Swahili, English, French and Portuguese 1Formation- As OAU- As AU- May 25, 1963- July 9, 2002<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairman of the Africa
item	African code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_code	The African code is a ethos which governs progressive African organizations. The African Code is the fundamental intersection of common cultural ideas and ideals, which serve as the fundamental bases of global African organizational unity for progressive action. It has been translated into over 30 African languages and serves as a non-political, non-religious cultural commonground for African people seeking self-determination.[edit]
item	African languages	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_languages	There are an estimated 1800 languages spoken in Africa. Some African languages, such as Swahili, Hausa, and Yoruba, are spoken by millions of people. Others, such as Laal, Shabo, and Dahalo, are spoken by a few hundred or fewer. In addition, Africa has a wide variety of sign languages, many of whose genetic classification has yet to be worked out. Several African languages are also whistled for special purposes.
item	African nationalism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_nationalism	African nationalism is the nationalist political movement for one united Africa, or the lesser goal of the recognition of African tribes by establishing their own state and preservation of their native cultures. Organizations like the Aborigines' Rights Protection Society in the Gold Coast (founded 1897, the African National Congress in South Africa (1912) and the National Congress of West Africa (1920).
item	African studies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_studies	African studies is the study of Africa, and can encompass such fields as social and economic development, politics, history, culture, sociology, anthropology or linguistics. A specialist in African studies is referred to as an africanist.
item	Africana	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africana	Africana is a catch-all term referring to history and culture of Africa and to materials chronicling these topics.&#160;This Africa-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africana"			Categories: Africa | Africa stubs																Views						 Article				 <li 
item	Africana Cultures and Policy Studies Institute	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africana_Cultures_and_Policy_Studies_Institute	The Africana Cultures and Policy Studies Institute (ACPSI) is a professional organization that promotes an academic analysis of Africana cultures and policies under the rubric of various disciplines commonly referred to as Africana Studies, Black Studies, Africology, and other designations. This Institute provides the opportunity for an intellectual community (that is a cadre of trained or apprenticed critical thinkers) to examine and explain global linkages, interactions, identities, transformations, redemptions and dilemmas of African people in the Diaspora. ACPSI uses the dissemination of scholarship to encourage the development of policies that benefit the quality of life for all African people in the Diaspora.[edit]
item	Africanisms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanisms	Africanisms refers to charateristics of African culture and people that can be traced through societal practices and institutions of the African diaspora.
item	Africanization	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanization	Africanization, as used in this article, refers to the modification of place names or personal names to better reflect an "African" identity. In some cases, changes are not strictly a change of name, but simply a transliteration different from the European name (e.g. Antananarivo).
item	Africare	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africare	Africare is a non-profit organization specialized in development aid for Africa. Founded in 1970, the NGO currently operates in 25 countries. It is the oldest and largest African-American led NGO dealing exclusively with Africa in the United States
item	Afro-Turks	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Turks	Afro-Turks, African Turks, or Turkish Africans are people of African descent in Turkey.
item	Afrophobia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrophobia	Afrophobia is a phobic attitude toward people of indigenous West African, Sub-Saharan African, or otherwise black origin, their culture or ideas. It is often associated with fear of domination or "racial" or cultural "pollution". Afrophobia is primarily a racial and, to a somewhat lesser extent, cultural phenomenon, lacking a strong religious dimension. However, it has occurred in many societies throughout the world, at varying levels of severity, ranging from personal antipathy and bigotry and societal and informal discrimination to enslavement; societal marginalization, systematic violence and oppression.
item	Agricultural Technology in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Technology_in_Africa	//[edit]HistoryThis article may not comply with the content policies of Wikipedia.To be compliant, it must be written from a neutral point of view and must not include unverifiable or unsuitable material, or original research.Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.
item	Banca per l%E2%80%99Africa Orientale	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_per_l%E2%80%99Africa_Orientale	Banca per l’Africa Orientale (BAO) was an early attempt to establish modern banking in the Horn of Africa at a time when Eritrea and Italian Somaliland were Italian colonies.1917 Banca Italiana di Sconto promoted the formation of the Banca per l’Africa Orientale as a joint stock company in Rome with head office in Massawa and a branch in Mogadishu.1918 BAO commenced operations.1923 BAO was liquidated following problems at the bank and the failure of Banca Italiana di Sconto.[edit]
item	Chambe Peak	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambe_Peak	Chambe Peak is a peak of Mulanje Massif, the highest mountain in Central Africa. A steep path provides a great view across Southern Malawi and Mozambique on a clear day. The plateau on the top is part of the forest of Mulanje Cedar; Chambe also has a farm and living spaces in a hut run by the Forestry Commission in Malawi. A map is needed to fully explore all of Chambe. Chambe is also the base for climbing the sheer cliff face; Chris Bonnington has detailed this in the record book at Chambe Hut. Proper rock climbing equipment is necessary for the ascent. Likubula Path is the common descent; although it can be ascended, it is more difficult and rocky than ascending from Chambe.[edit]
item	Commission for Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Africa	The Commission for Africa , also known as the Blair Commission for Africa, was an initiative established by the British government to examine and provide impetus for development in Africa. Initiated in Spring 2004, its objectives include the generation of new ideas for development and to deliver implementation of existing international commitements towards Africa.[1] African leaders form a majority of the 17 commissioners.
item	Culture of Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Africa	Culture of Africa encompasses and includes all cultures which were ever in the continent of Africa.
item	Dream for Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_for_Africa	The Dream for Africa is a vision of the unification of the present 54 African states. It was one of the main mission objectives which necesitated the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) - now renamed African Union (AU) - an organisation that seeks to establish a centralised government and bank for all African states.In practical terms, the current trend toward the creation of 'development regions' such as the SADC and Ecowas will benefit the greater goal of attaining Pan-African unification and a continent-wide governing body.The emergence of strengthening trade ties with the Caribbean and South America, as well as with Asia and the Pacific rim economies stands to benefit Africa throughout the new century.Many Africans view the continent's rich store of culture and diversity as a resource for internal growth. Proponents of African spiritual traditions such as Ifa and Vodun; practitioners of Africa's cultural expressions such as Capoeira (via Angola); and her multitude of body, musical and auritorical performers together nurture the belief that these life-giving forces will benefit the continent's socio-political development in the modern era.The dream of Africans is link
item	ECOMOG	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOMOG	ECOMOG is a West African multilateral armed force established by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The name is an abbreviation of the ECOWAS Monitoring Group. ECOMOG is not a standing army, but a formal arrangement for separate armies to work together, along similar lines to NATO. Its backbone is Nigerian armed forces and financial resources, with sub-battalion strength units contributed by other ECOWAS members — Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Gambia.Contents1 History2 Wider influence3 References4 See also5 External links
item	East African Community	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community	HeadquartersArushaMembership3 member statesOfficial Websitehttp://www.eac.int/
item	Ecology of Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_Africa	Flora
item	Economy of Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Africa	The economy of Africa comprises approximately 887 million people as of July 2005 living in 54 different states. Africa is by far the world's poorest inhabited continent, and it is, on average, poorer than it was 25 years ago.The United Nations' Human Development Report 2003 (of 175 countries) found that positions 151 (Gambia) to 175 (Sierra Leone) were taken up entirely by African nations.It has had (and in some ways is still having) a shaky and uncertain transition from colonialism, with the ensuing Cold War and increases in corruption and despotism being major contributing factors to its poor economic situation. In contrast to the rapid growth in China and India, and moderate growth in South America, which has lifted millions beyond subsistence living, Africa has stagnated. It has even gone backwards in terms of foreign trade, investment, and per capita income. This poverty has widespread effects, including low life expectancy, violence, and instability - factors intertwined with the continent's poverty. Over the decades there have been many attempts to improve the economy of Africa with very little success. Much of the continent is still very poor.<table id="toc" class="
item	Education in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Africa	Education in Africa is less developed than in many parts of the world, and many countries have low rates of participation. Schools often lack many basic facilities, and African universities suffer from overcrowding and staff being lured away to Western countries by higher pay and better conditions.According to UNESCO's Regional overview on sub-Saharan Africa, in 2000 only 58% of children were enrolled in primary schools, the lowest enrollment rate of any region. It was also the region with the highest rate of repetition - over 15% in more than half the countries with data. UNESCO also reported marked gender inequalities: in most regions there is much higher enrolment by boys, but in some there are actually more girls, due to sons having to stay home and tend to the family farm.[edit]InitiativesInitiatives to improve education in Africa include:NEPAD's E-school program, an ambition plan to provide internet and computer facilities to all schools on the continentBritish Airways' "Change for Good in Africa" project which, in collaboration with Unicef, opened the model school Kuje Science Primary School in Nigeria in 2002.......[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Africa&amp;action=edit
item	Ekosso	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosso	Ekosso is a town in Kinshasa Congo. It is located at 0°59′25″S, 15°34′10″E.
item	Elections in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Africa	This page lists the most recent (direct) national elections in African countries.Table of contentsAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadComorosCongo-BrazzavilleCongo-KinshasaCôte d'IvoireDjiboutiEgyptEquatorial GuineaEritreaEthiopiaGabonThe GambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaLibyaMadagascarMalawiMaliMaur
item	February 2006 in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2006_in_Africa	&lt;February 2006&gt;SMTWTFS&#160;&#160;&#160;12345678910111213141516171819202122<a href="#23_February_
item	Flags of Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Africa	This is a gallery of international and national flags used in Africa.Contents1 International flags2 Eastern Africa3 Middle Africa4 Northern Africa5 Southern Africa6 Western Africa7 See also
item	List of African countries by GDP	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP	This is a list of the countries in Africa in order of Gross domestic product (GDP), Values are given in Billion USDs.
item	Geography of Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Africa	Africa is a continent comprised of 61 political territories (including 53 countries), representing the largest of the three great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. It includes, within its remarkably regular outline, an area of 30,368,609 km2 (11,725,385 mi2), including adjacent islands.
item	Global apartheid	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_apartheid	Global apartheid is a term used by some on the left to describe the First World's relationship to the Third World. It is defined as a "an international system of minority rule" in which a largely white minority in the West keeps the rest of the world, particularly Africa, poor. According to the theory an international mostly white minority enjoy greater access to human rights, economic wealth and power by virtue of structural racism endemic in the world econoomic system and the international power structure. Global apartheid makes acceptable the existence of inferior rights for a majority of the world's population due to their race, origin, location or gender.[1][edit]
item	Historical African place names	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_African_place_names	This is a list of historical African place names. The names on the left are linked to the corresponding subregion(s) from History of Africa.Abyssinia - EthiopiaAfrica (province) - TunisiaBarbary Coast - AlgeriaBechuanaland - BotswanaBelgian Congo - Democratic Republic of the CongoCarthage - TunisiaCentral African Empire - Central African RepublicCongo Free State - Democratic Republic of the CongoEquatoria - Sudan and UgandaFernando Poo - BiokoFrench C
item	History of Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Africa	The following is an outline of African history, followed by a list of articles about the history of particular places in Africa.Contents1 Evolution of hominids and Homo sapiens in Africa2 Neolithic prehistoric cultures2.1 North Africa2.2 Sub-Saharan Africa3 History of Sub-Saharan Africa until 1880 A.D.3.1 The Bantu expansion3.2 West Africa3.3 Trans-Saharan trade3.4 Southern Africa3.5 Eritrea,Ethiopia and Nubia3.6 <span cl
item	Human rights in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa	The situation of human rights in Africa is generally reported to be poor, and typically seen as an area of grave concern according to the UN, governmental, and non-governmental observers.
item	ICFTU African Regional Organisation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICFTU_African_Regional_Organisation	The ICFTU African Regional Organisation (ICFTU-AFRO) is a regional organisation of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, representing trade unions fom countries in Africa. There are 56 national trade union federations affiliated to ICFTU-AFRO, from 45 countries, and representing a total of 15 million workers.The ICFTU-AFRO held its first congress in 1957, but the current organisation was not fully formed until 1993. The organisation has six main departments, handling conflict resolution, economic &amp; social policy, education, gender &amp; equality, HIV/AIDS, and humand &amp; trade union rights. In its own words,ICFTU-AFRO seeks to fight poverty, unemployment and all forms of discrimination, exploitation, arbitrary unrests, detention without trial and unlawful dismissals.[edit]See alsoInternational Confederation of Free Trade UnionsICFTU Asia and Pacific Regional OrganisationICFTU Inter American Regional Organisation of Workers<a href="/wiki/Euro
item	January 2006 in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2006_in_Africa	&lt;January 2006&gt;SMTWTFS1234567891011121314151617181920212223<a href="#24_January_2006"
item	List of African cities	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_cities	This is a list of major African cities.AbidjanAddis AbabaAsmaraBenguelaBloemfonteinBrazzavilleBujumburaCairoCapetownConakryDar es SalaamDoualaDurbanEast LondonEntebbeHarareJohannesburgKampalaKigaliKimberlyKinshashaLagosLuandaLusakaMogadishuNairobiPretoriaSalisburySowetoWindhoek</li
item	List of African countries	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries	This is an alphabetical list of African countries and dependencies.&#160;Algeria&#160;Angola&#160;Benin&#160;Botswana&#160;Burkina Faso<a href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Burund
item	List of African tribes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_tribes	This is a list of African tribes.AkanAshantiBagandaBembaCewaDinkaEweEwondoFulaGandaHausaIgboIjawKambaKikuyuKimbunduKhoi Khoi HottentotKongoLingalaLubaLuyiaMakuaNguniSan BushmenSangoShonaSomaliSonghaiSukumaSwahiliSwaziTigrinyaTiv<a href="/w/in
item	List of Africans	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Africans	This is a list of famous Africans.Akeem AlajuwonChief JonathanDidier DrogbaEllen Johnson SirleafFreddy AduGeorge WeahHaile SelassieIdi Amin DadaImanJean GraeKing Sunny AdeKofi AnnanLaurent KabilaManute BolNelson MandelaPrester JohnRobert MugabeSadeStephen BikoThabo MbekiTokyo Sexwale[edit]
item	List of conflicts in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa	A, thus far incomplete, list of conflicts in Africa (arranged by Country), including;Wars between African nationsCivil Wars within African nationsColonial Wars/Conflicts in AfricaWars of Independence in African nationsSecessionist/Separatist Conflicts in AfricaMajor episodes of violence (riots, massacres, etc.) in African nations
item	2004 locust outbreak	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_locust_outbreak	The 2004 Locust Outbreak was the largest infestation of desert locust in West and North Africa in more than 15 years and affected a number of countries in the fertile northern regions of Africa.[edit]
item	Mac Maharaj	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Maharaj	Mac Maharaj (born April 22, 1935 in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) was democratic South Africa's first Minister of Transport, a post he took on May 11, 1994. Previously, Maharaj was a political activist who worked closely with Nelson Mandela and commanded Operation Vula, an underground program of armed resistance, from 1988 to 1990. He currently teaches at Bennington College in Vermont.[edit]
item	Measles Initiative	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_Initiative	Measles Initiative (MI) was launched in February 2001, as a long-term commitment to control measles in Africa. The effort involved vaccinating 200 million children and preventing 1.2 million deaths over five years.
item	AfriNIC	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfriNIC	AfriNIC is the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for Africa.
item	November 2005 in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2005_in_Africa	This page deals with events that took place from November 2005 in or of interest to the Continent of Africa,This current event page is incomplete; you can help by updating it.To read and write about Africa current events in detail, please visit our sibling project, Wikinews at Africa.
item	ODAM	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODAM	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since May 2006.
item	Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_pour_la_mise_en_valeur_du_fleuve_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal	The Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) is an organisation founded in 1972 by Mali, Mauritania and Senegal to manage the Senegal River and its river basin. Its aims are to promote self-sufficiency in food, to improve the income of the local populations, and to preserve the natural ecosystems.
item	Ouidah	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouidah	Ouidah (also Whydah in English) is a city on the Atlantic coast of Benin.Contents1 History2 São João Baptista de Ajudá3 Sources and references4 See also
item	Permanent Interstate Committee for drought control in the Sahel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Interstate_Committee_for_drought_control_in_the_Sahel	The permanent Interstate Committee for drought control in the Sahel (French: Comité permanent inter-État de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel , abbreviated as CILSS) is an international organization of countries in the Sahel.
item	African philosophy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_philosophy	African philosophy is a disputed term, used in different ways by different philosophers. Although African philosophers spend their time doing work in many different areas, such as metaphysics, epistemology, moral philosophy, and political philosophy, a great deal of the literature is taken up with a debate concerning the nature of African philosophy itself. Though this is often criticised (with some reason) as being sterile and self-absorbed, it can nevertheless provide useful insights into the nature of philosophy in general.Contents1 Introduction2 Pre-modern African philosophy2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa2.2 North Africa3 Four candidates for modern African philosophy3.1 Ethnophilosophy &amp; philosophical sagacity<a href="#Professional_philosophy
item	List of African countries by population	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population	This is a list of African countries/dependencies by population.PosCountryPopulation1&#160;Nigeria128,771,9882&#160;Egypt77,505,7563&#160;Ethiopia73,053,2864<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" alt="Democr
item	List of African countries by population density	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population_density	This is a list of African countries/dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km2. Saint Helena, being closest to Africa, has been included. Egypt as a whole has been included, even though some of Egypt is located in Asia.countrypop. dens.areapopulation&#160;(/km²)(km²)(2002-07-01 est.)Mauritius5882,0401,200,206Mayotte (Fr.)457374170,879Reunion (Fr.)2962,512743,981Comoros2832,170614,382Rwanda28126,3387,398,074Burundi22927,8306,373,002Seychelles17645580,098São Tomé and Príncipe1701,001170,372Nigeria141<t
item	Poverty in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa	African nations regularly fall to the bottom of any list measuring economic activity, such as per capita income or per capita GDP, despite a wealth of natural resources. The bottom 25 spots of the United Nations (UN) quality of life index are regularly filled by African nations. In 2006, 34 of the 50 nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa.[1] In many nations, the per capita income is often less than $200 U.S. per year, with the vast majority of the population living on much less. In addition, Africa's share of income has been consistently dropping over the past century by any measure. In 1820, the average European worker earned about three times what the average African did. Now, the average European earns twenty times what the average African does.[2] Although per capita incomes in Africa have also been steadily growing, and poverty falling, measures are still far better in other parts of the world, such as Latin America, which suffers from many of the same disadvantages.Contents1 Overpopulation2 Loss of traditional land uses<
item	Religion in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Africa	African religions are distinct to African ethnic groups. In certain respects the term is awkward as traditional African religions have a wide cultural variety that makes virtually any overall statement a sweeping generalization, but the majority of African religions do share some commonalities. There is no universal aspect found in all African religions.It is important to note that a majority of Africans today will consider themselves to be either Christian or Muslim. Islam has existed on the continent for over a millennium and has established itself as the dominant religion in many areas. Christian churches in Ethiopia and Egypt have existed since the early days of Christianity and were just as influential on the shaping of the faith as churches in Europe. Missionary activity during the colonial period, together with modern evangelism from American Pentecostal groups have firmly established Christianity as the most practiced religion on the continent. It is important to note that Christianity, (and to a lesser extent Islam) has been adapted in the African context to incorporate elements of traditional religions, and emphasise elements such as healing which are more relevant to African belief systems. It should also be noted that Judaism has had a significant presence on the African continent for millenia. There have been several communities of African Jews dispersed across the continent, including the Beta Israel of Ethiopia and Abayudaya of Uganda.Contents1 <spa
item	Rufaa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufaa	Rufaa is an ethnic group in Northern Sudan. They speak Sudanese Arabic. The population of this group is at several 100,000. Most persons in this minority are Muslims.
item	Sahel drought	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel_drought	The Sahel drought in 1970s and 1980s created a famine that killed a million people and afflicted more than 50 million.
item	Shukria	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukria	The Shukria are a large tribe of African nomads living in the "Island of Meroe," i.e. the country between the Atbara and the Blue Nile, in modern central Sudan, southwest of the city of Khartoum. The family name of the principal, branch of this tribe is Abu Sin, and Gedaref, an important town in the center of the Shukria country, was formerly called Suk Abu Sin.
item	Sub-Saharan Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe those countries of the African continent that are not considered part of North Africa. In 19th Century Europe and the Western world, the area was sometimes referred to as Black Africa. Africa as a whole was commonly known as 'the Dark continent", a term that was usually intended to refer to the Sub-Saharan region. This was partly due to the skin color of its indigenous inhabitants and partly because much of it had not been fully mapped or explored by Westerners. These terms are now obsolete and often considered to be pejorative. Further, they are misleading, as black Africans are indigenous to much of North Africa, as well.
item	The African Network	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_African_Network	The African Network (TAN) is a not-for-profit organization founded in Silicon Valley with the sole mandate of fostering the growth of entrepreneurship and technology in Africa and amongst her children in the diaspora worldwide through networking, education and mentoring.
item	United States of Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Africa	The United States of Africa is a name sometimes given to one version of the possible future unification of Africa as a national and sovereign federation of states similar in formation to the United States of America, mirroring the idea of the United States of Europe. The idea has recently been advanced by Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi at a 2000 summit.[1] in Lomé, Togo.
item	University of Ouagadougou	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ouagadougou	Founded in 1974, the University of Ouagadougou is located in the area of Zogona in Ouagadougou. But in 1995 a second campus for professional education known as University Polytechnique of Bobo (UPB) was opened in the city of Bobo Dioulasso and a third campus for teacher training in Koudougou in 1996. The UO consist of 7 Training and Research Unit (UFR) and 1 institute.[1] The UO plays a key role in the economic and offers educational, cultural and economics benefit to the country. The current President of the University of Ouagadougou is Pr. Odile Germaine Nacoulma. The goal of the UO is to open new faculties in order to increase the number of students, to intensify the development of new information and communication technologies, to improve the university management, to improve the internal and external efficiency by diversification of the areas in education and to finally introduce a professional education.Contents1 Academics1.1 Academic Departments and Program1.2 UFR Languages, Arts and Communications (UFR/LAC)1.3 UFR Human Sciences (UFR/SH)<a href="#UFR_Leg
item	Urbanization in Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_Africa	//[edit]Urban development in statisticsIn 1900 we think that about 95% of Africa's inhabitants south of Sahara lived from the primary occupations of farming, hunting &amp; gathering, cattle nomadism, and fishing (Aase, 2003:1) meaning that probably less than 5% were urban. In 1950 (the start of the independence period) 14,7% of Africa's inhabitants were urban, in 2000 had it risen to 37,2% and it is expected to rise to 45,3% in 2015, in effect 3,76%&#160;? 3,35% per year (UN, 2002). The Nigerian city of Lagos that in 1963 had 665 000 inhabitants (Rakodi, 1997) and 8,7 million in 2000 is expected to become the worlds 11th biggest city by 2015 with 16 million inhabitants (UN, 2002). The urbanization of most of Africa is moving fast forward, and especially south of Sahara[edit]Pre-colonial timeColonial powers used to see themselves as patrons com
item	Vodou	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodou	The term Vodou (Vodu or Vudu in Benin; and Togo; also Vodon, Vodoun, Voudou, or other phonetically equivalent spellings. In Haiti; Vudu (an Ewe word, also used in the Dominican Republic) is by some individuals applied to the branches of a West African ancestral religious tradition. It is important to note that the word Voodoo is the most common and known usage in American and popular culture, and is viewed as a pejorative by the Afro-Diaspora practicing communities. However, the different spellings of this term can be explained as follows:
item	Wadelai	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadelai	Wadelai is a village of northern Uganda on the Albert Nile and was the final chief station of Emin Pasha when Governor of Equatoria.
item	Wochua	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wochua	The Wochua were/are a pygmy people of Africa, living in the forests of the Mabode district, south of the Welle. They were discovered (1880-1883) by Dr. W. Junker, who described them as well proportioned, though the oval-shaped head seemed somewhat too large for the size of tile body. Some are of light complexion, like the Akka and Batwa.[edit]
item	Americas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas	The Americas are the lands of the New World or Western hemisphere consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions.
item	Alliance for Progress	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress	The Alliance for Progress initiated by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between North and South America. The aid was intended to counter the emerging communist threat from Cuba.Contents1 Origin and goals2 US aid to Latin America3 Business lobbying4 Success and failures of the plan5 Military version6 Results7 See also8 Notes9 External links
item	American Capital of Culture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Capital_of_Culture	The NGO "American Capital of Culture Organization" selects one American city annually to serve as the American Capital of Culture for a period of one year. The organization claims the initiative is based closely on the European Capital of Culture programme; it enjoys the backing of the hemisphere-wide Organization of American States, but the OAS is not involved in the selection process.[edit]
item	Americas %28terminology%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas_%28terminology%29	The Americas, also known as America, are the lands of the western hemisphere, composed of numerous entities and regions variably defined by geography, politics, and culture.Contents1 Geophysical regions2 Geopolitical divisions3 Political divisions4 Linguistic/cultural regions5 Sources6 See also
item	Anglo-America	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-America	The term Anglo-America or Anglo-Saxon America is used to describe those parts of the Americas in which English is the main language, or having significant historical, linguistic, and cultural links to England or the British Isles. Alternatively, Anglo-America is the American portion of the Anglosphere.
item	Association of Caribbean States	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States	The Association of Caribbean States (ACS) (Also called the Asociacion de Estados del Caribe or Association des Etats de la Caraibe) was formed with the aim of promoting consultation, cooperation, and concerted action among all the countries of the Caribbean, comprising of 25 member states and 3 associate members. The Convention Establishing the ACS was signed on July 24, 1994 in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
item	Caribbean	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean	The Caribbean (Spanish: Caribe; French: Caraïbe; Dutch: Caraïben; Portuguese: Caribe or Caraíbas) is a region of the Americas consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. Located southeast of Northern America, east of Central America, and to the north and west of South America, the Caribbean is usually considered a subregion of North America.
item	Central America	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America	Central America is a central region of the Americas. Variably defined, the geographic region constitutes the southern portion of the North American continent.Contents1 Physical geography2 Human geography3 History4 Sources5 See also6 External links
item	Cosmographiae Introductio	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographiae_Introductio	Cosmographiae Introductio (Saint-Dié, 1507) was a book published in 1507 to accompany Martin Waldseemüller's map of the world and wall-map (Universalis Cosmographia), which was the first appearance of the name 'America'. Waldseemüller’s map and book, along with his 1513 edition of Ptolemy’s Geography, were very influential and widely copied at the time.
item	Extreme points of the Americas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Americas	This is a list of the extreme points of The Americas, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location on the continent. The continent's southernmost point is often said to be Cape Horn, which is the southernmost point of the Chilean islands.
item	ICFTU Inter American Regional Organisation of Workers	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICFTU_Inter_American_Regional_Organisation_of_Workers	The ICFTU Inter American Regional Organisation of Workers (CIOSL/ORIT) is a regional organisation of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions representing trade unions from the Americas. The organisation has 41 affiliated or fraternal organisations, in 27 countries, representing 45 million workers.The COISL/ORIT was formed in 1951, and describes its objective as being to work for independent, autonomous, democratic unions throughout the Americas. The organisation carries out work in a range of fields.The following national organisations are affiliated with the CIOSL/ORIT (ordered by country):ArgentinaConfederación General del Trabajo de la República ArgentinaBarbadosBarbados Workers' UnionBelizeNational Trade Union Congress of Belize (Fraternal, not affiliated)BrazilCentral Unica de Trabajadores<a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederaci%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores_%28Brazil%29&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Confederación Ge
item	List of the largest metropolitan areas in the Americas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas	This is a list of the largest metropolitan areas in the Americas.RankMetropolitan area namePopulation estimate1New York City, United States22,531,0692Mexico City, Mexico22,414,3193Greater São Paulo, Brazil19,357,4854Los Angeles, United States17,767,1195Buenos Aires, Argentina13,470,2406Rio de Janeiro, Brazil11,826,6097Chicago, United States9,464,8868Washington-Baltimore, United States8,117,3279Bogotá, Colombia7,941,95510Lima, Peru7,857,12111<a href="/wiki/San_Francis
item	New World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World	The New World is one of the names used for the American continents and adjacent islands collectively. When the term originated around 1555, the Americas were new to the Europeans, who previously thought of the world as consisting only of Europe, Asia, and Africa—the Old World. The term "New World" should not be confused with "modern world"; the latter generally refers to a historical period, not a landmass.
item	Western Hemisphere	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere	Western Hemisphere (capitalized), or Western hemisphere, is a geopolitical term for the Americas and associated islands and waters (or the New World). It is derived from the geographical term of western hemisphere, which is the half of the Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian. Usage has shifted in modernity so that the term generally refers collectively to the Americas and their inhabitants, including associated islands like the West Indies and Greenland, while excluding other territories that lie geographically in the hemisphere like parts of Africa, Europe, Antarctica, and Asia.
item	South Pole	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole	The South Pole is the southernmost point on the Earth.Contents1 Geographic South Pole2 Ceremonial South Pole3 South Geomagnetic Pole4 South Magnetic Pole5 The Southern Pole of Inaccessibility6 See also7 References8 External links
item	Coldest place on earth	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldest_place_on_earth	The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on earth, with the lowest temperature ever recorded on earth being -89.6 &#160;°C (-129&#160;°F) at Vostok Station. It is also extremely dry, with only an average of 166 mm of precipitation per year, although ice there can last for a long time. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent.Contents1 History2 Southern Ocean3 Temperature4 Precipitation5 Ice cover5.1 Ice shelves6 Climate change7 See also8 References9 External links<li class="toclev
item	Ice	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice	Ice can refer to any one of the 14 known solid phases of water. However, in non-scientific contexts, it usually describes ice Ih, which is the most abundant of these phases in Earth's biosphere. This type of ice is a soft, delicate, crystalline solid, which can appear transparent or an opaque bluish-white color depending on the presence of impurities such as air. The addition of other materials such as soil may further alter appearance. The most common phase transition to ice Ih occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0&#160;°C (273.15&#160;K, 32&#160;°F) at standard atmospheric pressure. However, it can also sublime from a vapor with no intervening liquid phase such as in the formation of frost. Ice appears in varied forms such as hail, ice cubes, and glaciers. It plays an important role with many meteorological phenomena. The ice caps of the polar regions are of significance fo
item	Arctic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic	The Arctic is the area around the Earth's North Pole. The Arctic includes parts of Russia, Alaska (United States), Canada, Greenland (a territory of Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland, as well as the Arctic Ocean.
item	North Pole	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole	The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth.Contents1 Defining the North Pole of Earth2 Geographic North Pole2.1 Expeditions3 North Magnetic Pole4 North Geomagnetic Pole5 Northern Pole of Inaccessibility6 Defining North Poles in astronomy7 Day and night8 Territorial claims to the North Pole (Arctic)9 Magnetic declination10 Cultural references to the North Pole<li class="toclevel-
item	Antarctica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica	Antarctic Peninsula glacierAntarctica is the southernmost continent and encompasses the South Pole. Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern Ocean and divided by the Transantarctic Mountains. On average, it is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent and has the highest average elevation of all the continents.[1] At 14 million&#160;km², Antarctica is the third-smallest continent after Europe and Oceania and 98% of it is covered in ice. Because there is little precipitation, except at the coasts, the interior of the continent is technically the largest desert in the world. There are no permanent human residents and Antarctica has never had an indigenous population. Only cold-adapted plants and animals survive there, including penguins, fur seals, <
item	.aq	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.aq	.aq is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Antarctica. It is reserved for organizations that conduct work in Antarctica or promote the Antarctic and Southern Ocean regions. It is administered by Peter Mott.[edit]External linksIANA .aq whois informationCountry code top-level domainsActive: &#160;.ac &#160;.ad &#160;.ae &#160;.af &#160;.ag &#160;.ai &#160;.al &#160;.am &#160;.an &#160;.ao &#160;.aq &#160;.ar &#160;.as &#160;.at &#160;
item	ANSMET	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSMET	ANSMET (ANtarctic Search for METeorites) is a program funded by the Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation that looks for meteorites in the Transantarctic Mountains.[edit]
item	ANtarctic Impulse Transient Antenna	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANtarctic_Impulse_Transient_Antenna	The ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Array (ANITA) has been designed to study neutrinos with energies on the order of 1018eV by detecting the radio pulses emitted by their interacting with the Antarctic ice sheet. This is to be accomplished using an array of 36 radio attenas (Cylindrically arranged with an approximate radius of 3m and a height of 5m.) suspended from a helium balloon.[edit]
item	Administrative Heads of Australian Antarctic Territory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Heads_of_Australian_Antarctic_Territory	List of Administrative Heads of Australian Antarctic TerritoryTermIncumbentNotesAustralian Antarctic Division of the Australian Department of Environment and Heritage1947 to 1948Stuart Campbell, Chief Executive Officer&#160;1948 to 1948Stuart Campbell, Director&#160;1949 to 1966Phillip Law, Director&#160;1966 to 1970Don Styles, acting Director1st Term1970 to 1971<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryan_Rofe&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Br
item	Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Antarctic_Names	The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (ACAN or US-ACAN) is an advisory committee of the United States Board on Geographic Names responsible for recommending names for features in Antarctica. The United States does not recognise territorial boundaries within Antarctica, so ACAN will assign names to features anywhere within the continent, in consultation with other national nomenclatural bodies where appropriate.
item	Antarctic Circle	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circle	The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. It is at latitude 66° 33' 39" south of the equator (in 2000; like for its northern counterpart, the Arctic Circle, the value is currently slowly decreasing over time, pushing the Antarctic Circle southwards with about 15 m per year). For everywhere within the Antarctic Circle, there is at least twenty-four hours of continuous daylight on the Summer Solstice in December, and at least twenty-four hours of continuous nighttime on the Winter Solstice in June. That is to say, one whole day during which the sun does not set, and one whole day during which the sun does not rise. This is because the earth is tilted at a 23.5 degree angle, and during the winter solstice, the southern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, meaning that the antarctic circle is completely tilted away from the Sun, hence it experiences 24 hour nighttime, and vice versa. In practice these numbers are somewhat relaxed for various factors, the most important being: the atmospheric refraction, the real altitude of the observer above sea level, and mirages. Mirages on the antarctic continent tend to be even more spectacular than in arctic regions, creating, for example, a series of sunsets and sunrises while in reality during that period the sun was under the horizon all the time.
item	Antarctic Circumpolar Wave	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Wave	The Antarctic Circumpolar Wave is a coupled ocean/atmosphere wave that circles the Southern Ocean in approximately eight years. Since it is a wave-2 phenomenon (there are two peaks and two troughs in a latitude circle) at each fixed point in space a signal with a period of four years is seen. The wave moves eastward with the prevailing currents.
item	Antarctic Convergence	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence	The Antarctic Convergence (also known as the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone) is a line encircling Antarctica where the cold, northward-flowing Antarctic waters sink beneath the relatively warmer waters of the sub-Antarctic. The line is actually a zone approximately 20 to 30 miles wide, varying somewhat in latitude in different longitudes, extending across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between the 48th and 61st parallels of south latitude. The precise location at any given place and time is made evident by the sudden change in surface temperature, which averages 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (2.8° C to 5.5° C). Although this zone is a mobile one, it usually does not stray more than a half a degree of latitude from its mean position.
item	Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Muon_And_Neutrino_Detector_Array	The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) is a neutrino telescope located beneath the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. It consists of optical modules, each containing one photomultipler tube, sunk in Antarctic ice cap at a depth of about 1500 to 1900 meters. In its latest development stage, known as AMANDA-II, AMANDA is made up of an array of 677 optical modules mounted on 19 separate strings that are spread out in a rough circle with a diameter of 200 meters. Each string has several dozen modules, and was put in place by "drilling" a hole in the ice using a hot water hose, sinking the cable with attached optical modules in, and then letting the ice freeze around it.AMANDA detects very high energy neutrinos (50+ GeV) which pass through the Earth from the northern hemisphere and then react just as they are leaving upwards through the Antarctic ice. The neutrino collides with nuclei of oxygen or hydrogen atoms contained in the surrounding water ice, producing a muon and a hadronic shower. The optical modules detect the Cherenkov radiation from these particles, and by analysis of the timing of photon hits can approximately determine the direction of the original neutrino with a spatial resolution of approximately 2 <a href="/wiki/Degree_%28angle%29" title="Degr
item	Antarctic Place-names Commission	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Place-names_Commission	The Antarctic Place-names Commission was established by the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute in 1994, and since 2001 has been a body affiliated to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria. The Commission approves Bulgarian place names in Antarctica, which are formally given by the President of the Republic according to the Bulgarian Constitution and the established international practice.
item	Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Submillimeter_Telescope_and_Remote_Observatory	Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory, or AST/RO, is a 1.7 meter diameter off-axis telescope for research in astronomy and aeronomy at wavelengths between 0.2 and 2 mm. The instrument is now operating at the South Pole with four heterodyne receivers and three acousto-optical spectrometers.[edit]
item	Antarctic Technology Offshore Lagoon Laboratory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Technology_Offshore_Lagoon_Laboratory	The Antarctic Technology Offshore Lagoon Laboratory (ATOLL) was a floating oceanographic laboratory for in situ observation experiments and for field testing new instruments and equipment for polar expeditions. The ATOLL hull was the largest fiberglass structure ever built at that time. It was in operation from 1982 to 1995.Contents1 Structure and infrastructure2 Research3 Videos4 References5 External links
item	Antarctic cod	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_cod	Binomial nameDissostichus mawsoniNorman, 1937
item	Antarctic continental shelf	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_continental_shelf	The Antarctic continental shelf is a geological feature that underlies the Southern Ocean, surrounding the continent of Antarctica. The shelf is generally narrow and unusually deep, its edge lying at depths of 400 to 800 meters (the global mean is 133 meters). It is home to a thriving ecosystem of penguins and cold-water fish.&#160;This geology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_continental_shelf"			<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&amp;article=Antar
item	Antarctic ice sheet	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet	The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million square km and contains 30 million cubic km of ice. Around 90 percent of the fresh water on the Earth's surface is held in the ice sheet, an amount equivalent to 70 m of water in the world's oceans. In East Antarctica, the ice sheet rests on a major land mass, but in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2500m below sea level. The land would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there.[1]
item	Antarctic pearlwort	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_pearlwort	Binomial nameColobanthus quitensis(Humboldt, Bonpland &amp; Kunth) Bartling
item	Antarctic stamps	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_stamps	Antarctic stamps are printed by governments, usually to claim ownership over Antarctic territories.Antarctic souvenir sheet
item	Antarctic territorial claims	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_territorial_claims	Currently there are seven claimant nations who maintain a territorial claim on eight territories in Antarctica. All claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty, which came into effect in 1961, although many maps continue to show the territorial claims.
item	Antarctica Service Medal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica_Service_Medal	The Antarctica Service Medal was established by the United States Congress in 1960. The decoration was intended as a military award to replace several commemorative decorations which had been issued for previous Antarctica expeditions from 1928 to 1941. The following commemorative medals were declared obsolete, following the creation of the Antarctica Service Medal.Byrd Antarctic Expedition MedalUnited States Antarctic Expedition Medal
item	Antarctica ecozone	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica_ecozone	Antarctica is one of eight terrestrial ecozones. The ecozone includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold and dry that it has supported virtually no vascular plants for millions of years, and its flora presently consists of around 250 lichens, 100 mosses, 25-30 liverworts, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algal species, which live on the areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the Antarctic hair grass (Deschampsia antarctica) and Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctica is also home to a diversity of animal life, including penguins, seals, and whales.
item	Antarctican Dollar	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctican_Dollar	The Antarctican Dollar (AQD) is a currency unofficially declared for the continent of Antarctica. Illustrations of the currency can be viewed at the site of the Bank of Antarctica. One Antarctican Dollar is equivalent to one United States Dollar. Although not the official currency of the continent, the currency may be used if both parties agree. [1].
item	Argentine Antarctica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica	Motto: En Unión y LibertadAnthem: Argentine National AnthemStatusDepartment of the Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur ProvinceOfficial&#160;language(s)SpanishCapitalEsperanza BaseArea965.597 km²Population200-300CurrencyArgentine Peso
item	Aurora Australis %28book%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Australis_%28book%29	Aurora Australis written during the Nimrod Expedition of Antarctica led by Ernest Shackleton. The men of the expedition wrote, typeset and printed on a small hand press the 120-page Aurora Australis, the first book published in Antarctica.Shackleton, E.. (1986). Aurora Australis. Paradigm Press. ISBN 0948285079Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Australis_%28book%29"			Category: Antarctica																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools		<div class="p
item	Australian Antarctic Division	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division	The Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), of the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage, manages Australia's four Antarctic/sub-Antarctic stations, as well as Heard Island, as part of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE).Casey StationDavis StationMawson StationMacquarie Island
item	Blue ice runway	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_ice_runway	A blue ice runway is a runway constructed in Antarctic areas with no net annual snow accumulation, so that the resultant ice surface is capable of supporting aircraft landings using wheels instead of skis. They are intended to make transferring materials to research stations simpler, since wheeled aircraft can carry much heavier loads than those which are ski-equipped.
item	British Antarctic Survey	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey	The British Antarctic Survey (BAS), formerly the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), is an institute of the Natural Environment Research Council, and has, for the last fifty years, undertaken the majority of Britain's scientific research on and around the Antarctic continent. It now shares that continent with scientists from around thirty countries.
item	Climate of Antarctica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica	The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on earth, with the lowest temperature ever recorded on earth being -89.6 &#160;°C (-129&#160;°F) at Vostok Station. It is also extremely dry, with only an average of 166 mm of precipitation per year, although ice there can last for a long time. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent.Contents1 History2 Southern Ocean3 Temperature4 Precipitation5 Ice cover5.1 Ice shelves6 Climate change7 See also8 References9 External links<li class="toclev
item	Commissioner of the British Antarctic Territory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory	This is a list of High Commissioners and Commissioners of the British Antarctic Territory, the area of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom. The first High Commissioner was appointed in 1962 following the establishment of British Antarctic Territory as a separate British overseas territory. Prior to 1962, the area was administered from the Falkland Islands by the Governor.[edit]
item	Communications in Antarctica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Antarctica	Telephones - main lines in use: 0(note: information for US bases only (2001))
item	Antarctic Conservation Act	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Conservation_Act	The Antarctic Conservation Act, enacted in 1978, is a United States federal law that addresses the issue of environmental conservation on the continent of Antarctica. The Departments of the Treasury, Interior and Commerce are responsible for the Act's enforcement.
item	Demographics of Antarctica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica	Antarctica has no indigenous inhabitants, but there are seasonally staffed research stations. Approximately 29 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, send personnel to perform seasonal (summer) and year-round research on the continent and in its surrounding oceans; the population of persons doing and supporting science on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty) varies from approximately 4,000 in summer to 1,000 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research are present in the waters of the treaty region.
item	Dome A	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_A	Dome A or Dome Argus (81°0′S 77°0′E) is an Antarctican plateau located 1200 kilometres inland. It is thought to be one of the coldest naturally occurring places on Earth, with temperatures believed to reach -90 °C. It is the highest ice feature in Antarctica, comprising a dome or eminence of just over 4,000 m elevation, located near the center of East Antarctica and approximately midway between the head of Lambert Glacier and the South Pole.
item	Dome C	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_C	Dome C, also known as Dome Circe or Dome Charlie, located at 75°06′S 123°20′E at an altitude of 3,233 m or 10,607 ft above sea level, is one of several summits or "domes" of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dome C is located on the Antarctic Plateau, 1,100km inland from the French research station at Dumont D'Urville, 1,100 km inland from the Australian Casey Station and 1,200 km inland from the Italian Zucchelli station at Terra Nova Bay. Russia's Vostok Station is 560km away. Dome C is the site of the Concordia Research Station, jointly operated by France and Italy.Contents1 History2 Environment3 Astronomical observatory4 See also5
item	Eastern Antarctican Craton	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Antarctican_Craton	The Eastern Antarctic Craton is the craton that forms most of Antarctica. It joined with West Antarctica to form to continent of Antarctica.&#160;This Antarctica or antarctic or sub-antarctic islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Antarctican_Craton"			Categories: Antarctica geography stub
item	Economy of Antarctica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica	No economic activity is conducted at present in Antarctica, except for fishing off the coast and small-scale tourism, both based abroad. Antarctic fisheries in 1998-1999 (July 1- June 30) reported landing 119,898 metric tons. Unregulated fishing landed five to six times more than the regulated fishery, and allegedly illegal fishing in antarctic waters in 1998 resulted in the seizure (by France and Australia) of at least eight fishing ships. A total of 10,013 tourists visited in the 1998-1999 summer, up from the 9,604 who visited the previous year. Nearly all of them were passengers on 16 commercial (nongovernmental) ships and several yachts that made 116 trips during the summer. Most tourist trips lasted approximately two weeks.
item	Flag of Antarctica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Antarctica	There is no official flag of Antarctica. Antarctica is not a nation and is not ruled by a single government or body, therefore no flag has been adopted for it. The Antarctic Treaty Organization has no flag, either.Contents1 Proposed designs1.1 Graham Bartram1.2 Whitney Smith2 Territorial flags2.1 British Antarctic Territory2.2 French Southern and Antarctic Territories2.3 Tierra del Fuego2.4 Magallanes Region2.5 Ross Dependency3 Exter
item	History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands	Motto: Leo Terram Propriam Protegat(Latin: Let the lion protect its own land)National anthem: God Save the Queen
item	IceCube Neutrino Detector	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Detector	The IceCube Neutrino Detector is a neutrino telescope currently under construction at the South Pole. Like its predecessor, the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), IceCube is being constructed in deep Antarctic ice by deploying thousands of spherical optical sensors (photomultiplier tubes, or PMTs) at depths between 1,450 and 2,450 meters. The sensors are deployed on "strings" of sixty modules each, into holes melted in the ice using a hot water drill.Contents1 Construction status2 Experimental goals3 Possible tests3.1 Neutrino detection3.2 Gamma ray origins3.3 String theory4 References
item	Life in the Freezer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_the_Freezer	Life in the Freezer is a BBC natural history television series (in conjunction with The National Geographic Society and Lionheart International Limited) about life in and around the continent of Antarctica. It is written and presented by David Attenborough, and was originally transmitted in November 1993.
item	List of Antarctic expeditions by the Soviet Union	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions_by_the_Soviet_Union	List of Antarctic expeditions by the Soviet Union is a list of the USSR expeditions to Antarctica.[edit]
item	List of research stations in Antarctica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_Antarctica	A number of governments maintain permanent research stations throughout Antarctica. Many of the stations are staffed around the year. A total of 27 countries, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent and in its surrounding oceans. The population of persons doing and supporting science on the continent and its nearby islands varies from approximately 4,000 in summer to 1,000 in winter.[edit]
item	Livingston Island %28South Shetland Islands%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Island_%28South_Shetland_Islands%29	Livingston Island (62°36′S 60°30′W) is an Antarctic island in the South Shetland Islands, Western Antarctica lying between Greenwich and Snow Islands. This island was known to sealers as early as 1819, and the name Livingston has been well established in international usage for over 180 years.Contents1 Geography2 History3 Scientific Bases<a h
item	March of the Penguins	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Penguins	March of the Penguins (French: La Marche de l'empereur; literally: "The Emperor's Journey") is an Academy Award-winning documentary film by Luc Jacquet, co-produced by the National Geographic Society and Warner Independent Pictures.The film depicts the yearly journeys of the Emperor Penguins of Antarctica. In the fall, all the penguins of breeding age (five years old and over) leave the ocean, their normal habitat, to walk inland to their ancestral breeding grounds. There, the penguins participate in a courtship that, if successful, results in the creation of new life. For the chick to survive, both parents must make multiple arduous journeys between the ocean and the breeding grounds over the ensuing months.It took one year to shoot the movie, around the French scientific base Dumont d'Urville in Adélie Land.The English language release was narrated by American actor Morgan Freeman, the Dutch version by Urbanus
item	Mirny Station	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirny_Station	Mirny (Russian: Мирный, literally Peaceful) is a Russian science station in Antarctica, located at 66°33′7″S, 93°0′53″E, on the Antarctic coast of the Davis Sea in the Australian Antarctic Territory.
item	Operation Tabarin	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tabarin	During World War II, Operation Tabarin was a small British expedition launched from the UK in 1943 to the Antarctic to establish permanently-occupied bases.Led by Lieutenant James Marr, the team left the Falkland Islands in two ships on Saturday January 29, 1944. Bases were established during February near an abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island (February 3) in the South Shetland Islands, and at Port Lockroy (February 11) on the coast of Graham Land. A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944.Contents1 Reasons for the expedition2 Post-war developments3 See also4 External links
item	Emilio Palma	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Palma	Emilio Marcos Palma (born January 7, 1978) was the first known person to be born on the continent of Antarctica. He was also born farther south than any other human being in known history. The son of Argentine parents, Emilio's birth took place in Fortín Sargento Cabral at the Esperanza Base near the tip of the Antarctic peninsula.
item	RRS James Clark Ross	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_James_Clark_Ross	The RRS James Clark Ross is a British Antarctic Survey supply and research ship, named after the English explorer James Clark Ross. She replaced the RRS John Biscoe in 1991.
item	RRS John Biscoe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS_John_Biscoe	The RRS John Biscoe was a supply and research vessel used by the British Antarctic Survey between 1956 and 1991, when she was replaced by the RRS James Clark Ross. She was named after the English explorer John Biscoe, who discovered parts of Antarctica in the early 1830s.
item	Radio Ice Cerenkov Experiment	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Ice_Cerenkov_Experiment	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since March 2006.
item	Ross Sea Party	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Sea_Party	Ross Sea Party refers to the supply ship Aurora and its crew that supported the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton.Contents1 Voyage2 Expedition3 Stranded4 Rescue5 Further reading6 External links
item	Savage Land	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Land	The Savage Land is a hidden prehistoric land within the fictional Marvel Universe. It is a tropical preserve hidden in Antarctica. It was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in X-Men #10 (March 1965).Contents1 History2 Savage Land races3 Super-powered inhabitants4 Ultimate Savage Land
item	Scullin monolith	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scullin_monolith	The Scullin monolith is a ridge of bare rock in Antarctica. As it is not covered in snow or ice, it is an important breeding ground for birds, particularly petrels.&#160;This Antarctica or antarctic or sub-antarctic islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scullin_monolith"			Categories: Antarctica geography stubs | <span dir='
item	Solveig Gunbj%C3%B6rg Jacobsen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solveig_Gunbj%C3%B6rg_Jacobsen	Solveig Gunbjörg Jacobsen (1913-?) was the first person born south of the Antarctic Convergence. Her father Fridthjof Jacobsen (1874-1953) settled in the Falkland Islands dependency of South Georgia in 1904 to become assistant manager, and from 1914 to 1921 manager of the Grytviken whaling station. Jacobsen and his wife Klara Olette Jacobsen had two of their children born on the island. Solveig was born in Grytviken on 8 October 1913, and her birth was registered by the resident British Stipendiary Magistrate of South Georgia, James Wilson.[edit]
item	Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere_Auroral_Radar_Experiment	The Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment (SHARE), started 1988, is an antarctic research project designed to observe velocities and irregularities of electrical fields in ionosphere and magnetosphere. SHARE is operated jointly by the University of Natal, Potchefstroom University, the British Antarctic Survey and Johns Hopkins University and operates out of British Halley Station, South African SANAE IV Station and Japanese Showa Station.
item	Southern Ocean	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean	The Southern Ocean is the body of water encircling the continent of Antarctica according to some geographic and most hydrographic sources. It is the world's fourth largest ocean and the latest defined, having been accepted by a decision of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) in 2000, though the term has long been traditional among mariners. This change reflects the recent findings in oceanography of the importance of ocean currents.Of the 68 member nations, 28 responded to the IHO's survey in 2000, and all responding members except Argentina agreed to define a new ocean. The name Southern Ocean was selected with 18 votes, beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean. Half of the votes were cast for ending the ocean at the imaginary 60 degrees south line of latitude, with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions as far north as 35 degrees south.Other sources such as the National Geographic Society continue to show the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7
item	Timeline of New Zealand%27s links with Antarctica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand%27s_links_with_Antarctica	This is a timeline of the History of New Zealand's involvement with Antarctica.Contents1 18th and 19th centuries2 1900s3 1910s4 1920s5 1930s6 1940s7 1950s8 1960s9 1970s10 1980s11 1990s
item	UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Antarctic_Place-Names_Committee	The UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (or UK-APC) is a United Kingdom government committee responsible for recommending names of geographical locations within the British Antarctic Territory and the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.[edit]
item	United States Antarctic Expedition Medal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Expedition_Medal	The United States Antarctic Expedition Medal is a combined military-civilian award that was authorized by the United States Congress on September 24, 1945. The decoration recognizes those United States citizens who participated in polar exploration on Antarctica between 1939 and 1945.
item	United States Antarctic Program	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program	United States Antarctic Program (or USAP; formerly known as the United States Antarctic Research Program or USARP and the United States Antarctic Service or USAS) is an organization of the United States government which has presence in the continent of Antarctica. It co-ordinates research and the operational support for research in the region. The bodies' goals areto expand fundamental knowledge of the region, to foster research on global and regional problems of current scientific importance, and to use the region as a platform or base from which to support research.
item	Villa Las Estrellas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Las_Estrellas	Villa Las Estrellas is the only permanent settlement in Antarctica, that has families with children. It has a population of about 88 people, mostly Chilean Army officers with their families, explorers and scientists.
item	USS Vincennes %281826%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_%281826%29	The first USS Vincennes was the first United States warship to circumnavigate the globe. The ship was named in honor of the Battle of Vincennes.Contents1 1826-18332 Wilkes Expedition3 1842–18474 1849–18565 American Civil War
item	Vostok Station	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_Station	Vostok Station is a Russian research station located near the Geomagnetic South Pole (see South Pole), at the center of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.Contents1 Description2 History3 Ice Core Drilling4 See also5 External links
item	Williams Field	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Field	Williams Field is the United States Antarctic Program's principal airfield in Antarctica. Situated on the Ross Ice Shelf approximately seven miles from Ross Island, the airport primarilly services McMurdo Station and is the major airfield for on-continent aircraft operations in Antarctica.
item	Wintered Over Device	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintered_Over_Device	Wintered Over Discs and Clasps
item	Active layer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_layer	In environments containing permafrost, the active layer is the top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during the autumn.Contents1 Active and inactive layers in permafrost2 Thickness of the active layer3 Pereletok4 Soil formation in the active layer
item	Arctic Circle	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle	The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that (in 2000) runs 66° 33' 39" north of the Equator. Everything north of this circle is known as the Arctic, and the zone just to the south of this circle is the Northern Temperate Zone.
item	Arctic Climate Impact Assessment	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment	The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences: rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet, and many impacts on ecosystems, animals and people. The ACIA is the first comprehensively researched, fully referenced, and independently reviewed evaluation of arctic climate change and its impacts for the region and for the world. The project was guided by the intergovernmental Arctic Council and the non-governmental International Arctic Science Committee. Three hundred scientists participated in the study over a span of three years.
item	Arctic Council	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Council	The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum which addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic.
item	Arctic Ocean	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean	The Arctic Ocean is used by both marine mammals and nuclear submarines.The Arctic Ocean, located mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest of the world's five oceans and the shallowest. Even though the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, oceanographers may call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the <a href="/wiki/Atl
item	Arctic Research Office	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Research_Office	The Arctic Research Office (ARO) a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) run under the auspices of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR).
item	Arctic bridge	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_bridge	The Arctic Bridge is a potential sea route linking Russia to Canada. Specifically the Russian port of Murmansk to Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. This would become Canada's only Arctic Sea port. This passage has not yet been fully tested for commercial shipping but Russia has shown interest it. Once this bridge is further developed (along with the Northwest Passage) it is believed that it will serve as a major trade route between Europe and Asia. The port is possible due to the retreat of arctic ice, possibly from global warming.[edit]
item	Arctic mythology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_mythology	The mythologies of a number of Arctic peoples have several things in common.Norse mythologyFinnish mythologyInuit mythologyNorthern Slavic mythologySiberian mythologySaami mythology&#160;This mythology-related article is a stub. You can help WikiProject Mythology by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_mythology"			<div id="cat
item	Arctic warfare	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_warfare	For the family of Sniper Rifles, see Accuracy International Arctic WarfareArctic warfare is a term used to describe conflict that takes place in an exceptionally cold climate. One must note the distinction between alpine and arctic warfare - Arctic war does not always take place in mountainous terrain.Arctic warfare is quite uncommon due to the general lack of resources or development in a cold climate area, but arctic warfare has sometimes occurred on a seasonal basis. An example may be Operation Barbarossa in 1941, where both Russian and German Soldiers had to endure terrible conditions during the Russian winter. The same could be said for Napoleon's invasion, where his forces were halted in their tracks by General Winter, a term given to the terrible Russian conditions.Another famous example is the use of ski troops by the Finnish Army during the Winter War and the subsequent Continuation War, where the numerically dominant Soviet forces, largely from the Central Asian steppes, had a hard time fighting mobile ski soldiers.[edit]See also<a href="/wiki/Ski
item	Aurora %28astronomy%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_%28astronomy%29	The aurora is a glow observed in the night sky, usually in the polar zone. For this reason some scientists call it a "polar aurora" (or "aurora polaris"). In northern latitudes, it is known as "aurora borealis" which is named after the Roman goddess of the dawn, Aurora and the greek name for north wind, Boreas since in Europe especially, it often appears as a reddish glow on the northern horizon as if the sun were rising from an unusual direction. The aurora borealis is also called the "northern lights". The aurora borealis most often occurs from September to October and March to April. Its southern counterpart, "aurora australis", has similar properties.Contents1 Auroral mechanism2 Auroral forms and magnetism3 The solar wind and magnetosphere4 Frequency of occurrence5 The origin of the aurora6 Sources and types of aurora7 Auroras on other planets<li clas
item	Beaufort Sea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Sea	The Beaufort Sea (French: mer de Beaufort) is a large body of water, part of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska and west of Canada's Arctic islands. Its northwestern boundary is defined by a line connecting Point Barrow, Alaska, and Lands End, Prince Patrick Island. It is about 450,000&#160;km² (170,000&#160;mi²) in area. The sea is named after British hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort.
item	Canadian Arctic islands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_islands	The Canadian Arctic islands make up much of the territory of Northern Canada – most of Nunavut and part of Northwest Territories. The islands form the northernmost portion of North America but are a remote wilderness far removed from the populated areas of the continent. Ellesmere Island, Victoria Island, and Baffin Island are three of the largest islands in the world.
item	Cape York %28Greenland%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_York_%28Greenland%29	Cape York is cape at the north-west coast of Greenland, in northern Baffin Bay.
item	Circumpolar arctic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumpolar_arctic	The circumpolar arctic is a region close to the north pole (axis, not magnetic). It includes:Alaska of the United StatesCanadaFinlandGreenland of DenmarkIcelandNorwayRussiaSweden
item	Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Institute_for_Arctic_Research	The Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research is designed to be a focal point for interactions between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the arctic research community through the University of Alaska for research related to the Western Arctic/Bering Sea region.
item	Denmark Sound	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_Sound	Denmark Sound (Danish: Danmark fjord) is a sound located on the northeast tip of Greenland. The sound, together with Independence Sound and Hagen Sound, flow into the Wandel Sea, which is part of the Arctic Ocean.
item	Gelisols	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelisols	Gelisols are an order in USA soil taxonomy. They are soils of very cold climates which are defined as containing permafrost within two metres of the soil surface. The word "Gelisol" comes from the Latin gelare meaning "to freeze", a reference to the process of cryoturbation that occurs from the alternating thawing and freezing characteristic of Gelisols.
item	Greenland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland	Anthem: Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravitNuna asiilasooqCapitalNuuk (Godthåb)64°10′N 53°41′WLargest&#160;cityNuuk (Godthåb)</t
item	International Arctic Science Committee	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Arctic_Science_Committee	The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) is a non-governmental organization which is composed of international science groups participating in arctic science research.
item	Kennedy Channel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Channel	Kennedy Channel (Danish: Kennedy Kanalen; 80°55′N 66°30′W) is an Arctic sea passage between Greenland and Canada's most northerly island, Ellesmere Island.
item	Lincoln Sea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Sea	Lincoln Sea is a body of water in the Arctic Ocean, stretching from Cape Columbia in the west to Cape Morris Jesup in the east. It is covered with sea ice throughout the year, the thickest sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, which can be up to 15 m thick. Water depths range from 100 m to 300 m. Water from Robeson Channel, the northernmost part of Nares Strait, empties into this sea.
item	List of islands in the Arctic Ocean	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean	This is a list of islands of the Arctic Ocean.Canadian Arctic IslandsAxel Heiberg IslandBaffin IslandBanks IslandEllesmere IslandVictoria IslandGreenlandQeqertarsuatsiaq (Disko Island)Aasiaat IslandsIcelandNorwegian Arctic IslandsJan MayenSvalbard Archipelago Islands:BarentsøyaBjørnøya (Bear Island}EdgeøyaHopenKong Karls LandKvitøyaNordaustlandetPrins Karls Forland<a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Sp
item	Lomonosov Ridge	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomonosov_Ridge	Lomonosov Ridge (Хребет Ломоносова in Russian) is an underwater oceanic ridge in the Arctic Ocean. It spans for 1800 km from the New Siberian Islands over the central part of the ocean to the Ellesmere Island of the Canadian Arctic islands. The width of the Lomonosov Ridge varies from 60 to 200 km. It rises 3,300 - 3,700 m above the seabed. The minimum depth of the ocean above the ridge is 954 m. Slopes of the ridge are relatively steep, broken up by canyons, and covered with layers of silt.
item	North of 60	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_of_60	North of 60 was a mid-1990s Canadian television series depicting life in the sub-Arctic northern boreal forest (north of 60 degrees North latitude, hence the title). It first aired on CBC Television in 1992 and was syndicated around the world. It is set in the fictional community of Lynx River, a primarily Native-run town depicted as being in the Dehcho Region, Northwest Territories. Most of the characters were Slavey. Some non-native characters had important roles: the restaurant/motel owner, the band manager, the nurse and (during the show's first season) the town's main RCMP officer. The show explored themes of Native poverty, alcoholism, cultural preservation and conflict over land settlements and natural resource exploitation.
item	Northern Canada	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Canada	Northern Canada is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics.Contents1 Definitions and usage2 Territoriality3 Topography4 Human geography5 References6 See also
item	Northern Sea Route	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route	The Northern Sea Route (Russian Северный морской путь) is a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast of Russia. The vast majority of the route lies in Arctic waters and parts are only free of ice for 2 months per year. Before the beginning of the 20th century it was known as the Northeast Passage.
item	Northwest Passage	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage	The Northwest Passage is a route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic archipelago of Canada.
item	Open Polar Sea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Polar_Sea	The Open Polar Sea was a hypothesized ice-free ocean surrounding the North Pole. This unproven (and eventually, demonstrated false) theory was once so widely believed that many exploring expeditions used it as justification for attempts to reach the North Pole by sea, or to find a navigable sea route between Europe and the Pacific across the North Pole.
item	Permafrost	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost	In geology, permafrost or permafrost soil is soil that stays in a frozen state for more than two years in a row. Most permafrost is located in high latitudes, but alpine permafrost exists at high altitudes.
item	Pingo	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo	A pingo is a mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 70 metres in height and up to 600 hundred metres in diameter.
item	Polar cyclone	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_cyclone	Polar cyclones (also known as Arctic Cyclones) are vast areas of low pressure. They should not be confused with what are commonly referred to as polar lows that behave similarly to hurricanes.
item	Polaris expedition	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_expedition	The Polaris expedition (1871) was led by Charles Francis Hall to explore the North Pole.
item	Robeson Channel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robeson_Channel	Robeson Channel (82°0′N 61°30′W) is a body of water lying between Greenland and Canada's most northerly island, Ellesmere Island. It is the most northerly part of Nares Strait, linking Kennedy Channel to the south with the Arctic Ocean to the north.
item	Rupes Nigra	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupes_Nigra	The Rupes Nigra, a phantom island, is believed to be a 33-mile-wide magnetic island of black rock located at the Magnetic North Pole. It purportedly explained why all compasses point to this location. The idea came from a lost work titled "Inventio Fortunata", and the island features on maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupes_Nigra"			Categories: Phantom islands | Arctic																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account		
item	Strait of Ani%C3%A1n	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Ani%C3%A1n	The Strait of Anián was the 16th century Spanish name for the Northwest Passage that supposedly connected the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean in the temperate or tropic regions of North America. It was based on the idea that North America was not a continent but a large archipelago. Such a strait does not in fact, exist, although the Northwest Passage itself was discovered in the 20th century through the Canadian Arctic islands.[edit]
item	Talik	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talik	A talik is a patch of unfrozen ground in an area of permafrost. In areas of contiuous permafrost it often occurs underneath shallow lakes (thermokarst lakes). It does not freeze during the winter and is thus not merely part of the active layer of the permafrost. Sometimes open, closed and through talik are distinguished. These terms refer to whether the talik is completely surrounded by permafrost, is open to the top or open to both top and unfrozen layers beneath the permafrost, respectively.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talik"			Categories: Arctic | Geomorphology | Physical geography | Pedology																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 <
item	True north	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_north	True North is a navigational term referring to the direction of the North Pole relative to the navigator's position.
item	University of the Arctic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arctic	The University of the Arctic, is a network of cooperative universities, colleges and other organizations, providing higher education and research in the North. Their members share resources, facilities, and expertise to build programs at the post-secondary level that are accessible and relevant to northern students.
item	Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe	Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europe's borders. Physically and geologically, Europe is a subcontinent or large peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia and west of Asia.
item	Africa-Eurasia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa-Eurasia	Africa-Eurasia, or Afro-Eurasia, is a supercontinent and the world's largest landmass, containing around 85% of the human population. It is typically subdivided by the Suez Canal into the continents of Africa and Eurasia, the latter of which has been historically further subdivided into Europe and Asia. Historians of the cultural materialism school may subdivide it into Eurasia-Northern Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, based on differing agricultural systems and other differences. (See Guns, Germs, and Steel for example.)
item	Island	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island	An island or isle is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water. Very small islands are called islets. It is also proper to call an emergent land feature on an atoll an islet, since an atoll is a type of island, although this convention is seldom adhered to. A key or cay is another name for a relatively small island or islet. The word island derives ultimately from the Old English word igland. It was originally spelled phonetically: iland. The letter "s" was added out of a mistaken belief that the word derived from isle (&lt; Old French &lt; Latin insula) + land, although no such etymological relationship existed.
item	Indian Ocean	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean	The Indian Ocean is the third largest body of water in the world, covering about 20% of the Earth's water surface. It is bounded on the north by Southern Asia (the Indian subcontinent); on the west by the Arabian Peninsula and Africa; on the east by the Malay Peninsula, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean. It is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian running south from Cape Agulhas,[1] and from the Pacific by the 147° east meridian. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30°north latitude in the Persian Gulf. This ocean is nearly 10,000&#160;kilometers (6,200&#160;mi) wide at the southern tips of Africa and Australia; its area is 73,556,000&#160;square&#160;kilometers (28,400,000&#160;mi²), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The ocean's volume is estimated to be 292,131,000&#160;cubic&#160;kilometers (70,086,000&#160;mi&amp;dsup3;). Small islands dot the continental rims. <
item	Pacific Ocean	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean	View of the Pacific Ocean from Oregon.The Pacific Ocean (from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan) is the world's largest body of water. It encompasses a third of the Earth's surface, having an area of 179.7 million square kilometres (69.4 million sq mi)—significantly larger than Earth's entire landmass, with room for another Africa to spare. Extending approximately 15,500&#160;kilometres (9,600&#160; mi) from the Bering Sea in the Arctic to the icy margins of Antarctica's Ross Sea in the south (although the
item	Ages of consent in Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Asia	The ages of consent for sexual activity vary by jurisdiction across Asia. The specific activity engaged in or the gender of its participants can also be affected by the law. Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject.Contents1 Iran2 Japan3 Russia4 Saudi Arabia5 Thailand
item	Asia Market Wrap	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Market_Wrap	Asia Market Wrap was a business news programme aired on CNBC Asia between 1600-1800 (Hong Kong/Singapore time, until December 2005. Anchored by Christine Tan, Asia Market Wrap examined the day's headlines and numbers, with in-depth analysis of the day's financial news, interviewing key money managers, market experts and corporate chiefs.
item	Asia Observer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Observer	Asia Observer is a portal to Asia focusing on news and politics. It was started in 1999 by a Norwegian journalist, John Einar Sandvand, who at the time was Asia correspondent for the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten. Asia Observer tries to be a starting point for journalists, academics and others who follow news and developments in Asia. It also incorporates a huge web directory with more than 5 million sites. Particularly lively is the Burma discussion forum.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Observer"			Categories: Orphaned articles from June 2006 | Asia																Views						 Article				 Discussio
item	Asia Security Conference	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Security_Conference	The Asia Security Conference is an international conference on strategic and security issues in the Asian region. It has been nicknamed the Shangri-La meeting. The talks are organized by the International Institute for Strategic Studies, based in London.[edit]
item	Asian Cooperation Dialogue	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Cooperation_Dialogue	The Asian Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) is a body created in 2002 to promote Asian cooperation at a continental level, helping to integrate the previously separate regional organizations of political or economical cooperation such as ASEAN, SAARC or the Gulf Cooperation Council.[edit]
item	Asian brown cloud	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud	The Asian Brown Cloud is a layer of air pollution covering parts of the northern Indian Ocean, India, Pakistan, and parts of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China. In proper humidity conditions it forms haze. It is created by a range of airborne particles and pollutants, characteristic of biomass burning and industrial emissions due to incomplete burning. The cloud is associated with winter monsoon (December to April) during which there is no precipitation wash out of pollution.
item	Asian cinema	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_cinema	Asian cinema refers to the film industries and films produced in the continent of Asia. More commonly however, it is used to refer to the cinema of Eastern, Southeastern and Southern Asian cinema. These regions are linked by a measure of common history and interaction - for example South East Asia is heavily influenced by both South Asian (i.e. Indian) culture, and East Asian (i.e. Chinese) culture. The commonality of dharmic/Indic religion such as Buddhism and Hinduism across these regions, the geographical proximity, and the ancient ties that these areas share leads to the broad classification of these areas into common terms like Asian cinema or Eastern cinema.
item	Asian languages	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_languages	There are a wide variety of languages spoken throughout Asia, comprising a number of families and unrelated isolate languages.Sino-Tibetan languagesChinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Nepal BhasaIndo-European languages are widely spoken in southern and western Asia, as well as Asian Russia:Indo-Iranian languages: Persian, Urdu, Hindi, KurdishSlavic languages: RussianAustronesian languages:Malay, Indonesian, Filipino, Tetum, JavaneseSemitic languagesTurkic languages
item	Austronesia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesia	Austronesia, in historical terms, refers to the homeland of the people who speak Austronesian languages, to which Malay, Filipino, Indonesian, Malagasy, and around a thousand other languages belong. The homeland is hypothesized by anthropologists to be the Yunnan Plateau, China. The name Austronesia comes from the Latin austrālis "southern" plus the Greek νήσος (nêsos) "island".
item	CNBC Tonight	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC_Tonight	[edit]IntroductionCNBC Tonight was a weeknight business news programme broadcast live from 1800 - 2000 HK/SG time on CNBC Asia from 16th February 2005 to 16th December 2005. The two-hour programme combined the mix of Asian and global news headlines, corporate news and personal finance. It also featured upscale lifestyle features on travel, health, food and leisure. CNBC Tonight was co-hosted by May Lee and Teymoor Nabili.CNBC Tonight with May Lee and Teymoor Nabili (TV Shot Taken on 17th February 2005)[edit]SegmentsMain &amp; Daily SegmentsAWSJ (Asian Wall Street Journal)The journalists and editors from The Asian Wall Street Journal analyse the day's top business and political stories and offer a preview of the headlines in the next day's paper.
item	Central Eurasia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Eurasia	Central Eurasia is a geographic term, which may refer to:Central Asia, i.e., the five Central Asian Republics as well as Afghanistan, Xinjiang, China, Tibet, China, Mongolia, and southern SiberiaThe Caucasus region, as well as Turkey, and Cyprus.This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. If an internal link referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Eurasia"			Categories: Disambiguation | Eurasia | <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia"
item	Chinese Taipei	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei	Chinese Taipei (Traditional Chinese: 中華臺北; Simplified Chinese: 中华台北; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Táibĕi) is the designated name used by the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, to participate in most international organizations. Due to the insistence of the People's Republic of China (PRC) under its version of the One-China policy, ROC is forced not to use "Republic of China" or "Taiwan" to imply any independent sovereignty when participating in international organizations (see political status of Taiwan).
item	Colombo Plan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_Plan	The Colombo Plan began in 1951, and is a regional organisation focused on social development. It is based in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
item	Culture of Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Asia	The culture of Asia is the artificial aggregate of the cultural heritage of many nationalities, societies, religions, and ethnic groups in the region, traditionally called a continent from a Western-centric perspective, of Asia. The region or "continent" is more commonly divided into more natural geographic and cultural subregions, including the Caucasus, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia (the "Indian subcontinent"), North Asia, and Southeast Asia. Geographically, Asia is not a distinct continent; culturally, there has been little unity or common history for many of the cultures and peoples of Asia.
item	East Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia	East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. Geographically, it covers about 6,640,000 km², or 15% of the Asian continent. Culturally, it embraces those societies that have long been part of the Chinese cultural sphere, displaying heavy historical influence from the Classical Chinese language (including the traditional Chinese script), Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Daoism (Taoism). This combination of language, political philosophy, and religion overlaps with the geographical designation of East Asia (with the exception of the overseas Chinese, including in Singapore, Malaysia, United States, etc.) and Vietnam. The influence is also displayed in the style of architecture, traditional music and instruments, holidays, festivals, etc.
item	East Asian Tigers	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Tigers	The term East Asian Tigers (Simplified Chinese: 亚洲四小龙; Traditional Chinese: 亞洲四小龍; pinyin: Yǎzhōu sì xiǎo lóng), (Korean: 아시아의 네마리 호랑이 (lit. Four Tigers of Asia) refers to the economies of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea. They are also known as Asia's Four Little Dragons These countries and territories were noted for maintaining high growth rates and rapid industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. In the early 21st century, with the original four Tigers at or near to fully developed status, attention has increasingly shifted to other Asian economies which are experiencing rapid economic transformation at the present time.<a href="/wiki/Image:Lit-up_CBD_from_Raffles_City_-_RGW.jpg" class="internal" title="The Central Area is the central business district and hub of economic transactions in Singapore, and is also the home of the Singapore Exchange, Asia-Pacific's first demutualised and integrated securities and 
item	East Asian financial crisis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_financial_crisis	The East Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. It is also commonly referred to as the East Asian currency crisis or locally as the IMF crisis although the latter is somewhat controversial.
item	Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific	The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), located in Bangkok, Thailand, is the regional arm of the United Nations Secretariat for the Asian and Pacific region.
item	Economy of Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Asia	Economy of AsiaDuring 2003 unless otherwise statedPopulation:4.001 billion (2002)GDP (PPP):US$18.077 trillionGDP (Currency):$8.782 trillionGDP/capita (PPP):$4,518GDP/capita (Currency):$2,195Annual growth ofper capita GDP:Income of top 10%:Millionaires:2.0 million (0.05%)UnemploymentEstimated femaleincomeMost numbers are from the UNDP from 2002, some numbers exclude certain countries for lack of information.See also: Economy of the world - Economy of Africa - Economy o
item	Far East	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East	Far East is an inexact term often used for East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia combined, sometimes including also the easternmost territories of Russia, i.e., the Russian Far East, and the western Pacific Ocean region. Far East is sometimes used synonymously with East Asia, which may be defined in geographic or cultural terms to Russia's extreme northeast, coastal China, Taiwan, Japan, both north and south Korea, The Philippines, and Vietnam. But it commonly encompasses the states and cultures of Southeast Asia, such as Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines, and South Asia such as India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal.
item	Flags of Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Asia	This is a gallery of international and national flags used in Asia.Contents1 International2 Central Asia3 Eastern Asia4 Eastern Europe5 Southeastern Asia6 Southern Asia7 Western Asia8 See also
item	Geography of Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Asia	Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia, comprising approximately fifty countries. It has an area, including islands, of roughly 49,694,700 km². Asia is joined to Africa by the Isthmus of Suez and to Europe by a long border generally following the Ural Mountains.
item	Greater Middle East	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Middle_East	The Greater Middle East is a political term used to refer to the Arab World together with Turkey, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Various Central Asian countries and the lower Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia) are sometimes also included.
item	Hill station	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station	A Hill Station is a town in the Indian Subcontinent or elsewhere in colonial Asia, typically founded by European colonial rulers as refuges from the summer heat.
item	ICFTU Asia and Pacific Regional Organisation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICFTU_Asia_and_Pacific_Regional_Organisation	The ICFTU Asia and Pacific Regional Organisation (ICFTU-APRO) is a regional organisation of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions representing trade unions from countries in Asia and Oceania. It has 40 affiliated organisations in 28 countries, claiming a membership of 30 million people.The ICFTU-APRO was founded in 1951 as the Asian Regional Organisation, and changed to its current name in 1984. On its website, the organistaion describes its aims thus:The organisation seeks to bring about a just, welfare society with a higher standard of living. It believes that promoting a higher wage policy and the dignity and status of workers through a stronger trade union movement will help achieve this. Equipping workers with the skills to fight for fundamental rights, including the setting up of bona fide trade unions is perhaps its major undertaking. Under its current structure, ICFTU-APRO tackles education, information, social and economic policy, women, human and trade union rights and youth among its areas of work.The following national organisations are affiliated to ICFTU-APRO (ordered by country):AustraliaAustralian Council of Trade UnionsBangladeshBangladesh Free Trade Union Congress<a href="/w/index.php?title=
item	International Conference of Asian Political Parties	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_of_Asian_Political_Parties	The International Conference of Asian Political Parties (ab.: ICAPP) is a meeting forum of political parties of Asia-Oceanian countries, which was initiated by Lakas-CMD of the Philippines in September, 2000. The objectives of the Conference were to promote exchanges and cooperation between political parties from different countries in the area and with various ideologies; to enhance mutual understanding and trust among Asian countries; to promote Asia's regional cooperation through the unique role and channel of political parties.The 1st ICAPP was held on September 17-19, 2000 in Manila hosted by Lakas-CMD of the Philippines. Delegates from 46 political parties of 20 Asian countries attended the Conference.The 2nd ICAPP was held in the city of Bangkok on November 22-24, 2002 by Thai Rak Thai Party, the ruling party of Thailand. Delegates from 76 political parties of 26 countries in the Asia-Pacific region attended the Conference.The 3rd ICAPP was hosted by the <a h
item	Korea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea	Korea Portal
item	List of Asia-related topics - A	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_A	Contents1 Ab-Ae2 Af-Ah3 Ai-Ak4 Al5 Am6 An7 Ao-Aq8 Ar9 As-At10 Au-Az
item	List of Asia-related topics - B	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_B	Contents1 Ba1.1 Bab-Bak1.2 Bal-Bam1.3 Ban1.4 Bao-Baz2 Be3 Bh-Bi4 Bl-Bo5 Br6 Bu6.1 Bud-Buk6.2 Bul-Buz7 By
item	List of Asia-related topics - C	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_C	Contents1 Ca1.1 Cad-Cal1.2 Cam-Car1.3 Cas-Cau2 Ce3 Ch3.1 Cha-Che3.2 Chh3.3 Chi3.3.1 Chia-Chil3.3.2 Chin3.3.3 Chis-Chit3.4 Cho-Chr3.5 Chu4 Ci5 <spa
item	List of Asia-related topics - D	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_D	Contents1 Da1.1 Dad-Dan1.2 Dar-Daz2 De-Dh3 Di-Do4 Dr-Du
item	List of Asia-related topics - E	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_E	[edit]Ea-EmEarthquakesEarthquake, TangshanEast China SeaEast India CompanyEast Timor - ProfileEastern GhatsEastern Orthodox ChurchEbina DanjoEconomic Planning AgencyEconomic Stabilization ProgramEda SaburoEdigeEdirneEdogawa RampoEhimeEkaphapElburzElectronics Industry - Japan<a
item	List of Asia-related topics - F	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_F	Fa NgoumFaiz Ahmed FaizFalun GongFamine - ChinaFarid, Khwaja GhulamFarmer's MovementFarsFazl, Abu'lFederal Territories - MalaysiaFederally Administered Tribal Areas - PakistanFederated Malay StatesFederation of MalaysiaFelting - Central AsiaFeminine LanguageFeng ShuiFergana ValleyFertilityFinancial Crisis of 1927
item	List of Asia-related topics - G	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_G	Gadjah Mada UniversityGafurov, Bobojan GafurovichGajah MadaGakureki ShakaiGama, Vasco daGambang KromongGambuhGamelanGandan LamaseryGandhi, IndiraGandhi, Mohandas K.Gang of FourGanges RiverGangtokGansuGao XingjianGarabil PlateauGarcia, Carlos P.Gardening - ChinaGaroGawai DayakGaziantep<li
item	List of Asia-related topics - H	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_H	Contents1 Ha1.1 Hab-Ham1.2 Han-Haz2 He3 Hi-Hm4 Ho5 Hu-Hy
item	List of Asia-related topics - I	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_I	Contents1 Ia-Im2 In2.1 Inc2.2 Ind2.2.1 Indi2.2.2 Indo-Indu2.3 Inf-Int3 Iq4 Ir4.1 Ira4.2 Iri-Irt5 Is5.1 Ise-Isl5.2 Ism-Ist6 It-Iz
item	List of Asia-related topics - J	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_J	JadeJadidismJaffnaJahangirJainismJaipurJakartaJakarta Riots of May 1998Jamaat-e-IslamiJami, ‘AbdurrahmanJammu and KashmirJapan - ProfileJapan - Economic SystemJapan - Education SystemJapan - Human RightsJapan - MoneyJapan - Political SystemJapan Communist PartyJapan Socialist PartyJapan-Africa RelationsJapan-France RelationsJapan-Germany Relations<a href="/wiki/Japan-Korea_
item	List of Asia-related topics - K	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_K	Contents1 K1-K92 Ka2.1 Kab-Kam2.2 Kan-Kap2.3 Kar-Kas2.4 Kat-Kaz3 Ke4 Kh4.1 Kha-Kho4.2 Khu-Khy5 Ki6 Ko6.1 Kob-Kon6.2 Kor-Koz7 Ku-Kw8 <span class=
item	List of Asia-related topics - L	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_L	Labu SayongLac Long QuanLacquerwareLadakhLahoreLaksamanaLakshadweepLand MinesLanguage PurificationLao People's Revolutionary PartyLao SheLaos - ProfileLaos - Economic SystemLaos - Education SystemLaos - HistoryLaos - History - TimelineLaos - Political SystemLaos-Thailand RelationsLaos-Vietnam RelationsLao-Tai Languages<a href="/wiki/Laozi" title=
item	List of Asia-related topics - M	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_M	Contents1 Ma1.1 Mac-Mai1.2 Maj-Mam1.3 Man1.4 Mao-Mas1.5 Mat-Maz2 Me2.1 Mea-Mei2.2 Mek-Mer3 Mi4 Mo4.1 Moe-Moh4.2 Mon4.3 Mor-Moz5 Mu5.1 <span cla
item	List of Asia-related topics - N	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_N	Nabiev, RakhmonNagalandNaganoNagarjunaNagasNagasakiNaguata NagautaNahdlatul UlamaNakasone YasuhiroNakhon RatchasimaNaktong River and DeltaNamp'oNangnim RangeNanjingNanjing MassacreNanyang Technological UniversityNaqsh, JamilNaqshbandiyaNaraNara PeriodNarantsatsralt, JanlavynNarayan, R.K.Narmad
item	List of Asia-related topics - O	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_O	Ochirbat, PunsalmaagiynOctober 6 Crisis - ThailandOe KenzaburoOgasawaraOh SadaharuOil and Mineral Industries - Central AsiaOil Industry - West AsiaOitaOkayamaOkinawaOld OrderOlympicsOmar, Mullah MuhammadOnn Bin Jaafar' (Ic Bin)OotacamundOpen Door PolicyOpera - VietnamOperation WallaceaOpiumOpium WarOral<a href="/wik
item	List of Asia-related topics - P	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_P	Contents1 Pa1.1 Pac-Pai1.2 Pak-Pam1.3 Pan-Pat2 Pe3 Ph4 Pi-Pl5 Po6 Pr-Py
item	List of Asia-related topics - Q	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_Q	QadiriyaQajar DynastyQi BaishiQigongQin DynastyQin TombQing DynastyQinghaiQingkeQingmingQinling RangeQiu JinQomQuality CirclesQuan TangshiQuemoy and MatsuQuit India MovementQuqon, Khanate ofQurghonteppaRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_Q"			<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&amp;article=List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_Q" tit
item	List of Asia-related topics - R	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_R	Radioactive Waste and Contamination - Central AsiaRaffles, Thomas StamfordRagaRahman, A.R.Rahman, MujiburRahman, ZiaurRahmat Ali, ChauduriRaipurRais, Muhammad AmienRajagopalachari, ChakravartiRajasthanRajkotRajputRakhine StateRakhmonov, ImomaliRama KhamhengRama Tibodi IRamachandran, Marudur GopalamenonRamakienRamakrishnaRamanujaRamayana<a href="/wiki/Ramos%2C_Fidel" title=
item	List of Asia-related topics - S	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_S	Contents1 Sa1.1 Sab-Sam1.2 San-Say2 Sc-Se3 Sh3.1 Sha3.2 She-Shu4 Si4.1 Sib-Sim4.2 Sin4.3 Sir-Six5 So5.1 Soc-Sot5.2 Sou-Sov6 Sp-Ss7 <spa
item	List of Asia-related topics - T	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_T	Contents1 Ta1.1 Tab-Tag1.2 Tai1.3 Taj-Tan1.4 Tao-Tay2 Te3 Th3.1 Tha-Thi3.2 Tho-Thr4 Ti5 To6 Tr-Ts7 Tu7.1 Tuj-Tun7.2 Tur8 Tw-Ty</sp
item	List of Asia-related topics - U	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_U	Uchimura KanzoUlaanbaatarUlchi MundokUmar, TeukuUngphakorn PueyUnification ChurchUnified SillaUnion Solidarity and Development Association - MyaUnited Front StrategyUnited NationsUnited Nations in East TimorUnited Nations Transitional Authority in CambodiaUnited Party of MongoliaUnited States Military Bases - JapanUnited States-Japan Security TreatyUnited Wa State Party<a href="/w/index.php?title
item	List of Asia-related topics - V	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_V	Valikhanov, ChokanVanVaranasiVeddaVeenaVeleyet-e FaqihVientianeVietnam - ProfileVietnam - Economic SystemVietnam - Education SystemVietnam - HistoryVietnam - History - TimelineVietnam - Internal MigrationVietnam - Political SystemVietnam Communist PartyVietnam WarVietnam-United States RelationsVietnamese cultureVietnamese LanguageVietnamese pe
item	List of Asia-related topics - W	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_W	Wahid, AbdurrahmanWakayamaWakhanWali Allah, ShahWan AhmadWandering SoulsWang JingweiWang KonWang YitingWangchuck, King Jigme SingyeWarring States Period - ChinaWat Xieng KhouanWater IssuesWayang BeberWayang GolekWayang KulitWayang TopengWayang WongWaziriWeld, FrederickWestern Ghats<a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization_-_Central_Asia&amp;action=edit" class="new" titl
item	List of Asia-related topics - X	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_X	XayaburyXi'anXi'an IncidentXiangXinjiangXiquXu BeihongXu GuangqiXu ZhimoXunziRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_X"			Categories: Asia | Asia-related lists																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Asia-related_
item	List of Asia-related topics - Y	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_Y	YakYakushimaYamagataYamagata AritomoYamaguchiYamamoto IsorokuYamanashiYamato DamashiiYangbanYanggang ProvinceYangonYangon DivisionYaoYap Ah LoyYasukuni ShrineYasukuni Shrine ControversyYayoi PeriodYellow SeaYen, Y.C. JamesYerevanYesilirmak RiverYiYi Ha-ungYi IYi Kyu-boYi Mun-yol</
item	List of Asia-related topics - Z	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia-related_topics_-_Z	Zagros MountainsZahir ShahZambales MountainsZamboangaZebuZeng GuofanZerafshan RiverZhang YimouZhang ZhidongZhao ZiyangZhejiangZhou DynastyZhou EnlaiZhu DeZhu RongjiZhu XiZhuangZia, KhaledaZia-ul-Haq, MuhammadZikirZodiac System - East AsiaZonguldakZOPFAN = Zone Of Peace, Freedom And NeutralityZoroastrianismZuo Zongtang<!-
item	List of Asian countries	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries	This is an alphabetical list of Asian countries and dependencies.&#160;Afghanistan&#160;Armenia&#160;Azerbaijan&#160;Bahrain&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"
item	List of business schools in Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Asia	This is a list of business schools in Asia.Aegis School of Business Mumbai, IndiaAegis School of Telecommunication Management Mumbai, IndiaAsian Institute of Management Manila, PhilippinesAsian Institute of Communication and Research(AICAR) Maharashtra, IndiaAsian University, Faculty of Business, ThailandAteneo Graduate School of Business, Makati, PhilippinesAustralian Graduate School of Management (AGSM) - Sydney - Australia</a
item	List of hospitals in Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Asia	Lists of hospitals for each country in Asia.List of hospitals in AfghanistanList of hospitals in ArmeniaList of hospitals in AzerbaijanList of hospitals in BahrainList of hospitals in BangladeshList of hospitals in BhutanList of hospitals in BruneiList of hospitals in ChinaList of hospitals in CambodiaList of hospitals in East TimorList of hospitals in GeorgiaList of hospitals in Hong Kong<a hre
item	Lists of radio stations in Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_radio_stations_in_Asia	This is a list of radio stations in Asia.Contents1 China1.1 Hong Kong2 India3 Indonesia4 Medan5 Japan5.1 National5.2 Hokkaido5.3 Sendai5.4 Greater Tokyo Area5.5 Nagoya, Aichi5.6 Osaka5.7 Fukuoka5.8 Okinawa</
item	Middle East	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East	The Middle East is a historical and cultural subregion of Africa-Eurasia traditionally held to be countries or regions in Southwest Asia together with Egypt. In other contexts, the region can include other parts of North Africa and/or Central Asia.Contents1 Characteristics2 History3 Borders3.1 Changes in meaning over time4 Eurocentrism5 Indirect translations6 Similar terms7 Conflicts8 Geography</s
item	Nepal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal	The factual accuracy of this article is disputed.Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.नेपाल अधिराज्यNēpāl AdhirājyaKingdom of Nepal<a href="/wiki/Image:Coat_of_arms_of_Nepal.png" class="image" title="Coat o
item	North Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Asia	North Asia or Northern Asia is a subregion of Asia. It is usually described as consisting of all or part of Russia, namely Asian Siberia; however, by some definitions, not all of Siberia is part of Northern Asia and vice versa. It also frequently includes Mongolia. north asia is consist of the newly independent countries of the former union soviet namely[edit]
item	Political status of Taiwan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan	The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, including the Pescadores (Penghu), should remain the effective territory of the Republic of China (ROC), become unified with the territories now governed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), or become the Republic of Taiwan. The controversy over the political status of the Republic of China hinges on whether its existence as a state is legitimate and recognised.
item	Republic of China	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China	Motto: NoneAnthem: "National Anthem of the Republic of China"CapitalTaipei City (de facto)Nanjing (de jure)125°02′N 121°38′E<td style="border-top: solid
item	Siberia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia	Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir’, Sibir; Tatar: Seber) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of Northern Asia. It extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the borders of both Mongolia and China. All but the extreme south-western area of Siberia lies in Russia, and it makes up about 56% of that country's territory.
item	South Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia	South Asia is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. Southern Asia includes both the Indian subcontinent and Iranian Plateau. It is surrounded by (from west to east) Western Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, and Southeastern Asia. The terms with cardinal directions are often equated with the Indian subcontinent, but they are not synonymous.Contents1 Definitions and usage2 Demography and history3 See also4 External links
item	Southeast Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia	Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Island arcs and archipelagoes lie southeast and east of the Asian mainland. Although politically a part of India, the Andaman Islands are geographically considered part of south-east Asia.Southeast AsiaBruneiCambodiaEast TimorIndonesiaLaosMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnamAndaman IslandsContents1 Name and definition1.1 IATA definition<a href
item	Southwest Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia	Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (often confused with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. The term Western Asia is commonly used in writings about the archaeology and late prehistory of the region, and in the U.S. subregion geoschem.. Unlike the Middle East, which is a vaguely-defined region generally meant to include the African country of Egypt, Western Asia is a purely geographical term that includes the southwestern extreme of Asia.
item	Subarctic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic	The subarctic is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic and covering much of Canada and Siberia, the north of Scandinavia, northern Mongolia and the extreme north of Heilongjiang.Contents1 Climate and soils2 Economy2.1 Transportation3 History3.1 Before the arrival of the Europeans3.2 After the arrival of the Europeans
item	United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Western_Asia	The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UNESCWA or ESCWA) was established in 1973 (then as the UN Economic Commission for Western Asia) to encourage economic cooperation among its member states. The name was changed to the current in 1985. It is one of five regional commissions under the administrative direction of United Nations headquarters. The ESCWA has 13 member States, and reports to the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).Contents1 Member States2 Locations3 See also4 External links
item	Australia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia	Motto: none (formerly Advance Australia)Anthem: Advance Australia FairRoyal anthem: God Save the QueenCapitalCanberra35°15′S 149°28′E<td style="border-top:
item	Current events in Oceania	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_events_in_Oceania	Oceania Portal • Australia Portal • New Zealand Portal
item	Ashmore and Cartier Islands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands	The Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands are two groups of small low-lying uninhabited tropical islands in the Indian Ocean situated on the edge of the continental shelf north-west of Australia and south of the Indonesian island of Roti at 12°14′S 123°5′E.
item	Australian Antarctic Territory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory	The Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia. It consists of all the islands and territory south of 60° S and between 44°38' E and 160° E, except for Adélie Land (136°11' E to 142°02' E), which divides the territory into Western AAT (the larger portion) and Eastern AAT. It is bounded by Queen Maud Land in the West and by Ross Dependency in the East. The area is estimated at 6,119,818 km2. The territory is only inhabited by the staff of research stations. The main station is Mawson Station. However, since Australia's signature of the Antarctic Treaty, territorial claims are effectively suspended, and the Australian Antarctic Division administers the area primarily by supporting various research projects.Contents1 Subdivisions2 Stations3 History4 Postage stamps5 External links</
item	Australian Capital Territory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory	Emblems: The floral emblem of the ACT is the Royal Bluebell and the faunal emblem is the Gang-gang cockatooMotto: For the Queen, the Law and the PeopleSlogan or Nickname: (none)Other Australian states and territoriesCapitalCanberraGovernmentConst. MonarchyAdm
item	Central Goldfields Shire	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Goldfields_Shire	Central Goldfields Shire is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia. It is located in the central part of the state. It includes the towns of Carisbrook, Dunolly and Maryborough. It has an area of 1,536 square kilometres. In 2001 it had a population of 13,000.[edit]
item	Christmas Island	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island	The Territory of Christmas Island is a small, non self-governing Territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean, 2,360 km (1,466 miles) northwest of Perth in Western Australia and 500 km (310 miles) south of Jakarta, Indonesia. It maintains about 1,500 residents who live in a number of towns on the northern tip of the island: Settlement, Silver City, Kampong, Poon Saan, and Drumsite. It has a unique natural topography and is of immense interest to scientists and naturalists due to the number of species of endemic flora and fauna which have evolved in isolation and undisturbed by human habitation. While there has been mining activity on the island for many years, 65 per cent of its 135 square kilometres (52.1&#160;sq.&#160;mi) are now National Park and there are large areas of pristine and ancient rainforest.Contents1 History2 People3 Government4 Economy5 <span 
item	Cocos %28Keeling%29 Islands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands	The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia. There are two atolls with 27 coral islands in the group. The islands are located in the Indian Ocean, about one-half of the way from Australia to Sri Lanka, at 12°30′00″S, 96°50′00″E.Contents1 History2 Geography3 Demographics4 Government5 Economy6 Links and references
item	Coral Sea Islands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands	The Coral Sea Islands Territory includes a group of small tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland, Australia, around 18°&#160;S 152°&#160;E.Contents1 History and use2 Geography2.1 Northwestern Group2.2 Mellish Reef2.3 Southeasterly Group2.4 Extreme South2.5 Overview of islets and cays3 External links
item	Heard Island and McDonald Islands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands	Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI) are uninhabited, barren islands located in the Southern Ocean at 53°00′S 73°00′E, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. They have been part of Australia since 1947, and contain the only two active volcanoes in Australian territory, one of which, Mawson Peak, is the highest Australian mountain. The group's size is 372&#160;km² in area.Contents1 Geography2 Administration and economy3 History4 See also5 External links
item	Jervis Bay Territory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory	The Jervis Bay Territory is a territory of the Commonwealth of Australia. It was bought by the Commonwealth Government in 1915 from the state of New South Wales so that the Federal capital at Canberra would have access to the sea. It was part of the Australian Capital Territory until 1989 when the Australian Capital Territory achieved self government, after which it became a separate territory administered by the Minister for Territories. However it remains part of Canberra for federal electoral purposes.
item	Music of Australia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Australia	The earliest music of Australia was the folk music of the Australian Aborigines. Aboriginal music declined after European colonisation, and has only recently begun to be revived, often with modernised influences. Bands like Yothu Yindi have generated an increased interest in Aboriginal music in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Australia has also been home to notable classical composers as well as artists working in popular music genres such as rock, jazz, country, Gospel music and electronic music.Contents1 Indigenous Australian music2 Classical music and contemporary classical music3 Jazz4 <span class="tocte
item	New South Wales	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales	Emblems: Floral - Waratah (Telopea Speciosissima); Bird - Kookaburra (Dacelo Gigas); Animal - Platypus (Ornithorhynchus Anatinus); Fish - Blue Groper (Achoerodus Viridis)Motto: "Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites" (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine)Slogan or Nickname: First State, Premier StateOther Australian states and territoriesCapitalSydneyGovernment<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monar
item	Northern Territory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory	Emblems: Sturt's Desert Rose (floral)Motto: NoneSlogan or Nickname: The Territory, The NT, The Top EndOther Australian states and territoriesCapitalDarwinGovernmentConst. MonarchyAdministrator<a href="/wiki/T
item	Queensland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland	Emblems: Faunal - Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); Floral - Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium bigibbum); Bird - Brolga (Grus rubicunda); Aquatic - Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos); Gem - Sapphire; Colour - MaroonMotto: "Audax at Fidelis" (Bold but Faithful)Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart StateOther Australian states and territoriesCapitalBrisbane<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Queensland" titl
item	South Australia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia	Emblems: Hairy Nosed Wombat (faunal); Leafy Seadragon (marine); Piping Shrike (bird: unofficial); Sturt's Desert Pea (floral); Opal (gemstone)Motto: "United for the Common Wealth"Slogan or Nickname: Festival StateOther Australian states and territoriesCapitalAdelaideGovernmentConst. MonarchyGovernor<a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Jackson-Nelson" title="Marjorie Jackson-Nelson
item	States and territories of Australia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia	The Australian States and Territories make up the Commonwealth of Australia under a federal system of government.
item	Tasmania	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania	Emblems: Flora - Tasmanian Blue Gum; Fauna - noneMotto: "Ubertas et Fidelitas" (Fertility and Faithfulness)Slogan or Nickname: The Apple IsleOther Australian states and territoriesCapitalHobartGovernmentConst. MonarchyGovernorWilliam Cox<a href
item	Template:Australia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Australia	Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Australia"			Category: Australian navigational boxes																Views						 Template				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account											 if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); 				Navigation									Main Page				Community Portal				<li id="n-Featured-articles
item	The Fanatics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fanatics	The Fanatics are a notable Australian cheer squad appearing at many major Australian sporting events across the world. They receive wide levels of media coverage in Australia.
item	User:Chrism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Chrism	The To Do List | The Sandbox | The Editing SuiteThis user has no understanding of time and does everything at the last minute especially when deadlines are approaching.ConThis user is a member of the UK Conservative PartyEFC
item	Victoria %28Australia%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29	Emblems: Pink heath (floral) helmeted honeyeater (bird)Leadbeater's possum (faunal)Motto: "Peace and Prosperity"Slogan or Nickname: Garden State, The Place To Be, On The MoveOther Australian states and territoriesCapitalMelbourneGovernmentConst. MonarchyGovernorDavid de Kretser<a href="/wiki/Premier_
item	Western Australia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia	Emblems: Floral - Kangaroo Paw (Anigozanthos manglesii); Mammal - Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus); Bird - Black Swan (Cygnus atratus)Motto: "Cygnis Insignis" (Distinguished by its swans)Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower StateOther Australian states and territoriesCapitalPerthGovernmentConst. Monarchy<td style="w
item	Biogeography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography	Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns.
item	Afrotropic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotropic	The Afrotropic is one of the earth's eight ecozones. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the southern and eastern fringes of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopian Zone or Ethiopian Region.The Afrotropic EcozoneContents1 Major ecological regions1.1 Sahel and Sudan1.2 Southern Arabian woodlands1.3 Forest zone<a href="#East_African_grasslands
item	Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_mixed_mesophytic_forests	The Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests comprise an ecoregion in the Appalachian Mountains in eastern North America. They are one of the most biologically diverse temperate forest regions on earth. It has an unusually diverse tree flora, with as many as 30 tree species at a single site. The rivers of the ecoregion have the highest species richness of any freshwater ecosystem. In particular, there are a large number of endemic fish and shellfish species. The rich diversity of the area has several contributing factors. It was an unglaciated refugia for many species. It shares species with the high elevation Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests to the east, the hardwood forests to the west, and the mixed hardwood/conifer forests to the south.[edit]
item	Australasia ecozone	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia_ecozone	The Australasian ecozone – is an ecological region that is coincident, but not synonymous (by some definitions), with the geographic region of Australasia. The ecozone includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (including Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of Papua), and the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago, including the island of Sulawesi, the Moluccan islands (the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku) and islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, and Timor, often known as the Lesser Sundas. The Australasian ecozone also includes several Pacific island groups, including the Bismarck Archipelago, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia. New Zealand and its surrounding islands are a distinctive sub-region of the Australasian ecozone. The rest of Indonesia is part of the Indomalayan ecozone.
item	Biogeographic Regions	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic_Regions	It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Ecozone. (Discuss)The biogeographic regions are schemes of organism distribution patterns on Earth's surface.The systems of biogeographical regions started with Augustin de Candolle in 1820. In his study Essai Elementaire de Geographie Botanique he was very interested in documenting the nature and floral composition, also known as biomes. He was the first author to define endemic areas.It was only after the acceptance of Darwin's theory of evolution that Adolf Engler associated the development of different floras to different regions of the world. His studies on biogeographical regions were based on de Candolle´s climatic and physiological studies.Engler´s Biogeographical Regions - 1879Arcto-Tertiary Realm: the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere.Palaetropical Realm: the old world tropics, extending from Africa to northern Australia.Neotropical Realm: most of Central and S
item	Biome	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome	In ecology, a biome is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities best adapted to the region's physical natural environment, latitude, altitude and terrain. A biome is composed of communities at stable steady state and all associated transitional, disturbed, or degraded, vegetation, fauna and soils, but can often be identified by the climax vegetation type.
item	Ecological land classification	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_land_classification	Ecological land classification is defined as being a cartographical delineation of distinct ecological areas, identified by their geology, topography, soils, vegetation, climate conditions, living species, water resources, as well as anthropic factors. These factors are known to control or influence biotic composition and ecological processes. As a consequence, they provide a useful approximation of ecosystem potentials.
item	Ecoprovince	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoprovince	An Ecoprovince is a biogeographic unit smaller than an ecozone, and which contains one or more ecoregions.
item	Ecoregion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion	An ecoregion is "a relatively large area of land or water that contains a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities."
item	Ecozone	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecozone	Ecozones are global divisions which have their own characteristic interplay of climatic factors, morphodynamics, soil-forming processes, living conditions for plants and animals, and production potentials for agriculture and forestry. Correspondingly, they are distinguished by different climates, landforms, soil units, plant formations and biomes, and land use systems. In the (hierarchical) systems of natural regions, whose basic unit is the ecotope, the term ecozone represents the highest class heading. A few of the ecozones are subdivided into comparatively independent subregions or ecoregions, such as the Polar subpolar zone, which is divided into the glacier-covered regions (ice deserts), the frost debris regions and the tundras. Some of these ecorgions are further subdivided into eco-provinces and eco-districts (in this hierarchical order).
item	Effective evolutionary time	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_evolutionary_time	The hypothesis of effective evolutionary time[1] attempts to explain gradients, in particular latitudinal gradients, in species diversity. It was originally named "time hypothesis".[2][3]Contents1 Background2 Historical aspects3 Depth gradients4 Literature
item	Floristic province	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floristic_province	A floristic province is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent floristic provinces do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both regions overlap. The region of overlap is called a vegetation tension zone.Contents1 Explanation2 Floristic kingdoms3 Takhtajan's floristic provinces3.1 Holarctic Kingdom3.1.1 I. Circumboreal Region3.1.2 II. Eastern Asiatic Region3.1.3 III. North American Atlantic Region3.1.4 IV. Rocky Mountain Region3.1.5 V. Macaronesian Region3.1.6 VI. Mediterranean Region</li
item	Floristics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floristics	Floristics (from "flora") is a subdomain of botany and biogeography that studies distribution and relationships of plant species over geographic areas.
item	Great American Interchange	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange	The Great American Interchange was a very important paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater animal faunas migrated from Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the continents. The migration peaked dramatically around 3 Million years ago (Piacenzian, the first half of the Upper Pliocene).
item	Hemiboreal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiboreal	Hemiboreal means halfway between the temperate and subarctic (or boreal) zones. The term is most frequently used in the context of ecosystems.
item	Holarctic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holarctic	The Holarctic is a term used by zoologists to define the ecozone covering much of Eurasia and North America, which have often been connected by the Bering land bridge. The two regions have very similar mammal and bird fauna, with many Eurasian species having moved into North America, and fewer North American species having moved into Eurasia. More commonly, this is defined as two separate areas, the Palearctic (Eurasia) and Nearctic (North America).
item	Indo-Pacific	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific	The Indo-Pacific is the aggregate of the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and the minor seas between the two in the general area of Indonesia. The term is especially useful in marine biology, ichthyology, and similar fields, since many marine habitats are continuously connected from Madagascar to Japan, and a number of species occur over that range, but are not found in the Atlantic Ocean.
item	Indomalaya	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalaya	The Indomalaya Ecozone was previously called the Oriental region.The Indomalaya Ecozone
item	Island biogeography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_biogeography	The study of island biogeography is a field within biogeography that attempts to establish and explain the factors that affect the species diversity of a particular community. In this context the island can be any area of habitat surrounded by areas unsuitable for the species on the island; not just true islands surrounded by ocean, but also mountains surrounded by deserts, lakes surrounded by dry land, forest fragments surrounded by human-altered landscapes. The field was started in the 1960s by the ecologists Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson, who coined the term theory of island biogeography, as this theory attempted to predict the number of species that would exist on a newly created island.[edit]
item	Landscape ecology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology	Landscape ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology and geography that is the study of spatial variation and interested in landscape elements (such as fields, hedgerows, woodlots, rivers or towns) and how their distribution affects the distribution and flow of energy and individuals in the environment (which, in turn, may influence the distribution of the elements themselves). Landscape ecology typically deals with problems in an applied and holistic context. The term landscape ecology was coined by Carl Troll, a German geographer in 1939 (Troll 1939). He developed this terminology and many early concepts of landscape ecology as part of his early work applying aerial photograph interpretation to studies of interactions between environment and vegetation.
item	Nearctic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearctic	The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earth's land surface.The Nearctic Ecozone
item	Neotropic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropic	The Neotropic ecozone is a terrestrial ecoregion which includes South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. It has distinct fauna and flora from the Nearctic because its long separation from the northern continent.The Neotropic Ecozone
item	Oceania ecozone	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_ecozone	Oceania is the smallest of the world's terrestrial ecozones, and unique in not including any continental land mass. The ecozone includes the Pacific Ocean islands of Micronesia, the Fijian Islands, and most of Polynesia (with the exception of New Zealand). New Zealand and most of Melanesia, including New Guinea, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia, are included, with Australia in the Australasia ecozone. Oceania is the smallest in area of any of the ecozones, and also the youngest geologically; other ecozones include old continental land masses or fragments of continents, but Oceania is composed mostly of island groups that arose from the sea, as a result of hotspot volcanism, or as island arcs pushed upward by the collision and subduction of tectonic plates. The islands range from tiny coral atolls to large mountainous islands, like Hawaii and Fiji.
item	Palearctic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic	The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight ecozones dividing the Earth surface.
item	Phytogeography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography	Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species, or more generally, plants. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras.This ecology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. .&#160;This geographical term article is a stub. You can <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Find
item	Rapoport%27s rule	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapoport%27s_rule	//[edit]Rapoport’s ruleRapoport’s rule states that latitudinal ranges of plants and animals are generally smaller at low than at high latitudes.[edit]BackgroundStevens (1989) [1] named the rule after Eduardo H. Rapoport, who had earlier provided evidence for the phenomenon for subspecies of mammals (Rapoport 1975[2], 1982[3]). Stevens used the rule to “explain” greater species diversity in the tropics in the sense that latitudinal gradients in species diversity and the rule have identical exceptional data and so must have the same underlying cause. Narrower ranges in the tropics would facilitate more species to coexist. He later extended the rule to altitudinal gradients, clai
item	Refugia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugia	In the most basic biological sense refugia (singular: refugium) represent isolated populations of once large ranging animal species. This isolation (allopatry) can be the result of human activities - such as deforestation, over hunting, etc. - or climatic changes. Present examples of such refuge species may be the mountain gorilla, now isolated to specific mountains in central Africa, and the Australian Sea Lion, presently isolated to specific breeding beaches in south Australia due to over hunting. This isolation, in many cases, can be seen as only a temporary state; however, some refugia may be long-standing, thereby having many endemic species, not found elsewhere, which survive as relict populations.
item	River capture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_capture	In geology, river capture is an event in which one river or stream captures or intercepts part of another. River captures are natural rather than man-made events. A variety of mechanisms can cause river capture, but the two most common causes are catastrophic geological events (earthquakes or earth tremors and consequent large scale crustal deformations; land slips) and erosion, where the course of one river moves laterally and eventually cuts into the course of another.
item	Serra do Mar coastal forests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_do_Mar_coastal_forests	Biome: Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
item	Terrestrial ecoregion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion	Ecoregions are defined by World Wildlife Fund as "relatively large units of land or water containing a distinct assemblage of natural communities and species, with boundaries that approximate the original extent of natural communities prior to major land-use change". Terrestrial ecoregions are land ecoregions, as distinct from freshwater ecoregions and marine ecoregions.
item	Thorson%27s rule	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule	Thorson's rule (named after Gunnar Thorson by S. A. Mileikovsky in 1971) [1] states that marine benthic invertebrates at low latitudes tend to produce large numbers of eggs developing to pelagic (often planktotrophic [plankton-feeding]) and widely-dispersing larvae, whereas at high latitudes such organisms tend to produce fewer and larger lecithotrophic (yolk-feeding) eggs and larger offspring, often by viviparity or ovoviviparity, which are often brooded. [2]Contents1 Groups involved2 Does Thorson's rule apply to deepsea species?3 Explanations of the phenomenon4 Implications for Rapoport's rule5 Notes6 <span class=
item	Wallace Line	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Line	The Wallace Line is a hypothetical boundary that separates the zoogeographical regions of Asia and Australasia. West of the line are found organisms related to Asiatic species; to the east, mostly organisms related to Australian species. The line is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who noticed the apparent dividing line during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century. The line runs through the Malay Archipelago, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes); and between Bali (in the west) and Lombok (in the east). Evidence of the line was also noted in Antonio Pigafetta's biological contrasts between the Philippines and the Spice Islands, recorded during the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.
item	Zoogeography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeography	Zoogeography is the branch of the science of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of animal species and their attributes. That makes Zoogeography the study of patterns of biodiversity regarding time and space.Contents1 Overview2 Branches of Zoogeography3 Branches of Biology relevant to Zoogeography4 Case Study5 See also5.1 References6 External links6.1 Resources for students of Zoogeography
item	Map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map	A map is a simplified depiction of a space, a navigational aid which highlights relations between objects within that space. Most usually a map is a two-dimensional, geometrically accurate representation of a three-dimensional space. The science and art of map-making is cartography; see that page for further discussion of the history of maps and map-making.
item	Globe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe	This article is on a planet-representation device. For others, see globe (disambiguation).
item	Cartography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography	Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. Maps have traditionally been made using pen and paper, but the advent and spread of computers has revolutionized cartography. Most commercial quality maps are now made with map making software that falls into one of three main types; CAD, GIS, and specialized map illustration software.
item	ADDRESS-POINT	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADDRESS-POINT	ADDRESS-POINT® is a mapping/GIS data product supplied by Great Britain's national mapping agency, Ordnance Survey. It is based on the UK’s postal mail organisation, the Royal Mail®, list of postal addresses, Postcode Address File (PAF®). The most significant difference between Royal Mail® list and ADDRESS-POINT is that ADDRESS-POINT includes the geographic coordinates of each postal address. This enables users to map the individual addresses.
item	ARINC	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARINC	Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) is the leading provider of transport communications and systems engineering solutions for five major industries (aviation, airports, defense, government and transportation) since 1929. ARINC has installed computer data networks in police cars and railroad cars and also maintains the standards for line-replaceable units. It is headquartered in Annapolis, Maryland and has two regional headquarters: London (established in 1999) to serve the Europe, Middle East and Africa region and Singapore (established 2003) for the Asia Pacific region.Contents1 History2 Standards Categories3 Standards4 See also5 External links
item	Aclinic Line	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aclinic_Line	Aclinic Line, the magnetic equator, along which the needle always remains horizontal.&#160;This cartography or mapping term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aclinic_Line"			Categories: Cartography stubs | Cartography																Views						 <li id="ca-nstab-m
item	Aerial photography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography	Aerial photography is the taking of photographs from above with a camera mounted on an aircraft, balloon, rocket, kite, skydiver or similar vehicle. It was first practiced by the French photographer and balloonist Nadar in 1858. The use of aerial photography for military purposes was expanded during World War I by aviators such as Fred Zinn.
item	Alfred Watkins ley	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Watkins_ley	The Alfred Watkins ley is a ley line that stretches for 6.4 km (4 miles) across southwest Herefordshire and the Welsh border. It is named for Alfred Watkins.[edit]
item	Animated mapping	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_mapping	Animated mapping is the application of animation, either computer or video, to add a temporal component to a map displaying change in some dimension. Most commonly the change is shown over time, generally at a greatly changed scale (either much faster than real time or much slower). An example would be the animation produced after the 2004 Tsunami showing how the waves spread across the Indian Ocean.Animation of the 2004 Indonesian TsunamiContents1 History2 Visual variables3 Types of animated maps4 References
item	Atlas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas	An atlas is a collection of maps, traditionally bound into book form, but also found in multimedia formats. As well as geographic features and political boundaries, many often feature geopolitical, social, religious and economic statistics.Contents1 History2 "Atlas" etymology3 Modern atlases4 Selected general atlases5 See also6 External links
item	Atlas Maior	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Maior	The Atlas Maior is a comprehensive world atlas, compiled by Joan Blaeu, completed in 1665. The original work consisted of eleven volumes, in Latin, containing 594 maps.
item	Bathymetry	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathymetry	Bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to altimetry. The name comes from Greek βαθυς, deep, and μετρον, measure. A bathymetric map gives the depth contours of the soil, rock, sand, etc. at the bottom of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake. In addition to this, a bathymetric chart provides navigational information.
item	Chart datum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_datum	The chart datum is the level of water that charted depths displayed on nautical charts are measured from.
item	Choropleth map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choropleth_map	A choropleth map (Greek χωρα, area, region + πληθαίνω multiply) is a map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income. It provides an easy way to visualize how a measurement varies across a geographic area.
item	Contour line	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_line	A contour line (also level set, isopleth, isoline, isogram or isarithm) for a function of two variables is a curve connecting points where the function has a same particular value. A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines. The prefix iso-, the Greek prefix for "equal", refers to maps with lines that join points of equal value.
item	Coverage data	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage_data	In geographic information systems, a coverage is a mapping of one aspect of data in space. It represents a "domain" (the universe of extent) in terms of characteristics expressing a range of values. For example: a satellite image derived from remote sensing might record varying degrees of light pollution.
item	DTED	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTED	DTED (or Digital Terrain Elevation Data) was originally developed in the 1970s to support aircraft radar simulation and prediction.
item	Dasymetric map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasymetric_map	The dasymetric map is a method of thematic mapping, which uses areal symbols to spatially classify volumetric data. The method was developed and named by Tyan-Shansky and popularised by J.K. Wright.
item	Datum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum	A datum (plural datums) is a reference from which measurements are made. In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a reference point on the earth's surface against which position measurements are made, and an associated model of the shape of the earth for computing positions. Horizontal datums are used for describing a point on the earth's surface, in latitude and longitude or another coordinate system. Vertical datums are used to measure elevations or underwater depths.[edit]
item	DeLorme	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLorme	DeLorme is a topographic mapping company based in Yarmouth, Maine.
item	Dell%27Arcano del Mare	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell%27Arcano_del_Mare	Sir Robert Dudley's Dell'Arcano del Mare is the earliest printed sea atlas to cover the entire world, and the first made by an Englishman, and the first to use the Mercator projection. It collects all the naval knowledge of its time. It was first published in Italian at Florence in 1645, then again in 1646 in three folio volumes, and which is remarkable for its inclusion of a proposal for the construction of a navy in five rates which Dudley designed and described. It was reprinted in Florence in a two volume folio edition in 1661 without the charts of the first edition.
item	Department of the Geographer to the Army%2C 1777-1783	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Geographer_to_the_Army%2C_1777-1783	Department of the Geographer to the Army: The surveyors and cartographers of the Continental Army during the American Revolution.Contents1 Washington's Need for Military Maps2 Robert Erskine Appointed Geographer to the Army3 Hardships on the Sullivan Expedition4 Enemy Considers Military Maps Valuable Objects5 Simeon Dewitt Appointed to Replace Erskine6 Geographer to the Southern Department Appointed7 Mapping the Road to Yorktown8 The End of the War9 Organizational Structure of the D
item	Det Kongelige danske S%C3%B8kortarkiv	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Kongelige_danske_S%C3%B8kortarkiv	Det Kongelige danske Søkortarkiv (English: the Royal Danish Nautical charts archive) was a Danish Navy department, responsible for making accurate nautical charts for the Danish government, primary the Navy, for nearly 200 years.
item	Digital elevation model	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model	A digital elevation model (DEM) is a representation of the topography of the Earth or another surface in digital format, that is, by coordinates and numerical descriptions of altitude. DEMs are used often in geographic information systems. A DEM may or may not be accompanied by information about the ground cover. In contrast with topographical maps, the information is stored in a raster format. That is, the map will normally divide the area into rectangular pixels and store the elevation of each pixel. In that sense, digital elevation model (DEM) data are sampled arrays of surface elevations in raster form. DEMs are most commonly used to extract terrain parameters, model water flow or mass movement or for pure visualization purposes (3D draping).
item	Digital raster graphic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_raster_graphic	A digital raster graphic (DRG) is a digital image resulting from scanning a paper USGS topographic map for use on a computer. DRGs created by USGS are typically scanned at 250 dpi and saved as a TIFF. The raster image usually includes the original border information, referred to as the "map collar". The map file is UTM projected and georeferenced to the surface of the earth. DRG's are regularly used in GIS applications.[edit]
item	Distortion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion	A distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of an object, image, sound, waveform or other form of information or representation. Distortion is usually unwanted. In some fields, distortion is desirable, such as electric guitar (where distortion is often induced purposely with the amplifier for an apparently louder sound). The slight distortion of analog tapes and vacuum tubes is considered pleasing in certain situations. The addition of noise or other extraneous signals (hum, interference) is not considered to be distortion, though the effects of distortion are sometimes considered noise.Contents1 Electronic signals1.1 Amplitude distortion1.2 Crossover distortion1.3 Frequency distortion1.4 Phase distortion1.5
item	Drying height	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying_height	On a nautical chart, the drying height is the vertical distance of the seabed that is exposed by the tide, above the level of the sea at the lowest astronomical tide.
item	Eartha	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eartha	Eartha is the world's largest rotating globe (excluding the Earth itself), located within the headquarters of the Delorme mapping corporation in Yarmouth, Maine. The globe weighs approximately 5,600 pounds, and has a diameter of over 41 feet(12.5 m). This gives it a scale of 1:1,000,000, on which one inch represents 16 miles, one millimetre represents one kilometre. The globe was completed on July 23, 1998, and it uses a composite database built from satellite imagery, shaded relief, colored bathymetry, and information about road networks and urban areas.[edit]
item	Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Cultural_Atlas_Initiative	The Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative is a Digital Humanities initiative involving numerous academic professors and institutions around the world with the stated goal of creating a networked digital atlas by creating tools and setting standards for dynamic, digital maps.[edit]
item	Feature data	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_data	In geographic information systems, a feature comprises an entity with a geographic location, typically describable by (for example) points, arcs, or polygons. Carriageways and cadastres exemplify feature data.&#160;This cartography or mapping term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_data"			Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cartography
item	GLOBCOVER	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLOBCOVER	In geography, GLOBCOVER is a two-year project whose goal is to develop the sharpest map of Earth's global land cover. The project will contribute information relevant to land use, ecosystems and climate change. The artificial satellite Envisat (especially its Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) will gather much of the data for GLOBCOVER. A total of approximately twenty terrabytes are expected to be generated. GLOBCOVER is a part of the Earth Observation Data User Element.[edit]
item	Gauss-Kr%C3%BCger coordinate system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss-Kr%C3%BCger_coordinate_system	In cartography the Gauß-Krüger coordinate system is a coordinate system, used for measuring points on the surface of the Earth.
item	GeaBios	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeaBios	GeaBios is a free (non-profit) “Slovene Citizen Oriented Information Service” and the name stands for Geo Enabled And Better Internet Oriented Services.
item	GeoTIFF	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoTIFF	GeoTIFF is a public domain metadata standard which allows georeferencing information to be embedded within a TIFF file. The potential additional information includes projections, coordinate systems, ellipsoids, datums, and everything else necessary to establish the exact spatial reference for the file. The GeoTIFF format is fully compliant with TIFF 6.0, so software incapable of reading and interpreting the specialized metadata will still be able to open a GeoTIFF file.[edit]
item	GeoTools	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoTools	Geotools is an open source GIS toolkit for developing standards compliant solutions. It provides an implementation of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) specifications as they are developed.
item	Geodetic system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_system	Geodetic systems or geodetic data are used in geodesy, navigation, surveying by cartographers and satellite navigation systems to translate positions indicated on their products to their real position on earth.
item	Geographic coordinate system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system	A geographic coordinate system expresses every location on Earth by two of the three coordinates of a spherical coordinate system which is aligned with the spin axis of Earth. Borrowing from theories of ancient Babylonians, later expanded by the famous Greek thinker and geographer Ptolemy, a full circle is assigned 360 degrees (360°).latitude (Lat.) is the angle between any point and the equator. Lines of constant latitude are called parallels. They trace circles on the surface of Earth, but the only parallel that is a great circle is the equator (latitude=0 degrees), with each pole being 90 degrees (north pole 90° N; south pole 90° S).longitude (Long.) is the angle east or west of an arbitrary point on Earth: The Royal Observatory, Greenwich (UK) is the international zero-longitude point (longitude=0 degrees). The anti-meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. Lines of constant longitude are called <a href="/wiki/Meridian_%28geography%29" title="Merid
item	Geoinformation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoinformation	Geoinformation is a shorter name of Geographic Information. Geographic information is created by manipulating geographic (or spatial) data (geodata) in a computerized system. Systems can include computers and networks, standards and protocols for data use and exchange between users within a range of different applications. Typical applications are land registration, hydrology, cadastral, land evaluation, planning or environmental observation. Geodata comes in many different forms, such as maps or images taken from the air or from space, i.e., remote sensing data. Geodata may be stored in a database, which may possibly have special extensions for storing, handling, and manipulating spatial data. Geoinformation is the useful output, produced by analyzing data with a kind of computer program called a "geographic information system", or GIS. The environment in which a GIS operates (machines, people, networks) is called a "spatial information system", and is designed and created to respond to the strategic spatial information needs of people or organizations.[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoinformation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: E
item	Geologic map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_map	A geologic map is a special-purpose map made for the purpose of showing subsurface geological features. In the United States, geologic maps are usually superimposed over a topographic map (and at times over other base maps) with the addition of a color mask with letter symbols to represent the kind of geologic unit, stratigraphic contour lines, fault lines, strike and dip symbols, and various additional symbols as indicated by the map key.
item	Google Maps	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps	Google Maps (for a time named Google Local) is a free, web map server application and technology provided by Google that powers many map based services including Google Maps, Google Ride Finder and embedded maps on third-party websites via the Google Maps API. It offers draggable street maps, a route planner and business locator (city centers only) for Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the United States, and most western European states, and satellite images for the whole world.
item	Great Trigonometric Survey	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trigonometric_Survey	The Great Trigonometric Survey was a project of the Survey of India from the early 1800s till the end of the 19th century. It was piloted in its initial stages by William Lambton, and later by George Everest. Among the many accomplishments of the Survey were the demarcation of the British territories in India, and the measurement of the height of the Himalayan giants - K2, Kanchenjunga and Everest. The Survey had an enormous scientific impact as well, and was responsible for the first accurate measurement of a section of an arc of longitude, and measurements of the geodesic anomaly.[edit]
item	Grid north	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_north	Grid north is a navigational term referring to the direction northwards along the grid lines of a map projection. It is contrasted with true north (the direction of the North Pole) and magnetic north (the direction of the Magnetic North Pole). Many topographic maps, including those of the United States Geological Survey and the Ordnance Survey, indicate the difference between grid north, true north, and magnetic north.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_north"			Categories: Navigation | Orientation | Cartography																Views						 Article				 <li id="ca-talk"
item	Grid reference	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_reference	A grid reference is a standard method for the location of a point on a map. The grid itself is a coordinate system imposed on the map, and is numbered in such a way as to provide a unique way to identify any given feature.
item	Ground truth	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_truth	In cartography, analysis of aerial photographs, satellite imagery and a range of other remote sensing techniques in which data are gathered at a distance, the ground truth is the evidence that is discovered when a location is visited and examined and data about the location are recorded. This is especially important in order to relate image data with known artefacts on the ground. The collation of ground-truth data enables automation of interpretation or remote sensing data.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_truth"			Category: Cartography																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									<a href="/w/index.p
item	Hereford Mappa Mundi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_Mappa_Mundi	The Hereford Mappa Mundi is a T and O map dating to ca. 1300. It is currently on display in Hereford Cathedral in England.
item	Hydrography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography	Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of waters and marginal land. In the generalized usage, "hydrography" pertains to measurement and description of any waters. With that usage oceanography and limnology are subsets of hydrography. In specialized usage the term applies to those measurements and descriptions of navigable waters necessary for safe navigation of vessels.Contents1 Overview2 History3 Organisations4 See also5 External links
item	Insight Guides	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight_Guides	Insight Guides are a corporation based in London who create travel guides for commercial and domestic use. They produce atlases, city guides and maps. Other detailed guides include shopping, eating and museum guides. Insight Guides was founded by Hans Johannes Hofer. His first book, was based on the island of Bali, and was funded by a local hotel there and was pubilshed in 1970, Insight Guide:Bali in 1970. From there he built his publishing empire, exceeding 400 over guide books on over 100 destinations and in the late 90s sold his share of the company to Langenscheidt KG.Contents1 Atlases1.1 Atlas Titles2 City Guides<a href="#Cit
item	Isohume	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isohume	An isohume is a line of equal or constant humidity on a graph, plot, or map; an isopleth of humidity. For example, isohumes are commonly seen on weather maps to show large-scale humidity distributions.&#160;This climatology/meteorology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
item	Isohypse	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isohypse	An isohypse is a line of equal or constant elevation on a graph, plot, or map; an isopleth of elevation. Often used in topographic maps. By following contour lines of same height, an indication of the topography relating to altitude, and therefore the shape of the terrain can be established.
item	Japanese map symbols	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_map_symbols	This is a list of symbols appearing on Japanese maps. Official symbols according to the conventions of the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan appear with a circle below.SymbolGSIDescriptionUnicodeMeaning◬○Dot in upward-pointing triangle25ECBase triangulation point○Dot in upward-pointing triangle with flagElectronic triangulation point⊡○Dot in square22A1Benchmark☼○White sun with rays263CFactory文○Kanji bun<a href="http://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=6587" class="external text" title="http://www.uni
item	John Bartholomew and Son	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bartholomew_and_Son	John Bartholomew and Son Limited is a long-established map publishing company originally based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Around 1888, the firm was renamed The Edinburgh Geographical Institute. The firm was also known as John Bartholomew and Co.Contents1 History2 Publications3 Relocation4 Archives5 External links
item	Land-line	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-line	In the UK Land-Line is a comprehensive dataset, provided by Ordnance Survey, depicting man-made and natural features ranging from houses, factories, roads and rivers to marshland and administrative boundaries. Land-Line is a vector format (compare with DXF).
item	M711	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M711	M711 refers to the Norwegian main series of 727 topographical maps in 1:50,000 scale that cover the entire mainland area of the country and proximate islands. The maps are published by Statens Kartverk, the governmental cartography office. The series is developed consistently with EUREF89 (European Reference Frame 1989) and WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984). The maps are in full color, complete with place names and political boundaries. Contour line spacing is 20 meters, and the maps are usable for hiking and other navigation.
item	Map communication model	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_communication_model	
item	Map projection	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection	A map projection is any method used in cartography (mapmaking) to represent the two-dimensional curved surface of the earth or other body on a plane. The term "projection" here refers to any function defined on the earth's surface and with values on the plane, and not necessarily a geometric projection.
item	Mappa mundi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappa_mundi	Mappa mundi [Latin /ˈmapːa ˈmʊndi/, Englished /ˈmæpə ˈmʌndaɪ/] (plural = mappae mundi) is a general term used to describe Medieval European maps of the world. These maps ranged in size and complexity from simple schematic maps an inch or less across, to elaborate wall maps, the largest of which was 11 ft. (3.5 m.) in diameter. The term derives from the Medieval Latin words mappa (cloth or chart) and mundi (of the world).
item	Maps of the United States	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_the_United_States	Maps of the United States are available in various media. For Wikipedia's maps of the United States, see Category:United States mapsContents1 Printed maps1.1 Printed topographic maps1.2 Printed street and road maps1.3 Printed political and historical maps1.3.1 Printed election maps1.3.1.1 Printed electoral district maps2 Maps on CD-ROM or DVD-ROM3 Online maps3.1 Online topographic maps3.2 Online str
item	Marshall Islands stick chart	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart	Marshall Islands stick charts were made and used by the Marshallese to navigate the Pacific Ocean by canoe off the coast of the Marshall Islands. The charts represented major ocean swell patterns and the ways the islands disrupted those patterns, typically determined by sensing disruptions in ocean swells by islands during sea navigation. Stick charts were typically made from the midribs of coconut fronds tied together to form an open framework. Island locations were represented by shells tied to the framework, or by the lashed junction of two or more sticks. The threads represented prevailing ocean surface wave-crests and directions they took as they approached islands and met other similar wave-crests formed by the ebb and flow of breakers. Individual charts varied so much in form and interpretation that the individual navigator who made the chart was the only person who could fully interpret and use it. Use of stick charts and navigation by swells apparently came to demise after World War II, when travel between islands by canoe halted.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Smithsonianstickchart.jpg/180px-Smithsonianstickchart.jpg" alt="Example of Marshall Island stick chart.  This chart guided navigators from the Jaluit Atoll to Nanorik." width="180" height="270" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Smithsonianstickc
item	Meades Ranch%2C Kansas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meades_Ranch%2C_Kansas	Meades Ranch in Kansas boasts the geodetic base point for the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) at 39°13′26.686″N, 98°32′30.506″W (39.224079, -98.541807). This is at or very near the geographic center of the forty-eight contiguous U.S. states. The base point was the reference point for almost all land survey measurements in the United States from 1927 until the establishment of the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) and the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). NAD 27 was based on the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866.
item	Mobile GMaps	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_GMaps	Mobile GMaps is a free piece of software that displays Google Maps and MSN Virtual Earth maps and satellite imagery on Java-enabled mobile phones, PDAs or other devices.[edit]
item	Multi-spectral image	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-spectral_image	Multi-spectral images are images of the same object (Earth or planetary surface), taken in different bands of visible or infrared region of electromagnetic continuum. This is the main type of images acquired by Remote sensing (RS) radiometers. Multi-spectral is the opposite of panchromatic. Usually satellites have 3 to 7 or more radiometers (France's SPOT has 3, Landsat has 7). Each one acquires one digital image (in remote sensing, called a scene) in a small band of visible spectra, ranging 0.7 μm to 0.4 μm, called red-green-blue (RGB) region, and going to infra-red wavelengths of 0.7 μm to 10 or more μm, classified as NIR-Near InfraRed, MIR-Midle InfraRed and FIR-Far InfraRed or Thermal. In the Landsat case there are 7 scenes comprising a 7 band multi spectral image.&#160;This astronomy related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi-spectral_image&amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
item	Nautical chart	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_chart	A nautical chart is a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land, natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and man-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth's magnetic field, and man-made structures such as harbours, buildings and bridges. Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them. Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on paper or computerised electronic navigational charts.Contents1 Locations and bearings2 Pilotage information on charts2.1 Depths2.2 Tidal information<li class="toc
item	OS MasterMap	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_MasterMap	OS MasterMap is Ordnance Survey's flagship digital product, launched in November 2001. It is a database that records every fixed feature of Great Britain larger than a few metres in one continuous digital map. Every feature is given a unique TOID (TOpographical IDentifier), a simple identifier that includes no semantic information. Typically each TOID is associated with a polygon that represents the area on the ground that the feature covers, in National Grid coordinates. MasterMap is offered in themed "layers", for example a road layer and a building layer, each linked to a number of TOIDs. Pricing of licenses to MasterMap data depends on: the total area requested, the layers licensed, the number of TOIDs in the layers, the period in years of the data usage.
item	The Old Straight Track	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Straight_Track	The Old Straight Track is a book by Alfred Watkins and is the first book to describe ley lines in the United Kingdom.
item	Orthophoto	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthophoto	An orthophoto or orthophotograph is an aerial photograph that has been geometrically corrected ("orthorectified") such that the scale of the photograph is uniform, meaning that the photo can be considered equivalent to a map. Unlike an aerial photograph, an orthophotograph can be used to measure true distances, because it is an accurate representation of the earth's surface, having been adjusted for topographic relief, lens distortion, and camera tilt.[edit]
item	Paleobathymetry	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobathymetry	Paleobathymetry is the branch of science dealing with the measurement and depth of past bodies of water.[edit]
item	Planimetrics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planimetrics	Planimetrics means a two-dimensional (planar) representation of geographical space.&#160;This cartography or mapping term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planimetrics"			Categories: Cartography stubs | Cartography | Infographics<
item	Portolan chart	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_chart	A portolan is an early modern European navigation chart, dating from the fourteenth century or later, in manuscript, usually with rhumb lines, shorelines and place names.
item	Relief map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_map	A relief map is a three dimensional representation, usually of terrain. When of terrain the elevation dimension is usually exaggerated by a factor between five and ten; this facilitates the visual recognition of terrain features.Contents1 Construction2 Vacuum formed models3 Non-terrain applications4 See also
item	Reversed map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_map	A reversed map, also known as an Upside-Down map or South-Up map, is a world map that generally shows Australia and New Zealand at the top of the map instead of the bottom. Since the notion that North goes at the top of a map is entirely arbitrary, only weight of convention makes these maps less common. They are popular in Australia, New Zealand and other southern hemisphere countries for obvious reasons. They are also becoming popular in other parts of the world as tools for teaching critical thinking. Indonesia is placed in the center while Europe and the Americas are placed to the sides.
item	Rhumb line	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line	In navigation, a rhumb line (or loxodrome) is a line crossing all meridians at the same angle, i.e. a path of constant bearing.
item	Romer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer	A romer is a simple device for accurately plotting a grid reference on a map. Essentially, it is a specially marked out ruler which matches the scale of the map in use. The scales are laid out in reverse such that by lining up the numbers given in the grid reference with the gridlines for the square in question, the corner of the romer lies on the referenced spot. A small hole at this point allows the location to be marked with a pencil. Romers are made from transparent plastic so the map can be viewed through them. They are an essential piece of equipment for rallying, and any other use of maps where accuracy is needed.
item	Royal School of Military Survey	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_of_Military_Survey	The Royal School of Military Survey (RSMS) is a British Army school that teaches soldiers and civilians about the art and science of making maps. RSMS is also a trainig regiment teaching soldiers the arts of GID, Imagery and DPP. The school is based at Denison Barracks, Hermitage, Berkshire. Degree courses are offered in conjunction with Sheffield Hallam University.
item	Scale %28map%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_%28map%29	An important property of a map is the scale. It can be indicated by a scale bar and/or a ratio 1:n. This enables the map user to measure a distance on the map and determine the distance on the ground. These days maps are usually produced under the metric system which makes it easy to perform this task. Maps are usually produced at standard scale factors of (say) 1:10,000 or 1:50,000 or 1:100,000 and all you need to do is take a measurement on the map (in mm) and multiply that figure by the scale factor to determine the distance on the ground.  Calculation:  Measure  466 mm on a map which is scale 1 : 50,000  ...      466 x 50,000 = 23,300,000 mm      ie  23,300 metres      ie  23.3 kilometres
item	Sea level	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level	Mean sea level (MSL) is the average (mean) height of the sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface. Defining the reference level [1], however, involves complex measurement, and accurately determining MSL can prove difficult.Contents1 Measurement2 Difficulties in utilization3 Changes through geologic time4 See also5 External links
item	Spatial Data Transfer Standard	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_Data_Transfer_Standard	Spatial Data Transfer Standard, or SDTS, is a standard used to describe earth-referenced spatial data. It was designed to easily transfer and use spatial data on different computer platforms.[edit]
item	Spherical Earth	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_Earth	The concept of a spherical Earth was espoused by Pythagoras apparently on aesthetic grounds, as he also held all other celestial bodies to be spherical. It replaced widespread belief in a flat Earth: In early Mesopotamian thought the world was portrayed as a flat disk floating in the ocean, and this forms the premise for early Greek maps like those of Anaximander and Hecataeus. Other speculations as to the shape of Earth include a seven-layered ziggurat or cosmic mountain, alluded to in the Avesta and ancient Persian writings (see seven climes). In fact, the Earth is an oblate spheriod.Contents1 Early development1.1 Pythagoras1.2 Plato1.3 Aristotle1.4 Eratosthenes<a href="#Claudius_Ptolem
item	T and O map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_and_O_map	A T and O map or T-O map, is a type of medieval world map, representing the physical world as described by the 7th century scholar Isidore of Seville in his Etymologiae (chapter 14, de terra et partibus):Orbis a rotunditate circuli dictus, quia sicut rota est [...] Undique enim Oceanus circumfluens eius in circulo ambit fines. Divisus est autem trifarie: e quibus una pars Asia, altera Europa, tertia Africa nuncupatur."The world is called 'round' after the roundness of a circle, because it is like a wheel [...] Because of this, the Ocean flowing around it is contained in a circular limit, and it is divided in three parts, one part being called Asia, the second Europe, and the third Africa."
item	TNTlite	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNTlite	TNTlite is a free geospatial analysis system providing a complete fully featured Geographic information system, RDBMS, and automated image processing system with CAD, TIN, surface modeling, map layout and innovative data publishing tools. All this capability is available in a single integrated system with an identical interface, functionality, and geodata structure for use on Mac OS X, Windows, Sun Solaris, and popular Linux platforms. The interface, database text content, messages, map production, and all other internal aspects of TNTmips have been localized for use in 27 languages including Japanese, Chinese, Arabic, Turkish. Thai, German, Spanish, French and others. The professional version of the TNTmips is in use in over 120 nations while the free TNTlite version (restricted in project size) is used in almost every nation for educational, self learning, and small projects (e.g., archaeological sites, neighborhood planning, and precision farming). The product includes 80 free tutorial and application booklets with step-by-step lessons.[edit]
item	TOID	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOID	A TOID (TOpographic IDentifier, pronounced toyed) is a 16–digit reference number assigned by the Ordnance Survey to identify a topographic feature in the United Kingdom.
item	Terra incognita	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_incognita	Terra incognita is a term used in exploration for "unknown territory" that has not been mapped or documented. An urban legend claims that cartographers labelled such regions with "Here be dragons". Although cartographers did claim that fantastic beasts (including large serpents) existed in remote corners of the world, only one surviving map actually says "Here be dragons". (Actually the Latin, "hic sunt dracones"). Terra incognita may also refer to the imaginary continent Terra Australis.
item	Theban Mapping Project	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theban_Mapping_Project	Theban Mapping Project was established in 1978 with the goal to create a masterplan of the Valley of the Kings and of the sites of the Theban Necropolis in general.
item	Tissot%27s Indicatrix	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissot%27s_Indicatrix	Tissot’s indicatrix, or ellipse of distortion, is a concept developed by French mathematician Nicolas Auguste Tissot, in 1859 and 1871, to measure and illustrate map distortions. It is the theoretical figure that results from the orthogonal projection of an infinitesimal circle with unit radio, defined in a geometric model of the Earth (a sphere or an ellipsoid), on the projection plane. Tissot proved that this figure is normally an ellipse, whose axes indicate the two principal directions of the projection at a certain point, i.e., the directions along which its scale is maximum and minimum. When the Tissot’s indicatrix reduces to a circle it means that, at that particular point, the scale is independent of direction. In conformal projections, where angles are conserved around every location, the Tissot’s indicatrix are all circles, with varying sizes. In equal-area projections, where area proportions between objects are conserved, the Tissot’s indicatrix have all unit area, although their shapes and orientations vary with location.
item	Topographic map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_map	Topographic maps, also called contour maps, topo maps or topo quads (for quadrangles), are maps that show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines. Contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of the same altitude (isohypse). In other words, every point on the marked line of 100&#160;m elevation is 100&#160;m above mean sea level.Part of the same map in a perspective shaded relief view illustrates how the contour lines of the original follow the terrain
item	Topography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography	Topography, a term in geography, has come to refer to the "lie of the land", or the physiogeographic characteristics of land in terms of elevation, slope, and orientation. "Terrain" is a similar concept, used more to describe the land itself than the study of it. "Relief" is often used to refer to the third dimension of a map whether in actuality (as in a "raised relief" map, or drawn, as with contours, hachures or shading) or the territory it describes.
item	Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologically_Integrated_Geographic_Encoding_and_Referencing	Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing, or TIGER, or TIGER/Line is a format used by the United States Census Bureau to describe land attributes such as roads, buildings, rivers, and lakes. The data can be used by GIS applications and is available without cost due to the requirement for U.S. Government publications to be released into the Public Domain.[edit]
item	Toposcope	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toposcope	A toposcope is a monument erected on hills or high places which indicates the direction, and usually the distance, to notable features which can be seen from that point. They are often placed in public parks, the grounds of stately homes or places of historical note, such as battlefields.
item	Trap street	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_street	A trap street is a fictitious street included on a map, often outside the area the map covers, for the purpose of "trapping" potential copyright violators of the map, who will be unable to justify the inclusion of the "trap street" on their map.Contents1 Legal issues2 Traveller's woes3 See also4 External links
item	Triangulated irregular network	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulated_irregular_network	A Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is a digital data structure used in a geographic information system (GIS) for the representation of a surface. A TIN is a vector based representation of the physical land surface, made up of irregularly distributed nodes and lines with three dimensional coordinates (x,y, and z) that are arranged in a network of nonoverlapping triangles. TINs are often derived from the elevation data of a rasterized digital elevation model (DEM). An advantage of using a TIN over a DEM in mapping and analysis is that the points of a TIN are distributed variably based on an algorithm that determines which points are most necessary to an accurate representation of the terrain. Data input is therefore flexible and fewer points need to be stored than in a DEM with regularly distributed points. While a TIN may be less suited than a DEM raster for certain kinds of GIS applications, such as analysis of a surface's slope and aspect, TINs have the advantage of being able to portray terrain in three dimensions.
item	Waymarking	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymarking	Waymarking is a means by which people can catalog, mark, locate and log unique and interesting locations around the world, usually with a GPS receiver. Waymarking differs from geocaching in that there is no physical container to locate at the given coordinates. Waymarking identifies points of interest for GPS users.
item	WikiMapia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiMapia	WikiMapia is a project aimed at "describing the whole planet earth". It is an internet resource combining Google Maps and a "wiki" system. The project was created by Alexandre Koriakine and Evgeniy Saveliev on May 24, 2006, and is unrelated to Wikimedia.
item	Windows Live Local	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Live_Local	Windows Live Local is a web map server similar to Google Maps, Google Earth, Mapquest, or Yahoo! Maps. It is a part of Microsoft's Windows Live online applications services suite. Upon its release in December 2005, Live Local assumed the client side functionality of the MSN Virtual Earth platform.
item	World file	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_file	A world file is used by Geographic Information Systems to coordinate raster map images. The standard was created by ESRI corporation of Redlands, California.
item	World map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_map	A world map is a map of the surface of the Earth, which may be made using any of a number of different map projections.
item	Climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate	The climate (ancient Greek: κλίμα "clime") is commonly considered to be the weather averaged over a long period of time, typically 30 years. Somewhat more precisely, the concept of "climate" also includes the statistics of the weather - such as the degree of day-to-day or year-to-year variation expected. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) glossary definition is:Atmospheric sciences [cat.]Meteorology [cat.]Weather [cat.]Atmospheric physicsAtmospheric chemistryClimatology [cat.]climate [cat.]climate change [cat.]<
item	Agreste	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreste	In Brazil, the agreste is a narrow zone in the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia between the coastal zona da mata (forest zone) and the semiarid sertão. The agreste actually fades out before Rio Grande Do Norte is reached owing to the breakdown of the mountain chain that gives the coastal Atlantic forest zone high rainfall.
item	Alpine climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate	Alpine climate is the average weather (climate) for a region above the tree-line. The climate becomes colder at high elevations—this characteristic is described by the lapse rate of air: air will tend to get colder as it rises, since it expands. The dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10°C per km of elevation or altitude. Therefore, moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers (45' or 0.75° of latitude) towards the pole [1]. This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors such as proximity to oceans can drastically modify the climate.
item	Antarctic oscillation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_oscillation	The Antarctic oscillation (AAO, to distinguish it from the Arctic oscillation or AO) is a mode of atmospheric variability of the southern hemisphere. It is also known as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) or Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SHAM).[edit]
item	Arctic oscillation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation	The Arctic oscillation (AO) is the dominant pattern of non-seasonal sea-level pressure (SLP) variations north of 20N, and it is characterized by SLP anomalies of one sign in the Arctic and anomalies of opposite sign centered about 37-45N. The North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) is a close relative of the AO and there exist arguments about whether one or the other is more fundamentally representative of the atmosphere's dynamics.[edit]
item	Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Multidecadal_Oscillation	The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) is an ongoing series of long-duration changes in the sea surface temperature of the North Atlantic Ocean, with cool and warm phases that may last for 15-40 years at a time and a difference of about 1°F (0.6°C) between extremes. These changes are natural and have been occurring for at least the last 1,000 years.Upper: AMO index: the ten-year running mean of detrended Atlantic sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA, °C) north of the equator. Lower: Correlation of the AMO index with SSTA everywhere.Contents1 Climate impacts worldwide2 <span class="t
item	Callendar effect	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callendar_effect	The Callendar effect is a name for the effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate. It is therefore a special case of the greenhouse effect. The size of the Callendar effect is a controversy in global warming.
item	Climate ensemble	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_ensemble	In physics, a statistical ensemble is a large set of (mental) copies of a system, considered all at once; each copy of the system representing a different possible detailed realisation of the system, consistent with the system's observed macroscopic properties.
item	Climate of Hong Kong	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Hong_Kong	
item	Climate of the Alps	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Alps	The climate of the Alps is the climate, or average weather conditions over a long time, of the central Alpine region of Europe. As we rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere the temperature decreases. The effect of mountain chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of heat, often accompanied by the precipitation of moisture in the form of snow or rain. Plus the alps also have a unpredictable weather forcast.
item	Continental climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate	A continental climate is the climate typical of the middle-latitude interiors of the large continents of the Northern Hemisphere in the zone of westerly winds; similar climates exist along the east coasts and southwest coasts of the same continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world. This climate is characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of stable snow cover each year, and relatively low precipitation occurring mostly in summer, although east coast areas (chiefly in North America) may show an even distribution of precipitation. Only a few areas in Iran, adjacent Turkey and Central Asia show a winter maximum in precipitation, which typically melts in early spring to give short-lived floods.
item	Dahomey Gap	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey_Gap	In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian forests, or Congolian Forest Zone.
item	Dansgaard-Oeschger event	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansgaard-Oeschger_event	Dansgaard-Oeschger events are rapid climate fluctuations during and at the end of the last ice age. Twenty-three such events have been identified between 110,000 and 23,000 years BP.
item	Dimethyl sulfide	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide	Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) or methylthiomethane is a sulfur containing organic chemical compound with formula: (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide in concentrated liquid form is a flammable and insoluble with a boiling point of 37°C and a disagreeable odor. In vapor form it is produced by cooking of certain vegetables, notably corn and cabbage, and seafoods. It is also an indication of bacterial infection in malt production and brewing. It is a breakdown product of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and is also produced by the bacterial metabolism of methanethiol.Contents1 Natural Sources and link with Climate2 Industrial uses3 See also4 External links
item	Dry punch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_punch	A dry punch is meteorological slang for a surge of drier air; normally a synoptic scale or mesoscale process. A dry punch at the surface results in a dry line bulge. A dry punch aloft above an area of moist air at low levels often increases the potential for severe weather.&#160;This climatology/meteorology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_punch"			Categories: <a
item	Effect of sun angle on climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_sun_angle_on_climate	The angle at which sunlight strikes the earth, which varies by location, time of day, and season, is an important factor in the amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of the earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter (see Figure 1). (See also season.)[edit]
item	Forest zone	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_zone	In West Africa, the forest zone refers to the southern part of the region once largely covered by tropical rainforest. Sometimes this region is referred to as Guinea to distinguish it from the grassland-covered Sudan, drier Sahel and perarid Sahara.Contents1 Extent2 Geography3 Climate4 Land use and demographics5 Flora, fauna and conservation6 References7 External links
item	Humid subtropical climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate	Humid subtropical climates are characterized by warm to hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. Winter rainfall—and sometimes snowfall—is associated with large storm systems that the westerlies steer from west to east. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and an occasional tropical storm or hurricane. Humid subtropical climates lie on the southeast side of continents, roughly between 25 degrees and 40 degrees latitude. The main temperature range in this climate, considering normal annual extremes, is 20° F to 110 °F (-5°C to 38°C), though this range may greatly depending on the exact location.[edit]
item	Impact winter	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_winter	An impact winter is a period of prolonged cold weather caused by the impact on the Earth of a large asteroid or comet. If such an impact occurred on land or the floor of a shallow sea, it could cause large amounts of dust or ash to be thrown into the Earth's atmosphere, blocking the Sun's light and dramatically lowering the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface. An impact winter is one of the mechanisms proposed for extinction events, such as the asteroid impact at Chicxulub in Mexico which may have lead to the extinction of the dinosaurs. There is little concrete geological evidence, however, that a significant impact winter has occurred in the past.
item	K%C3%B6ppen climate classification	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification	The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist, around 1900 (with several further modifications by himself, notably in 1918 and 1936). It is based on the concept that native vegetation is the best expression of climate, thus climate zone boundaries have been selected with vegetation distribution in mind. It combines average annual and monthly temperatures and precipitation, and the seasonality of precipitation.[1]Contents1 The scheme1.1 GROUP A: Tropical/Megathermal climates1.2 GROUP B: Dry (Arid and semiarid) climates1.3 GROUP
item	List of countries receiving snowfall	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_receiving_snowfall	This is a list of countries receiving snow.Contents1 At or below 1,000 meters above Sea Level1.1 Europe1.2 Asia1.3 Africa1.4 North America1.5 South America1.6 Oceania2 Countries where snow only falls at higher elevations2.1 Europe2.2 Asia2.3 North America2.4 South America2.5 Africa</
item	Mediterranean climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate	A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles those of the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. These climates occur on the western coasts of continental landmasses, roughly between the latitudes of 30° and 45° north and south of the equator.Contents1 Location2 Precipitation3 Temperatures4 External links
item	Moisture recycling	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisture_recycling	In hydrology, moisture recycling or precipitation recycling refer to the process by which a portion of the precipitated water that evapotranspired from a given area contributes to the precipitation over the same area. Moisture recycling is thus a component of the hydrologic cycle. The ratio of the locally derived precipitation (PL) to total precipitation (P) is known as the recycling ratio, ρ: ρ = PL / P.
item	Mountain climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_climate	Mountain climate (also highland climate) is something of a crude geographical term used for the kind of climate in the mountains and generally in the high country. It is often contrasted to the climate of the lowland area surrounding or near the same mountains.
item	Oceanic climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate	An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world's continents, and in southeastern Australia; similar climates are also found at coastal tropical highlands and tropical coasts on leeward sides of mountain ranges.
item	Polar circle	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_circle	A polar circle is either the Arctic Circle or the Antarctic Circle. On earth, the Arctic Circle is located at a latitude of 66˚ 33' N, and the Antarctic circle is located at a latitude of 66˚ 33' S. Areas between each polar circle and its associated pole (north pole, or south pole) will annually experience at least one 24 hour period when the sun is continuously above the horizon and at least one 24 hour period when the sun is continuously below the horizion.[edit]See alsoAntarcticaNapapiiri (A Finnish word which means polar circle)&#160;This climatology/meteorology-related article is a stub. You can <a href=
item	Polar climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate	Regions with a polar climate are characterized by a lack of warm summers (specifically, no month having an average temperature of 10 °C or higher).Contents1 Types of polar climate2 Effects3 Examples4 See also
item	Pole of Cold	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_Cold	The Poles of Cold are the places in the Northern and Southern hemispheres where the lowest air temperature was recorded.[edit]
item	Season	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season	A season is one of the major divisions of the year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in weather.In temperate and polar regions generally four seasons are recognized: spring, summer, autumn (fall), and winter.In some tropical and subtropical regions it is more common to speak of the rainy (or wet, or monsoon) season versus the dry season, as the amount of precipitation may vary more dramatically than the average temperature.In other tropical areas a three-way division into hot, rainy and cool season is used. In some parts of the world, special "seasons" are loosely defined based upon important events such as a hurricane season, tornado season, wildfire season or a sport season.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/North_season.jpg/400px-North_season.jpg" alt="Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the north. F
item	Semi-arid	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid	Semi-arid generally describes regions that receive low annual rainfall (250 to 500 mm or 10 to 20 in) and generally have scrub or grass vegetation. A more precise definition is given by the Köppen climate classification.
item	Sert%C3%A3o	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sert%C3%A3o	In Brazil, the sertão (meaning "backland" in Portuguese) refers to the semi-arid region in Northeastern Brazil comprising parts of the states of Bahia, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará and Piauí. The plural of sertão is sertões.
item	Shrub-steppe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub-steppe	Shrub-steppe is low rainfall natural grassland ecoregion extending from southeastern Washington and eastern Oregon, through Idaho, Nevada, and Utah, and into western Wyoming and Colorado. Growth is primarily low lying shrubs, such as sagebrush. Rainfall is less than seven inches per year.[edit]
item	Snow line	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_line	The snow line is the point above which, or poleward of which, snow and ice cover the ground throughout the year.
item	Steppe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe	In physical geography, a steppe (Russian: степь - step', Ukrainian: степ - step), pronounced in English as step, is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be the normal in the steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs, or both depending on the season and latitude . The term is also used to denote the climate encountered in regions too dry to support a forest, but not dry enough to be a desert. They are usually found in areas of the world less prone to moisture. The soil is considered too moist to be a desert, but too dry to support normal forest life. The climate of steppes can be summarized by hot summers and cold winters, averaging 250-500 mm (10-20 inches) of rain per year.
item	Subarctic climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate	Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by very cold winters, and brief, warm summers. This type of climate offers some of the most extreme seasonal temperature variations found on the planet: In winter, temperature can drop to −40°C (also −40°F) and in summer, the temperature may exceed 30°C (86°F). The subarctic climate is a subset of the continental climate.
item	Subtropical climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_climate	The subtropics refers to the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the two tropic zones, which are bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, at latitude 23.5 ° north and south. The term 'subtropics' describes the climatic region found adjacent to the tropics, closer to either the north or south pole latitudinal.
item	Temperate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate	For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology).In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally subtle, warm or cool, rather than extreme, burning hot or freezing cold. However, a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather. One day it may be sunny, the next it may be raining, and after that it may be cloudy. These erratic weather patterns occur in summer as well as winter.The north temperate zone extends from the Tropic of Cancer at about 23.5 degrees north latitude to the Arctic Circle at about 66.5 degrees north latitude. The south temperate zone extends from the Tropic of Capricorn at about 23.5 degrees south latitude to the Antarctic Circle at about 66.5 degrees south latitude.Within these borders there are many individual climate types, which are generally grouped into two categories: continental and maritime.The maritime climate is clearly affected by the oceans, which help to sustain somewhat stable temperatures throughout the year. In the temperate zones, the prevailing winds are to the west, the western edge of temperate continents most 
item	Temperature extreme	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_extreme	Temperature extremes are the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in specific locales. As extreme points, they provide a range of typical temperatures in that locale.
item	Thermal equator	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_equator	The thermal equator (also known as "the heat equator") is a belt encircling the Earth, defined by the set of locations having the highest mean annual temperature at each longitude around the globe. Because local temperatures are sensitive to the geography of a region, and mountain ranges and ocean currents ensure that smooth temperature gradients (such as might be found if the Earth were uniform in composition and devoid of surface irregularities) are impossible, the location of the thermal equator bears no relationship to that of the geographic equator.
item	Tree-line	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree-line	The tree-line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing. Beyond the tree-line, they are unable to grow due to inappropriate environmental conditions. There are several types:Arctic tree-line The furthest north in the Northern Hemisphere that trees can grow; further north, it is too cold to sustain trees.Antarctic tree-line The furthest south in the Southern Hemisphere that trees can grow; further south, it is too cold to sustain trees.Alpine tree-line The highest elevation which sustains trees: higher up, it is too cold, or snow cover persists for too much of the year, to sustain trees. Usually associated with mountains, the climate above the tree-line is called an alpine climate.Exposure tree-line On coasts and isolated mountains, the tree-line is often much lower than in corresponding altitudes inland and in larger, more complex mountain systems, because strong winds reduce tree growth.Desert tree-line The driest places that trees can grow; drier desert areas having insufficient rainfall to sustain trees.Toxic tree-line The immediate environment is too extreme for trees to grow. This can be caused by molten lava or hot rock (<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrar
item	Tropical climate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate	A tropical climate is a type of climate typical in the tropics. Köppen's widely-recognized scheme of climate classification defines it as a non-arid climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures above 18°C (64.4 °F).[edit]
item	Tropical rain belt	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rain_belt	The weather in the tropics is dominated by the tropical rain belt, which oscillates from the northern to the southern tropics over the course of the year. The tropical rain belt lies in the southern hemisphere roughly from October to March, and during this time the northern tropics experience a dry season in which precipitation is very rare, and days are typically hot and sunny throughout. From April to September, the rain belt lies in the northern hemisphere, and a wet season occurs there, while the southern tropics experience their dry season.
item	United States temperature extremes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_temperature_extremes	For the United States, the extremes are 56.7&#160;°C (134.0&#160;°F) in Death Valley, California and -62.2&#160;°C (-80.0&#160;°F) recorded in Prospect Creek, Alaska.
item	Zona da Mata %28coastal%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_da_Mata_%28coastal%29	In northeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba,Pernambuco, and Bahia), the Zona da Mata (in Portuguese, "forest zone") refers to the narrow coastal plain between the Atlantic Ocean and the dry regions of the agreste and sertão.
item	Coastal geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography	Coastal geography is the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography(i.e coastal geomorphology, geology and oceanography) and the human geography(sociology and history) of the coast. It involves an understanding of coastal weathering processes, particularly wave action, sediment movement and weather, and also the ways in which humans interact with the coast.Contents1 Coastal processes1.1 Wave action and longshore drift1.2 Atmospheric processes1.3 Biological processes1.4 Chemical processes1.5 Sea level changes2 Coastal landforms2.1 Spits
item	Raised beach	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_beach	A Raised beach is an emergent coastal landform. Raised beaches are beaches or wave cut platforms raised above the shore line by a relative fall in the sea level. This could be due to an actual fall in the water level such as may be caused by the partial draining of a lake or a river cutting its way into a deeper channel. It may also be as a result of the isostatic recovery of the land. This is where the accumulation of ice sheets have depressed the land so that when the ice sheets melts the land readjusts with time thus raising the height of the beaches. More frequently a raised beach is formed when tectonic activity, such as earthquakes which cause the level of the land to rise.
item	Eurasia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia	Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. Mostly in the eastern and northern hemispheres, Eurasia can be considered a supercontinent, part of a supercontinent of Africa-Eurasia, or simply a continent. In plate tectonics, the Eurasian Plate includes Europe and most of Asia, but not the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Cherskiy Range in Sakha. Eurasia is also used in international politics as a neutral way to refer to organizations of or affairs concerning the post-Soviet states, in particular Russia, the Central Asian republics, and the Transcaucasian republics.
item	The Blue Marble	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Marble	The Blue Marble is a famous photograph of the Earth taken on 7 December 1972 by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft at a distance of about 45,000 kilometers or about 28,000 miles. [1]. It is one of the most widely distributed photographic images in existence. The image is one of the few to show a fully lit Earth, as the astronauts had the Sun behind them when they took the image. To the astronauts, who were 28,000 miles distant, Earth had the size and appearance of a child's glass marble (hence the name).<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/550px-The_Earth_seen_fro
item	Template:Continents	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Continents	Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Continents"			Categories: Navigational templates by region | Continents																Views						 Template				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account											 if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); 				Navigation									Main Page				<a href="/wiki/Wik
item	Supercontinent	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent	In geology, a supercontinent is a land mass comprising more than one continental core, or craton. The assembly of cratons and accreted terranes that form Eurasia[1] qualifies as a supercontinent today.Contents1 History2 Geology2.1 Incomplete list of major past supercontinents2.2 Incomplete list of supercontinents3 Notes4 External links
item	Subcontinent	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcontinent	A subcontinent is a large part of a continent. There is no agreement on what constitutes a subcontinent. Generally, however, a subcontinent is split from the rest of a continent by something like a mountain range or by tectonic plates. The phrase the Subcontinent, used on its own in English, commonly means the Indian subcontinent i.e. South Asia.[edit]
item	List of countries by continent	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_continent	This is a list of the countries of the world by continent, displayed with their national flags and capitals. It contains:Sovereign states (country names in bold), including:The member states of the United Nations (UN)A UN-recognized non-member state: Vatican CityA state not recognized by the UN and most of its members, but currently with de facto international relations with most countries: The Republic of ChinaTwo entities de facto not independent but recognized by many countries as sovereign (country names in bold italics): The Palestinian territories and Western SaharaDependent territories, including overseas departments of France (country names in italics)Special entities recognized by international treaty or agreement (country names in italics)
item	Australia %28continent%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_%28continent%29	Australia (also called Australia-New Guinea, Australinea, Sahul, or Meganesia) is a continent made up of the Australian landmass (including Tasmania, New Guinea, and intervening islands). These landmasses are separated by the Torres Strait, which runs between Australia and New Guinea, and the Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania. From biological and geological points of view, however, they form a single unit.
item	Indian subcontinent	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent	The Indian subcontinent is a peninsular landmass of the Asian continent occupying the Indian Plate and extending into the Indian Ocean, bordered on the north by the Eurasian Plate. The region is known as a subcontinent because its geography and geology are distinct from the rest of the continent. It includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and usually other South Asian countries.
item	List of continents by population	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_continents_by_population	This is a list of all major continents' population, estimated for the year 2002. The list includes the six of the commonly recognized inhabited continents. Also, other important supercontinents are included such as Eurasia and the Americas. Note that some landmasses are included in others, so the figures will not add up to the world population.RankLandmassPopulation[1]—World6,225,000,000—Africa-Eurasia5,335,000,000—Eurasia4,503,000,0001Asia3,776,000,000—The Americas858,000,0002Africa832,000,0003Europe727,000,0004North America501,000,0005South America357,000,0006Oceania32,000,000[<a href="/w/i
item	North America	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America	World map showing North AmericaA satellite composite image of North America. Clickable mapNorth America is a continent in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost fully in the <a href="/wiki/Western_hemisphere" title="
item	South America	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America	South America is a continent situated in the western hemisphere and, mostly, the southern hemisphere, bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest.
item	Terra Australis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Australis	Terra Australis (also: Terra Australis Incognita, Latin for "the unknown land of the South") was an imaginary continent, appearing on European maps from the 15th to the 18th century.
item	Arab world	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world	The Arab world ( العالم العربي Al-Alam Al-Arabi) consists of twenty-two countries stretching from Mauritania in the west to Oman in the east. They have a combined population of 323 million people and their combined economies surpass 1.6 trillion U.S. dollars [citation&#160;needed], and grows 5% annually. The Arab World thus accounts for just over two-fifths of the total output of the entire Muslim world.Contents1 Language, politics, and religion1.1 Non-Arab peoples in the Arab world2 States2.1 Modern Boundaries2.2 Modern Economies3 Geography3.1 Historical boundaries<span class="
item	Developed country	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country	A developed country is one that has a high income per capita. Countries with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) are generally considered developed countries. This usually coincides with countries that have a high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita; however, some countries have achieved a (usually temporarily) high GDP through natural resource exploitation (e.g., Nauru through phosphate extraction and Equatorial Guinea) without developing the diverse industrial and service-based economy necessary for "developed" status.
item	Developed market	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_market	In investing, developed markets are those countries that are thought to be the most developed and therefore less risky.
item	Developing country	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country	A developing country is a country with a relatively low standard of living, undeveloped industrial base, and moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI). The term has tended to edge out earlier ones, including the Cold War-defined "Third World".
item	Emerging markets	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_markets	The term emerging markets is commonly used to describe business and market activity in industrializing or emerging regions of the world. It is sometimes loosely used as a replacement for emerging economies, but really signifies a business phenomenon that is not fully described by or constrained to geography or economic strength; such countries are considered to be in a transitional phase between developing and developed status. Examples of emerging markets include China, India, Malaysia, countries in Eastern Europe, and parts of Africa and Latin America.
item	4th World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_World	The term 4th World was coined by Manuel Castells to refer to black holes of social exclusion. 4th World is deliberately opposed to 1st World, 2nd World and 3rd World, all of which imply a certain degree of connectivity. This connectivity is what is notably absent in the notion 4th World.
item	First World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World	The subjective terms First World, Second World, and Third World were used to divide the nations of Earth into three broad categories. The three terms did not arise simultaneously. After World War II, people began to speak of the NATO and Warsaw Pact countries as two major blocs, often using such terms as the "Western bloc" and the "Eastern bloc." The two "worlds" were not numbered. It was eventually pointed out that there were a great many countries that fit into neither category, and in the 1950s this latter group came to be called the Third World. (see Third World for a fuller treatment of the history of the terms).
item	Least Developed Countries	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Developed_Countries	Least Developed Countries (LDCs or Fourth World countries) are countries which according to the United Nations exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. A country is classified as a Least Developed Country if it meets three criteria [1] based on:low-income (GNI per capita of less than US $750)human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and adult literacy) andeconomic vulnerability (based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services, economic importance of non-traditional activities, merchandise export concentration, and handicap of economic smallness, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters)
item	Majority World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_World	Majority World is an alternative term used to describe the Third World. It refers to the fact that 83 percent of the world population lives in developing countries, and that 76 percent of the worlds nations are developing.&#160;This geographical term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
item	Newly industrialized countries	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_countries	The category of Newly industrializing countries (NICs) is a social/economic classification status applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists.
item	North-South divide	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-South_divide	The North-South divide is the socio-economic and political division which exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as "The North", and the poorer developing countries, or "The South". Although most nations comprising the "North" are in fact located in the Northern Hemisphere, the divide is not primarily defined by geography. The term was coined to differentiate the cultural divide between East and West. The north south divide also refers to the split between the more powerful Northern and the less powerful Southern Hemisphere. Nearly all of the world's wealth and power is held by the northern half of the globe, the home to four out of five permanent members of the Security Council and all members of the G8.
item	Oceania	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania	Oceania is a geographical, often geopolitical, region consisting of numerous lands—mostly islands but sometimes including Australia—in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity. The exact scope of Oceania is defined variously, with interpretations including Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and those parts of Indonesia east of the Wallace Line.
item	Old World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World	The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus; it includes Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively known as Africa-Eurasia), plus surrounding islands. The term is in distinction from the New World, meaning the Americas.
item	Pacific Rim	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim	Pacific Rim is a political and economic term used to designate the countries on the edges of the Pacific Ocean as well as the various island nations within the region. There are many centres in the Pacific Rim, such as Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Seoul, Tokyo, Los Angeles, Sydney, San Francisco, Seattle, and Vancouver. Honolulu is the headquarters of various intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations of the Pacific Rim including the East-West Center, Institute of Asian Research and RIMPAC.
item	Pacific World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_World	The Pacific World is a region in the South Pacific Ocean. It is made up of Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and many other islands.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_World"			Category: Country classifications																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account											 if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); 				Navigation</h5
item	Russian world	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_world	Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Russian world in Wikipedia to check for alternative titles or spellings.Start the Russian world article or add a request for it.Search for "Russian world" in existing articles.Look for "Russian world" in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.Look for Russian world in the Wikimedia Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.Look for pages within Wikipedia linking to this article.If you expected a page to be here, and it is not, the page may not yet be visible due to a delay in updating the database, or it may have been deleted. (See the criteria for speedy deletion for some possible reasons). Try the purge function, check the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/delete&amp;p
item	Second World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World	The terms First World, Second World, and Third World, can be used to divide the nations of Earth into three broad categories. The term "Second World" has largely fallen out of use because the circumstances to which it referred largely ended with the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, and also because the popularity of its sister phrase "Third World" has divided the world between rich and poor in many people's minds.[edit]
item	Western world	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world	The term Western world or "the West" can have multiple meanings depending on its context. Originally defined as Western Europe, most modern uses of the term refer to the societies of Europe and their close genealogical, linguistic, and philosophical colonial descendants, typically included are those countries whose dominant culture is derived from European culture, such as the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
item	Indonesian	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian	Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a standardized dialect of the Malay language that was officially defined with the declaration of Indonesian independence in 1945, and the two languages remain quite similar.The language is spoken fluently as a second language by most Indonesians, who use a regional language (examples are Minangkabau and Javanese) at home and in their local community. Most formal education, as well as nearly all national media and other communication, are in Indonesian. In East Timor, Indonesian is recognized by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other is English).The Indonesian name for the language is Bahasa Indonesia (literally language of Indonesia); this name is sometimes used in English as well. The language is sometimes called "Bahasa" by English-speakers, though this simply means "language" in Indonesian.Contents1 History2 Classification3 Geographic distribution<a href="#Of
item	Australasia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia	Australasia is a term variably used to describe a region of Oceania – namely Australia, New Zealand, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean.
item	Baden-Baden	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-Baden	Coordinates: 48°45′N 08°15′EBaden-Baden&#160;CountryGermanyFederal state<a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg
item	Bela Bela	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Bela	Bela Bela (previously known as Warmbaths) is a town situated on at a geo-thermic hot springs in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Bela Bela, the Tswana name for the hot springs, produces 22,000 litres per hour at 50°C. It was discovered by Tswana tribes that moved into the area in the early 1800s. In 1873 the Transvaal government bought the land to build a resort at the springs and called it Warmbad. The name was later anglicised to Warmbaths. Population of Warmbaths/Bela Bela is 43,213.&#160;This South Africa location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Bela"			<p class
item	Bella Bella%2C British Columbia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Bella%2C_British_Columbia	Bella Bella is a village on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada.
item	Bli Bli%2C Queensland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bli_Bli%2C_Queensland	Bli Bli is a locality in the Sunshine Coast conurbation in Queensland, Australia. A few kilometres inland from the Maroochy area, Bli Bli is surrounded by wetland and cane.
item	Bora Bora	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_Bora	Bora Bora (16°26′40″S, 151°45′5″W) is an island in the Leeward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island, located about 260 km northwest of Papeete (French Polynesia's capital), is surrounded by a lagoon and a fringing reef. In the center of the island are the remnants of an extinct volcano, rising to two peaks, Mt. Pahia, and the highest point, Mount Otemanu, reaching 727 meters (2,385 ft.).
item	Budgebudge	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgebudge	Budgebudge is a town in the south-western suburbs of Calcutta, on the eastern bank of the River Ganges.
item	Curl Curl%2C New South Wales	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl_Curl%2C_New_South_Wales	Curl Curl is a suburb on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia and features Curl Curl Beach. It is known to locals as "Curly". It is part of the Warringah local government area. Neighbouring suburbs include Dee Why, Harbord and Wingala. The suburb is neatly divided into North and South Curl Curl by Curl Curl Lagoon and the playing fields on either side of Greendale Creek.[edit]
item	Dum Dum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum	Dum Dum is a group of small towns to the north west of Kolkata (Calcutta) in West Bengal state in India, and the location of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, formerly Dum Dum Airport.
item	Gin Gin%2C New South Wales	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_Gin%2C_New_South_Wales	Gin Gin (31°33′S 148°06′E[1]) is a small town in New South Wales, Australia. It's located within the Narromine Shire Council local government area,[2] just north-east of Trangie.[edit]
item	Gin Gin%2C Queensland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_Gin%2C_Queensland	Gin Gin (24°59′S 151°57′E[1]) (pop. 3000) is a small rural town located on the Bruce Highway in the Kolan Shire of Queensland, Australia, approximately 51 km west of Bundaberg and 370 km north-west of Brisbane, the state capital. The town owes its existence to its strategic location about halfway between Brisbane and Rockhampton. It is often used as a stop-over point for drivers travelling between these two centres.
item	Gol Gol%2C New South Wales	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Gol%2C_New_South_Wales	Gol Gol (34°10′S 142°13′E[1]) is a small town in the far western region of the Australian state of New South Wales. Situated on the majestic Murray River, which forms part of the border between the states of New South Wales and Victoria, Gol Gol is part of a larger fruit growing region known as Sunraysia, of which Mildura (located across the Murray River in north-western Victoria) is the principal city. Rapid development in recent years has rendered Gol Gol virtually a suburb of Mildura.[edit]
item	Grong Grong%2C New South Wales	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grong_Grong%2C_New_South_Wales	Grong Grong (34°43′S 146°47′E[1]) is a small town in New South Wales, Australia on the Newell Highway, just east of Narrandera.
item	Joel Joel%2C Victoria	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Joel%2C_Victoria	Joel Joel (37°0′S 143°0′E[1]) is a town in Victoria, Australia.[edit]
item	Katikati	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katikati	Katikati (population 2916 at 2001 census) is a town located on the Uretara Stream near the tidal inlet opened by Matakana Island in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. The nearest city is Tauranga, which is 25 kilometres to the southeast.
item	Kerikeri	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerikeri	Kerikeri, the largest town in the Bay of Islands on the North Island of New Zealand, is a popular tourist destination about three hours drive north of Auckland, and 80 kilometres north of Whangarei. It is often described as the Cradle Of The Nation, being the site of the first permanent mission station in the country, and it has some of the most historic buildings in the country.A rapidly expanding centre of sub-tropical and allied horticulture, Kerikeri lies at the western extremity of the Kerikeri Inlet, a northwestern arm of the Bay of Islands, where fresh water of the Kerikeri River enters the salty Pacific Ocean. Kerikeri (airport) is located at 35°16′S 173°55′E .It is a far cry from the village established by New Zealand's pioneering missionaries. They called it Gloucestertown, or Gloucester Town, but neither name endured. The Māori word Kerikeri is correctly pronounced almost as Keddi Keddi, or even Kiddee Kiddee, but the town's name is generally pronounced Kerry Kerry.Contents<ul
item	Kihikihi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihikihi	Kihikihi is a small town located in the Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is a satellite community of Te Awamutu, five kilometres to the north, and is 35 kilometres south of Hamilton. Kihikihi means cicada.
item	Kwekwe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwekwe	Kwekwe or Kwe Kwe is a city in Zimbabwe. It is located in the centre of the country (Midlands province) - roughly equidistant from Harare to the northeast and Bulawayo to the southwest. Its population stood at 47,607 in 1982, 75,425 in 1992 and the prelimary result of the 2002 census suggests a current population of 88,000.
item	Lang Lang%2C Victoria	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Lang%2C_Victoria	Lang Lang is a small town on the eastern coast of Western Port just off the South Gippsland Highway, in the Shire of Cardinia, 85km south-east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
item	Matamata	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamata	Matamata is a rural Waikato town in New Zealand with a total population of around 12,000 (6,000 in rural areas, 6,000 in the township). It is located near the base of the Kaimai Ranges, and is a thriving farming area known for bloodstock. It is part of the Matamata Piako district Matamata-Piako District Council, taking in the surrounding rural areas as well as Morrinsville and Te Aroha.
item	Meremere	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meremere	Meremere is a small town in the northern Waikato region in the North Island of New Zealand. It is located on the east bank of the Waikato River, 50 kilometres north of Hamilton.
item	Mia Mia%2C Victoria	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Mia%2C_Victoria	Mia Mia is a picturesque area of Central Victoria, Australia, some 100 km North of Melbourne and 50 km South of Bendigo. It is largely an area of broadacre farms raising cattle and sheep. It is a part of the Heathcote Wine District and a number of vineyards have been established in the area, most notably producing Shiraz grapes. Its local government areas are the City of Greater Bendigo and Shire of Mitchell, Mia Mia is part of the Federal Electorates of Bendigo and McEwen and it is in the state electorate of Rodney. It has an approximate population of 200.
item	Millaa Millaa%2C Queensland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millaa_Millaa%2C_Queensland	Millaa Millaa is a small town on the Atherton Tableland in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is known for the Millaa Millaa Falls, the Millaa Milaa lookout and rolling green meadows.Atherton TablelandAttractions: Lake Tinaroo | Lake Eacham | Lake Barrine | Malanda Falls | Millaa Millaa Falls | Mount Hypipamee Crater | Mount Quincan | Seven Sisters | Curtain Fig Tree | Davies CreekTowns: Atherton | Dimbulah | Herberton<
item	Mount Baw Baw	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Baw_Baw	This article or section does not cite its references or sources.You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.Mount Baw Baw (37°50′S 146°16′E[1]) is about 120 kilometres east of Melbourne and 50 kilometres north of the Latrobe Valley. It consists of a long plateau trending north-east, with low peaks named Mount Whitelaw, Mount St. Phillack (the highest), Mount Mueller, Mount Tyers, Mount Kernot and Mount St Gwinear. The plateau itself is isolated from most of Victoria's high country by the Thomson and Aberfeldy Rivers and tributaries of the La Trobe River, including the Tanjil and Tyers Rivers to the south.The Baw Baw massif consists of a late Devonian granodiorite pluton. There is relatively little relief on the plateau itself, the highest point (Mount St. Phillack) reaching 1567 metres. The lower slopes of the plateau are covered in montane eucalypt forest and tall forest, and creek valleys have cool temperate rainforest of my
item	Pago Pago%2C American Samoa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago_Pago%2C_American_Samoa	Pago Pago (pronounced /ˈpɑŋo ˈpɑŋo/) by native Samoan-speakers and sometimes /ˈpɑŋgoʊ ˈpɑŋgoʊ/ by others) is a city of American Samoa, a territory of the United States of America. Its 1990 population was 10,640. The city is located on Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila. Tourism, government, and tuna canning are the primary industries. From 1878 to 1951, this was a coaling and repair station for the U.S. Navy.
item	Pukapuka	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukapuka	Pukapuka is a coral atoll in the Cook Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Of the inhabited islands in the Cook group, it is one of the most isolated. Another name for Pukapuka is the Danger Islands, not to be confused with Danger Island of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean.
item	QwaQwa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QwaQwa	QwaQwa was a Bantustan, or homeland, in the eastern part of South Africa. It encompassed a very small region of 655 km² in the east of the former South African province of Orange Free State, bordering Lesotho. Its capital was Phuthaditjhaba. It was the homeland of more than 180,000 Sesotho speaking Basotho people.
item	Sing Sing	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing	Sing Sing Correctional Facility is a maximum security prison in Ossining, New York. It is located in Westchester County approximately 30 miles north of New York City on the edge of the Hudson River. The name comes from the original name of the village of Ossining, though the penitentiary was first called "Mount Pleasant" when it opened in 1828.
item	Wagga Wagga%2C New South Wales	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagga_Wagga%2C_New_South_Wales	Wagga Wagga (pronounced wogga wogga) is a city in New South Wales, Australia. Lying on the Murrumbidgee River, Wagga Wagga is the state's largest and the country's fifth largest inland city, as well as being an important agricultural, military, educational and transport hub. The population in 2003 was around 57,000. It is home to 22 primary schools, eight secondary schools a regional Institute of TAFE with 18 campuses and one of the four main campuses of Charles Sturt University, as well as Wagga Base Hospital, the Kapooka Army base and a separate RAAF base.Wagga is known as The Garden City and The City of Good Sports due to the large sporting culture and large list of sporting greats that are from Wagga.<div class="magnify" style="f
item	Walla Walla%2C New South Wales	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla_Walla%2C_New_South_Wales	Walla Walla (35°45′S 146°54′E) is a town in Greater Hume Shire Council in New South Wales, Australia. It is about 30 km north of Albury-Wodonga and 130 km south of Wagga Wagga. Walla Walla has a population of around 400 people. It is the home of the Walla Walla Football Club.[edit]
item	Walla Walla%2C Washington	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla_Walla%2C_Washington	Walla Walla is the both the county seat of Walla Walla County, Washington, USA, and the county's largest city. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 29,686GR6. Walla Walla is in the southeastern region of Washington, approximately 4.5 hours by car from Seattle, Washington and six miles (10 km) from the Oregon border.
item	Woy Woy%2C New South Wales	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woy_Woy%2C_New_South_Wales	Woy WoyCountry: AustraliaState: New South WalesLocation: 33°30′S 151°20′ECouncil: Gosford CityPostcodes: 2256Woy Woy is a coastal town 40 km north of Sydney, Australia, on the Central Coast of New South Wales (33.485°&#160;S 151.325°&#160;E) and an important centre of population within the municipal boundaries of Gosford City Council. Situated on the southern reaches of Brisbane Water, some 8 km south of Gosford, Woy Woy is located in the northern half of the Woy Woy Peninsula, a densely-populated estuarine peninsula that also incl
item	Xai-Xai	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xai-Xai	Xai-Xai is a city in the south of Mozambique. It is the capital of Gaza Province and has a population of 103,251 (1997 census).
item	Atlantic Ocean	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean	The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of the earth's surface. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." The oldest known mention of this name is contained in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (I 202).This ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending in a north-south direction and is divided into the North Atlantic and South Atlantic by Equatorial Counter Currents at about 8° North latitude. Bounded by the Americas on the west and Europe and Africa on the east, the Atlantic is linked to the Pacific Ocean by the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Drake Passage on the south. A man-made connection between the Atlantic and Pacific is provided by the Panama Canal. On the east, the dividing line between the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean is the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica. The Atlantic is separated from the Arctic by a line from Greenland to northwestern Iceland and t
item	Ural Mountains	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains	The Ural Mountains (Russian: Уральские горы = Урал) also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia.
item	Ural River	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_River	The Ural River (Russian: Урал, Urál [formerly: Яик, Yaik River], Kazakh: Жайық, Zhayyq) flows through Russia and Kazakhstan. It arises in the southern Ural Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea. Its total length is 1,509 mi (2,428 km). It forms part of the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia.It arises on the eastern side of the Urals, about 150 km north of Magnitogorsk, flows south through Magnitogorsk, and around the southern end of the Urals, through Orsk where it turns west for about 300 km, to Orenburg, when the Sakmara River joins. From Orenburg it continues west, passing into Kazakhstan, then turning south again at Ural'sk, and meandering through a broad flat plain until it reaches the Caspian at Atyrau.Tributaries, in order going upstream:Cagan RiverIrtek RiverUtva River
item	Emba River	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emba_River	The Emba River (Kazakh: Zhem) in west Kazakhstan rises in the Mugodzhar Hills and flows some 400 miles (640 km) southwest into the Caspian Sea. It flows through the north of the Ust-Urt plateau, reaches the Caspian by a series of shallow lagoons, which were navigable in the 18th century. The lower course traverses an area of salt domes and the petroleum-rich Emba fields. It is considered by some experts as a boundary between Asia and Europe and was first proposed as such by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg.&#160;This Kazakhstan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it</a
item	Caspian Sea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea	The Caspian Sea is a landlocked endorheic sea of Eurasia between Asia and Europe. It is the world's largest inland body of water. It has a surface area of 371,000 km² (143,000 sq. mi.), and a maximum depth of about 980m (3200 ft). Thus it has characteristics common to both seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's largest lake, though it is not a freshwater one. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of sea water.Contents1 Geography1.1 Cities near the Caspian Sea1.2 Islands2 History3 Fauna4 Oil5 <span c
item	Caucasus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus	The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the south by Anatolia (Turkey) and Iran in Asia, on the west by the Black Sea, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the north by the European portion of Russia. Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands.
item	Kuma-Manych Depression	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuma-Manych_Depression	The Kuma-Manych Depression (Russian: Кумо-Манычская впадина, Kumo-Manychskaya vpadina), is a geological depression in southwestern Russia that separates the Russian Plain (north) from the Fore-Caucasus (south). It is named after Kuma and Manych rivers.
item	Black Sea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea	The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Asia Minor that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. It is connected to the Mediterranean by the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara, and to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.
item	Mediterranean Sea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea	The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. It covers an approximate area of 2.5 million&#160;km² (965 000 mi²), but its connection to the Atlantic (the Strait of Gibraltar) is only 14 km (9 mi) wide. In oceanography, it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea, to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere.
item	Ages of consent in Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe	The ages of consent for sexual activity vary by jurisdiction across Europe. The specific activity engaged in or the gender of its participants can also be affected by the law. Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject.
item	Arpitania	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitania	Arpitania (Arpitan and Italian: Arpitania, French: Arpitanie) refers to the lands where the Arpitanian language is spoken or used to be the prevalent idiom (in this sense, Lyonnais may also be included).
item	Britain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain	The word Britain is an informal term used (for brevity or convenience) when referring to;the island of Great Britain which consists of the constituent countries of England, Scotland and Wales.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the "United Kingdom" or the "UK"), a sovereign state.sometimes the Roman province called "Britain" or "Britannia".Contents1 Current usage2 Earliest attested references3 Etymology4 Britain and Brittany5 Historical evolution of the term 'Britain'6 Modern use of the terms 'British' and 'Brit
item	Continental Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe	Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European islands and peninsulae. Notably, in British English and Hiberno-English usage, the term means Europe excluding the United Kingdom and Ireland.[edit]
item	Culture of Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Europe	The Culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures of Europe. Whether it be a question of West as opposed to East; Catholicism and Protestantism as opposed to Eastern Orthodoxy; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural faultlines across the continent.Europe has been a cradle for many cultural innovations and movements, often at odds with each other such as Christian proselytism and Humanism, that have consequently been spread across the globe. The Renaissance of classical ideas influenced the development of art and literature far beyond the confines of the continent.Contents1 Faultlines2 Global influence3 Values4 Arts5 <sp
item	Demographics of Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe	The Demographics of Europe refers to the changing number and make-up of the population of Europe.
item	EUROCONTROL	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROCONTROL	
item	EUROPAGES	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROPAGES	EUROPAGES is a European business directory. Content is available in three formats:Printed directory (available in 6 languages)CD-ROM directory (available in 16 languages)Internet directory (available in 25 languages)
item	Economy of Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Europe	The economy of Europe is comprised of more than 665 million people in 48 different states. Like other continents, the wealth of Europe's states varies, although the poorest are well above the poorest states of other continents in terms of GDP and living standards. The difference in wealth across Europe can be seen in a rough East-West divide. Whilst Western European states all have high GDPs and living standards, many of Eastern Europe's economies are emerging from the collapse of the USSR and former Yugoslavia. Throughout this article "Europe" and derivatives of the word are taken to include selected states that are geographically in Asia, bordering Europe - such as Azerbaijan and Cyprus.As a continent, Europe has the largest economy. Europe's largest national economy is that of Germany, which ranks third globally in nominal GDP, and fifth in purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP. The European Union is the world's largest economy, if counted as a single unit -- see List of countries by GDP (PPP).Contents1 Economic development<span class="toc
item	English-speaking Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_Europe	English-speaking Europe consists of the constituent nations of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) as well as the Republic of Ireland, two former British colonies (Cyprus, Malta) and a current British colony Gibraltar, plus the Crown dependencies.
item	Eurabia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurabia	Eurabia is a term used by Bat Ye'or to describe an alleged process of political and cultural incorporation of Europe into the Islamic world. The term has gained wider acceptance and come into popular use. It has been used by major media outlets such as FOX, CBS, ABC, The Economist and NBC to describe the future of a Europe with a young, rapidly growing Muslim population, unwilling to assimilate into European countries.Contents1 History of the term2 See also3 Notes4 Further reading5 External links
item	Euro-Center	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Center	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since June 2006.
item	Eurocadres	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocadres	Eurocadres is the Council of European Professional and Managerial Staff. It is an organisation associated to the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC). Eurocadres is recognised by the European Commission as a European social partner.[edit]
item	Eurolinguistics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurolinguistics	Eurolinguistics is a comparatively young branch of linguistics which deals with questions on the languages of Europe. However, Europe is not defined in a unanimous way. There are three different definitions of Europe.political (languages of the European Union)geographical (from the Atlantic to the Ural)anthropological (languages of the nations characterized by a minor Greek and a major Latin heritage (including the rules of law), the (West) Roman variant of Christian religion (and its developments during the Reformation and Counter Reformation), the use of the Latin alphabet, the separation of spiritual and secular power, societal pluralism and individualism, a common history of the arts (in their broadest sense) as well as a common history of education and formation)Contents1 State of the art2 Common features of European languages2.1 History of the writing system2.2 Sound features2.3 Typical grammatical features2.4 Typical vocabulary features<li class="tocl
item	European Bat Night	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bat_Night	European Bat Night is the name of a popular, annual event hosted by ecologists to draw public awareness to menaced bat populations in Europe. It is always held on a late summer weekend; in 2004, it was held on the 28/29th of August for the 8th year in a row.
item	European Biomass Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Biomass_Association	The European Biomass Association (AEBIOM, from the official French name Association Européenne pour la Biomasse) is a group of national biomass associations with membership open to representatives of the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe. It was founded in 1990 and aims to promote biomass production and application throughout Europe.[edit]
item	European Foundation %28legal form%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Foundation_%28legal_form%29	The legal form of a European Foundation is the aim of the European Foundation Project (EFP). The EFP plans to develop the legislative draft for the implementation of this goal.[edit]
item	European Macroseismic Scale	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Macroseismic_Scale	The European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) is the basis for evaluation of seismic intensity in European countries. Most recently updated in 1998, the scale is referred to as EMS 98.
item	European Monetary System	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monetary_System	There are three stages of monetary cooperation in the European Union.Contents1 Stage I2 Stage II3 Stage III4 See also5 References
item	European Summer Time	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Summer_Time	European Summer Time is the daylight saving time practiced in Europe, the period during which clocks are advanced by one hour in relation to the official time observed during the rest of the year.
item	European Trade Union Confederation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Trade_Union_Confederation	The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) was established in 1973 to provide a trade union counterbalance to the economic forces of European integration. Following the changes in Central and Eastern Europe, a large number of new trade unions have joined its ranks.At present, the ETUC has in its membership 76 National Trade Union Confederations from a total of 34 European countries, as well as 12 European industry federations, making a total of 60 million members. Other trade union structures such as Eurocadres (the Council of European Professional and Managerial Staff) and EFREP/FERPA (European Federation of Retired and Elderly Persons) operate under the auspices of the ETUC. In addition, the ETUC coordinates the activities of the 39 ITUCs (Interregional Trade Union Councils), which organise trade union cooperation at a cross-border level.The ETUC is recognised by the European Union, by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council
item	European industry federation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_industry_federation	A European industry federation (EIF) is a trade union organisation operating at European sectoral level, comparable to and sometimes part of the global union federations. They are the social partners recognised by the European Commission as acting on behalf of employees in their sectors for the purposes of European social dialogue.[edit]
item	Europeanisation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeanisation	Europeanisation (or Europeanization) refers to a number of related phenomena and patterns of change.
item	Euroregion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroregion	In European politics, a Euroregion is a form of transnational co-operation structure between two (or more) territories located in different European countries.Euroregions usually do not correspond to any legislative or governmental institution, do not have political power and their work is limited to the competences of the local and regional authorities which constitute them. They are usually arranged to promote common interests across the border and cooperate for the common good of the border populations.Even though the Council of Europe sponsored term "euroregion" means a similar thing, it should not be confused with the European Union sponsored term regions in Europe.Contents1 Criteria for Euroregions2 Naming conventions3 See also4 External links</a
item	List of euroregions	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_euroregions	This is a list of the so called euroregions. Note that the cooperating regions usually have different (local) names in each participating country. The regions are listed in alphabetical order of the corresponding English names. Listed are also the particular participating countries and the year the euroregion was founded, if known.English name of the euroregionOther local names of the euroregionParticipatingcountriesFoundedAdriatic EuroregionAlbania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, Slovenia2006Archipelago (islands) committeeInterreg SaaristoInterreg SkärgårdenFinland, Sweden1978ARKO (Arvika/Kongsvinger) euroregionNorway, Sweden1978Baltic euroregionEuroregion BaltijaEuroregion BałtykDenmark, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, <a href="/wiki/
item	Carpathian Euroregion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Euroregion	The Carpathian Euroregion is an international association formed on February 14, 1993 by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Poland, Ukraine, and Hungary in the city of Debrecen. The Carpathian Euroregion comprises 19 administrative units of five countries from Central and East Europe, which are Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine and Romania. Its total area is about 160 square km and it is inhabited by approximately 16 million people. The Carpathian Euroregion is designed to bring together the people who inhabit the region of the Carpathian Mountains and to facilitate their cooperation in the fields of science, culture, education, trade, tourism and economy.[edit]
item	Federation of European Employers	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_European_Employers	The Federation of European Employers (FedEE) began as an informal network of progressive multinational companies in 1989. Its original member companies had come together through participation in a European Commission funded project.
item	Flags of Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Europe	This is a list of international and national flags used in Europe.Contents1 International flags2 Flags of European Union nations2.1 Dependencies of European Union nations in Europe3 Flags of European nations in the Commonwealth of Independent States4 Flags of other European nations5 Disputed and unrecognised states6 See also
item	European Free Trade Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association	The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on May 3, 1960 as an alternative for European states that were not allowed or did not wish to join the European Community (now the European Union).██&#160;EFTA member states ██&#160;former member states, now EU member states
item	Germanic Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_Europe	Germanic Europe is the part of Europe in which Germanic languages are predominant. This area corresponds more or less to north-western Europe and some parts of central Europe.
item	Human rights in Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Europe	The current human rights situation in Europe on the whole is good, although there are several human rights problems ranging from the treatment of asylum seekers and the Roma to reports of police brutality. Most European states are mentioned in the yearly Amnesty International Reports for different human rights violations.[1] The most obvious culprits are Belarus, Russia and Turkey although the latter has undergone major reforms to improve its human rights record in its attempt to gain European Union membership, including abolishing the death penalty and giving increased rights to its large Kurdish minority.Contents1 History of Human rights in Europe1.1 Pre-1945 human rights developments1.2 1945-19841.3 1984-present
item	INavsat consortium	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INavsat_consortium	The iNavsat consortium is a group of European companies that have come together to bid on a contract to run the Galileo positioning system once it becomes operational. The group consists of Thales, EADS and Inmarsat.[edit]
item	International Paneuropean Union	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paneuropean_Union	The International Paneuropean Union claims to be the oldest European unification movement and is also referred to as the Paneuropean Movement and the Pan Europa Movement. The stated goal of the organisation is the unity of Europe. It is independent of all political parties, but has a set principles by which it appraises politicians, parties and institutions. The union has branches in many European countries, whereas the General Secretariat is located in Munich.
item	Karlspreis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlspreis	The Karlspreis (Engl.: International Charlemagne Prize of the city of Aachen) is one of the most prestigious European prizes. It has been awarded once a year since 1950 by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the ideals upon which it has been founded. It commemorates Charlemagne, ruler of what is today France and Germany and founder of what became the Holy Roman Empire, who resided and is buried at Aachen. Traditionally the award is given to the recipient on the Ascension holiday in a ceremony in the town hall of Aachen.[edit]
item	Largest European metropolitan areas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_European_metropolitan_areas	These are the largest metropolitan areas and cities of Europe. Where the population figure is for a metropolitan area, the population of the city proper is given in the brackets.
item	Latin Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Europe	Latin Europe (Italian/Portuguese/Spanish: Europa latina; Romanian: Europa latină; French: Europe latine) is composed of those nations and areas in Europe that speak a Romance language and are seen as having a distinct culture from the Germanic and Slavic parts of Europe.
item	List of Europe-related topics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Europe-related_topics	This is a list of topics related to Europe.Contents1 States1.1 Other1.2 Former States1.3 Regions2 Geography and the environment2.1 Geography2.1.1 By country3 History3.1 Conflicts4 Economics4.1 By country4.2 Central Banks5 Politics<a href="#European_alliance
item	List of European countries	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries	This is an alphabetical list of European countries and dependencies.&#160;Åland Islands [1]&#160;Albania&#160;Andorra&#160;Austria&#160;<a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="B
item	List of hospitals in Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Europe	Lists of hospitals for each country in Europe.List of hospitals in AlbaniaList of hospitals in AndorraList of hospitals in AustriaList of hospitals in BelarusList of hospitals in BelgiumList of hospitals in Bosnia and HerzegovinaList of hospitals in BulgariaList of hospitals in CroatiaList of hospitals in CyprusList of hospitals in Czech RepublicList of hospitals in DenmarkList of hospitals in EstoniaList of hospitals in Finland<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_France" title="
item	MONEE Project	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONEE_Project	UNICEF launched the MONEE Project (MONitoring Eastern Europe, officially called “Public Policies and Social Conditions: Monitoring the Transition in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States") in 1992 to secure evidence-based feedback on the social impact of market reforms, and to advise countries undergoing rapid political, economic and social change on financial policy. Eight Regional Monitoring Reports (RMRs) were produced by the Innocenti Research Centre between 1993 and 2001, targeting decision-makers, their advisers, academics, professionals and the general audience.Contents1 Reports produced2 Budget3 Results4 Factors contributing to success5 Constraints6 External link
item	European microstates	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_microstates	The European microstates are a handful of very small sovereign states on the European continent. The smallest of these, Vatican City, is also the smallest state in the world. Microstates are small independent states and they should not be confused with "micronations", which are neither states nor independent.[edit]
item	New Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Europe	New Europe is a rhetorical term used by conservative political analysts in the United States to describe European post-Communist countries. Emerging europatriotism however reclaims the term [citation&#160;needed] by putting that the dynamic structure of the European Union leads to a more 'New' Europe compared to the static 'Old' America.Countries described by conservative American political analysts include (but are not necessarily limited to):Polandthe Czech RepublicCroatiaHungarySlovakiaSloveniaRomaniaBulgariaLithuaniaLatviaEstonia."New European" countries were most of all distinguished by their governments' support of the 2003 war in Iraq, as opposed to an "
item	Old Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe	In January 2003 the term Old Europe surfaced after the U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld used it to refer to European countries that did not support the 2003 invasion of Iraq. On January 22, 2003 Rumsfeld answered a question from Charles Groenhuijsen, a Dutch questioner, about the potential US invasion:Q: Sir, a question about the mood among European allies. You were talking about the Islamic world a second ago. But now the European allies. If you look at, for example, France, Germany, also a lot of people in my own country -- I'm from Dutch public TV, by the way -- it seems that a lot of Europeans rather give the benefit of the doubt to Saddam Hussein than President George Bush. These are U.S. allies. What do you make of that?Rumsfeld: Well, it's -- what do I make of it?Q: They have no clerics. They have no Muslim clerics there.Rumsfeld: Are you helping me? (Laughter.) Do you think I need help? (Laughter.)What do I think about it? Well, there isn't anyone alive who wouldn't prefer unanimity. I mean, you just always would like everyone to stand up and say, Way to go! That's the right to do, United States.Now, we rarely find unanimity in the world. I was ambassador to NATO, and I -- when we would go in a
item	Region %28Europe%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_%28Europe%29	The European Union created the Regions of Europe as the layer of EU government administration directly below the nation-state level. The Regions of Europe are represented by the Committee of the Regions headquarters in Brussels.Reasons for this include:reflecting the historic and cultural claims for autonomy in many regions all over the EUstrengthening the political and economic situation in those regionsAs a result, nation states which have historically had a strong centralized administration have transferred political power to the regions. Examples of this include the devolution of power in Britain (the Scotland Act 1998, the Government of Wales Act 1998) and the current negotiations in France concerning increased autonomy for Corsica.Contents1 Competence<a href="#Political_In
item	Renewable energy in the European Union	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union	Translated from es:Energías renovables en la Unión Europea
item	Sick man of Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_man_of_Europe	"The Sick man of Europe" is a nickname associated with a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty and/or poverty.[edit]
item	Slavic Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Europe	Slavic Europe is a region of Europe where Slavic languages are spoken. This area corresponds, more or less, to Central and Eastern Europe, and consists of: Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, the disputed territory of Transnistria, and Ukraine.
item	Western European Time	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time	Dark colours indicate countries observing daylight savingWestern European Time (WET) is the time zone covering parts of western and northwestern Europe, including the following countries and regions:Canary Islands (rest of Spain is CET, i.e. UTC+1)Faroe Islandsnortheastern Greenland (Danmarkshavn and surrounding area)Iceland (does not observe a Summer Time)Portugal (except Azores, minus 1 hour)The Republic of Ireland (where the terms GMT and IST are used)The United Kingdom (including England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales plus the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, where the terms GMT and <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_
item	Exploration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration	Exploration is the act of searching or traveling for the purpose of discovery, e.g. of unknown regions, including space (space exploration), or oil, gas, coal, ores, caves, water (also known as prospecting), or information.
item	1421 hypothesis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1421_hypothesis	This recently uncovered Chinese map, made in 1763 and claimed by its creator to be based on a 1418 Chinese map, suggests that medieval China had extensive knowledge of the Americas and Antarctica - The Economist, January 12, 2006The 1421 hypothesis of Chinese contact with the Americas originates from former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin Menzies. In his book, 1421: The Year China Discovered The World, first published in 2002, Menzies suggests that during the Ming Dynasty era from <a h
item	Alfred Thomas Agate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Agate	Alfred Thomas Agate (born February 14, 1812, in Sparta, New York; died January 5, 1846, Washington, D.C.) was a noted American artist, painter and miniaturist.
item	Age of Discovery	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery	The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships travelled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. In the process, Europeans encountered peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them. Among the most famous explorers of the period were Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Pedro Álvares Cabral, John Cabot, Yermak, Juan Ponce de León, Ferdinand Magellan, Willem Barentsz, Abel Tasman, Jacques Cartier, and Willem Jansz.
item	Arthur Treadwell Walden	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Treadwell_Walden	Arthur Treadwell Walden (b. 10 May 1871, d. 26 March 1947) was a Klondike Gold Rush adventurer, dog driver and participant in the first Byrd Antarctic Expedition. He is also known as an author and developer of the Chinook sled dog breed.[edit]
item	Casa de Contrataci%C3%B3n	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n	La Casa de Contratación (The House of Trade) was a government agency under the Spanish Empire of the 16th and 17th centuries, which attempted to control all Spanish exploration and colonization. Unlike the East India Companies, chartered companies established by the Dutch, English, and others, La Casa collected all colonial taxes and duties, approved all voyages of exploration and trade, secretted information on trade routes, licensed captains, and administered commercial law. In theory, no Spaniard could sail anywhere without the approval of La Casa, but in reality corruption and smuggling were common.
item	Challenger expedition	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_expedition	The Challenger Expedition was a scientific expedition that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography.
item	Circumnavigation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation	To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. More recently, the term has also been used to cover aerial round-the-world flights.Contents1 World circumnavigation1.1 Sailing1.2 Aviation2 Notable global maritime circumnavigations3 Other notable maritime circumnavigations4 Record maritime circumnavigations5 Notable aerial circumnavigations6 External links7 References
item	El Dorado	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado	El Dorado (Spanish for "the gilded one") is a legend that began with the story of a South American tribal chief who covered himself with gold dust.Contents1 Origins of the legend2 Tribal ceremony3 Expeditions4 Metaphor5 References6 External links
item	Exploration of the High Alps	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_the_High_Alps	The higher region of the Alps were long left to the exclusive attention of the men of the adjoining valleys, even when Alpine travellers (as distinguished from Alpine climbers) began to visit these valleys.
item	Explorations	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorations	Some of the most important explorations of Western civilization (in chronological order)&#160;:ExplorationWhenWho (explorer)Around western Europe to Thule Islandabout 330 BCPytheas of MarseillesThe Middle East and India325 BC-280 BCAlexander the GreatGreenland900GunnbjoernSilk Road1274-1295Marco PoloCongo River1482Diogo CãoCape of Good Hope1488Bartolomeu DiasAmericas1492<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus
item	Hakluyt Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakluyt_Society	The Hakluyt Society is a registered charity based in London, England dedicated to the advancement of the understanding of world history. It is best known as a publisher of historical texts from the Age of Discovery.
item	Henry the Black	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Black	This article discusses the slave and interpreter of Ferdinand Magellan. For Henry the Black, duke of Bavaria from 1120 to 1126, see Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria. Or for Henry the Black, Holy Roman Emperor from 1046 to 1056, see Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor.Enrique of Malacca (Enrique in the Last Will and Testament of Ferdinand Magellan and in the muster roll; Henry the Black, Enrique de Malaca, or Henrich in all four extant manuscripts of Antonio Pigafetta, whose account of the circumnavigation is considered the most complete and comprehensive) may be historically significant as the first person to circumnavigate the world. He was never to be honored for so doing. Henry was the slave and interpreter of Magellan to the natives in the Philippines.The dispute as to whether he is originally from Sumatra in Indonesia, Malacca in Malaya or Cebu in the Philippines can easily be resolved by going to eyewitness accounts where his origin is quite precisely stated. Magellan's Last Will and Testament refers to him as "Enrique, mulatto" native of Taprobana, the 16th century name for Sumatra. (Taprobana in Ptolemy's map is the name of present-day Ceylon.) Pig
item	Joara	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joara	Joara was a large Native American settlement located in what is now Burke County, North Carolina. The location of the archaeological site is northwest of Morganton on Henderson Mill Road and portions have been excavated by the Upper Catawba Valley Archaeology Project, consisting of archaeologists from Warren Wilson College, Southern Illinois University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Contents1 Settlement2 Spanish exploration2.1 Hernando de Soto2.2 Captain Juan Pardo's first expedition2.3 Hernando Moyano's raids<a href="#Captain_Juan_Pardo.2
item	List of explorers	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_explorers	This list of explorers is sorted by surname. See also the links below.Contents:Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z[edit]
item	Mountain man	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_man	Mountain men were trappers and explorers that roamed the Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s. These were primarily beaver trappers, but included some who mainly just wanted to explore the West.
item	Narv%C3%A1ez expedition	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition	The Narváez expedition was a Spanish attempt to install Pánfilo de Narváez as adelantado (governor) of Florida during the years 1527 – 1528.
item	Ocean exploration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_exploration	Ocean exploration is a part of oceanography describing more generally the exploration of ocean surfaces. It is also the period when people explored the ocean boundaries. Notable explorers include: the Greeks, the Egyptians, the Polynesians, the Phoenicians, Phytheas, Herodotus, the Vikings, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, and Christopher Columbus. Travel on the surface of the ocean through the use of boats dates back to prehistoric times, but only in modern times has extensive underwater exploration become possible. Scientific investigations began with such early scientists as James Cook, Charles Darwin and Edmund Halley. Ocean exploration itself coincided with the developments in shipbuilding, diving, navigation, depth measurement, exploration and cartography.Contents1 Timeline of ocean exploration1.1 Early exploration1.2 From Age of Exploration to present2 See also<a 
item	Pacific Railroad Surveys	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Railroad_Surveys	The Pacific Railroad Surveys (1853-1855) explored possible routes for a transcontinental railroad across North America. Substantial collection of natural history material was made during the surveys as well. The results were published in the 12-volume Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, published by the United States War Department from 1855 to 1860. The surveys contained significant material on natural history, including many illustrations of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Some of these illustrations were hand-colored.
item	Palliser Expedition	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliser_Expedition	The Palliser Expedition was a British expedition that explored and surveyed the open prairies and rugged wilderness of western Canada from 1857 to 1860. The expedition was led by John Palliser.
item	Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt-Rondon_Scientific_Expedition	The Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition was jointly lead by Theodore Roosevelt and Candido Rondon in 1913-1914 to be the first explorers of the 1000-mile long "River of Doubt" (later renamed Rio Roosevelt) located in a remote area of the Brazilian Amazon basin. Sponsored in part by the American Museum of Natural History, they also collected many new animal and insect specimens.
item	Second Kamchatka expedition	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Kamchatka_expedition	The Second Kamchatka expedition was led by Vitus Bering after being chosen by Peter I to lead the first Kamchatka expedition. The second expedition lasted roughly from 1733-1741. The goal of the expedition was to find and map the eastern reaches of Siberia, and to hopefully continue onto the western shores of North America to map them, as well.
item	Sierra del Plata	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_del_Plata	Sierra del Plata (a term in archaic Spanish meaning "mountain range of silver"), was a legendary treasury of silver that was believed to be located in South America. The legend probably originated when the European survivors of a shipwreck were given abundant gifts of silver by the native peoples. In the early 16th century, the estuary of the Uruguay and Paraná rivers was named by the Spaniards Río de la Plata ("river of silver", sometimes referred to in English as the "River Plate") because it was at first believed to be a river that led to the Sierra del Plata. Although there is no evidence that any such mountain range of silver ever existed, the region around the Río de la Plata was indeed rich in silver mines. The modern country of Argentina takes its name from the Latin word for silver, argentum.[edit]
item	United States Exploring Expedition	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition	The United States Exploring Expedition was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean ("the Southern Seas") conducted by the United States Navy from 1838–1842. The original appointed commanding officer was Admiral Thomas ap Catesby Jones. The voyage, was authorized by Congress in 1836. It is sometimes called the "Ex.&#160;Ex.", or "the Wilkes Expedition" in honor of its next appointed commanding officer, U.S. Navy Lt. Charles Wilkes (1798–1877). The expedition was of major importance to the growth of science in the United States.Contents1 Some members of the United States Exploring Expedition1.1 Two engravers &amp; illustrators1.2 Scientists2 Preparations3 Route of the expedition4 The publication program<a href="#Signif
item	United States and Mexican Boundary Survey	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Survey	The United States and Mexican Boundary Survey (1848-1855) set the boundary between the United States and Mexico according to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican-American War. The results of the survey were published in a three-volume work, Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey, made under the direction of the secretary of the Interior by William H. Emory, (1857-1859). Besides documenting the new political boundary, the survey report was notable for its natural history content, including paleontology, botany, icthhylogy, ornithology, and mammalogy. Twenty-five hand-colored lithographic plates of birds were included in the volume Birds of the Boundary edited by Spencer Fullerton Baird. These illustrations were prepared by the lithographic firm of J.T. Bowen and Company, of Philadelphia, the same firm that produced the octavo edition of Audubon's Birds of America. Numerous illustrations of plants and of reptiles and amphibians were included as well, colored in some editions. The hand-colored lithographs of scenery and ethnography are notable as historical records of that period.[edit]
item	Fiction	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction	Fiction (from the Latin fingere, "to form, create") is storytelling of imagined events and stands in contrast to non-fiction, which makes factual claims about reality. A large part of the appeal of fiction is its ability to evoke the entire spectrum of human emotions: to distract our minds, to give us hope in times of despair, to make us laugh, or to let us experience empathy without attachment. Fictional works—novels, stories, fables, fairy tales, films, comics, interactive fiction, cartoons—may be partly based on factual occurrences but always contain some imaginary content. The term is also often used synonymously with literature and more specifically fictional prose. In this sense, fiction refers only to novels or short stories and is often divided into two categories, popular fiction (e.g., science fiction or mystery fiction) and literary fiction (e.g., Victor Hugo or William Faulkner).</
item	Index of fictional places	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_fictional_places	See alsoFictional geographyArchive of fictional thingsfantasyfictionfolklorelist of placesmythologyschool and university in literaturescience fictiontime traveltimeline of fictional future eventstimeline of fictional historical eventsconstructed worldBook of Imaginary BeingsMultiverse[edit]
item	Buffy the Vampire Slayer filming locations	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_filming_locations	Many of the filming locations for scenes in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer were shot in and around Los Angeles, California.Contents1 High schools2 Residences3 UC Sunnydale4 Cemeteries5 Other locations6 External links
item	Fictional geography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_geography	Fictional geography is the use of maps, text and imagry to create lands and territories to accompany works of fiction. Depending on the completeness and complexity of the work, varying media, levels of collaboration and a number of other factors, the depiction of geographical components to works of fiction can range from simple drawings of a small area as in The Twenty-One Balloons by William Pene du Bois to an entire fictional world as in the Lord of the Rings by Tolkien or even an entire galaxy as in Star Trek and it variants.[edit]
item	Imaginary world	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_world	An imaginary world is a setting, place or event or scenario at variance with objective reality, ranging from the voluntary suspension of disbelief of fictional universes and the socially constructed consensus reality of the "Social Imaginary", to alternate realities resulting from disinformation, misinformation or imaginative speculation, and the subjective universe of altered states of consciousness, psychosis or dream sleep.
item	Imagination Institute %28place%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination_Institute_%28place%29	The Imagination Institute is a ficticious laboratory that occupies the Imagination! pavilion in the Epcot theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort. The Institute theming tells the story of a think tank that is devoted solely to the study of the human imagination and the wild inventions it can create. The characters appear in the pavilion as well as in the attractions Journey Into Imagination with Figment and Honey, I Shrunk the Audience.
item	List of the addresses of fictional characters	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_addresses_of_fictional_characters	This is a list of the addresses of fictional characters, from various mediums such as television, literature, or film.
item	Riseholme	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riseholme	Village in the novels of E F BensonFor other uses, see Riseholme (disambiguation).
item	The Nexus %28Charmed%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nexus_%28Charmed%29	//[edit]Spiritual NexusA Spiritual Nexus is a place equally distant from the five elements as explained in the TV series Charmed. Using this as a point of reference, it is quite possible that there could be several Nexus points of power scattered throughout the world, though rare. The one used by the Halliwell family in the Charmed series was embodied as a shadow and seen as a place of ultimate power. The Nexus was located in the basement of the Halliwell Manor and various demons tried to steal its power, including Cole Turner and Zankou. Each attempt was thwarted by the Charmed Ones, and it was eventually destroyed at the end of season 7 in the episode "Something Wicca This Way Goes?".[edit]The ShadowA demon known as The Shadow or The Woogy Man (derived from Boogie Man) at some point became attached to the Prescott St. Nexus. It was banished beneath Halliwell Manor by Penelope Hall
item	Tilling %28Sussex%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilling_%28Sussex%29	//[edit]Town in the novels of E F BensonTilling is a fictional coastal town, based precisely on Rye, East Sussex, in the "Mapp and Lucia" novels of Edward Frederic Benson (1867-1940).Tilling takes it name from the River Tillingham which flows through Rye. Benson himself moved to Rye in 1918, where he lived in Lamb House, former home of the novelist, Henry James. Benson was mayor of Rye 1934-7 and was elected Speaker of the Cinque Ports in 1936.Inhabitants of Tilling were known as "Tillingites", of whom there were about 4,000 in Benson's time.[edit]Mapp and LuciaTlling first appeared in Miss Mapp (1922) and subsequently in The Male Impersonator and Desirable Residences (short stories of 1929), Mapp and Lucia (1931), set between June 1930 and the spring of 1931, in which Emmeline Lucas ("Lucia") and Elizabeth Mapp clashed swords for the first time, Lucia's Progress (1935) and Trou
item	Water	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water	This article focuses on water as it is experienced in everyday life. See Water (molecule) for information on the chemical and physical properties of pure water, and Water (disambiguation) for other meanings.Over two thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water, 97.2% of which is contained the five oceans. The Antarctic ice sheet, containing 90% of all fresh water on the planet, is visible at the bottom. Atmospheric water va
item	Amorphous ice	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_ice	Everyday ice is a crystal, which means its molecules are lined up in a repeating pattern. Amorphous ice is an amorphous solid form of water, meaning it consists of water molecules that are randomly oriented like the atoms of common glass. Amorphous ice is produced by cooling liquid water very quickly (around 1,000,000 K/s), so the molecules don't have enough time to form a crystal lattice.
item	Heavy water	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water	Heavy water is a loose term which usually refers to deuterium oxide, D2O or 2H2O. Its physical and chemical properties are somewhat similar to those of light water, H2O. The hydrogen atoms are of the heavy isotope deuterium, in which the nucleus contains a neutron in addition to the proton found in the nucleus of the hydrogen atom. This isotopic substitution alters the bond energy of the hydrogen-oxygen bond in water, altering the physical, chemical, and especially biological properties of the substance to a larger degree than is found in most isotope-substituted chemical compounds.
item	Ice IX	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_IX	Ice IX is a metastable form of solid water that exists at temperatures below 140K and pressures between 200 and 400 MPa. It has a tetragonal crystal lattice and a density of 1.16 g/cm³, slightly higher than ordinary ice.
item	Ice Ih	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Ih	Ice Ih is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary ice, or frozen water. Virtually all ice in the biosphere is ice Ih, with the exception only of a small amount of ice Ic which is occasionally present in the upper atmosphere. Ice Ih exhibits many peculiar properties which are relevant to the existence of life and regulation of global climate. For a description of these properties, see Ice, which deals primarily with Ice Ih.
item	Ice XII	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_XII	Ice XII is a metastable, dense, crystalline phase of solid water. It is a type of ice. It was first reported in 1996 by C. Lobban, J.L. Finney and W.F. Kuhs and after initial caution was properly identified in 1998.
item	Ice crystals	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_crystals	Ice crystal(s) can refer to the following:Individual crystals of ice.Diamond dust, a ground-level cloud composed of tiny ice crystals.crystal methcrystalline ice shapesIce-IIce-IcIce-IhIce-IIIce-IIIIce-IVIce-VIce-VIIce-VIIIce-VIIIIce-IXIce-XIce-XIIce-XIIThis is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated wi
item	Polywater	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polywater	Polywater was a hypothetical polymerized form of water that was the subject of much scientific controversy during the late 1960s.Contents1 Background2 Polywater in Fiction3 References4 See also
item	Steam	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam	In physical chemistry, and in engineering, steam refers to vaporized water. It is a pure, completely invisible gas (for mist see below). Pure steam, unmixed with air, has a temperature of around 100 degrees Celsius at standard atmospheric pressure, and occupies about 1,600 times the volume of liquid water (steam can of course be much hotter than the boiling point of water; such steam is usually called superheated steam). In the atmosphere, the partial pressure of water is much lower than 1 atm, therefore gaseous water can exist at temperatures much lower than 100 C (see water vapor and humidity).In common speech, steam most often refers to the white mist that condenses above boiling water as the hot vapor ("steam" in the first sense) mixes with the cooler air. This mist is made of tiny droplets of liquid water, not gaseous water, so it is no longer technically steam.[edit]UsesA steam engine uses the expansion of steam to drive a piston or turbine and so to perform mec
item	Water %28molecule%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_%28molecule%29	Water has the chemical formula of H2O, meaning that one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It can also be described "ionically" as HOH, but it is not a true ionic compound. It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and vapor states at standard temperature and pressure. At room temperature, it is a nearly colorless, tasteless, and odorless liquid. It is often referred to in the sciences as the universal solvent and the only pure substance found naturally in all three states of matter.Contents1 Forms of water2 A common substance<a href="#Water_in_the_Universe
item	Water cycle	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle	The water cycle — technically known as the hydrologic cycle — is the continuous circulation of water within the Earth's hydrosphere, and is driven by solar radiation. This includes the atmosphere, land, surface water and groundwater. As water moves through the cycle, it changes state between liquid, solid, and gas phases. Water moves from compartment to compartment, such as from river to ocean, by the physical processes of evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. Movement of water within the water cycle is the subject of the field of hydrology.Contents1 Movement of water within the water cycle2 Explanati
item	Water dimer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_dimer	The water dimer consists of two water molecules loosely bound by a hydrogen bond. It is the smallest water cluster. Because it is the simplest model system for studying hydrogen bonding in water, it has been the target of so many theoretical (and later experimental) studies that it has been called "a theoretical Guinea pig" (Jeffrey, 1997).[edit]
item	Water vapor	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor	Water vapor , also aqueous vapour, is the gas phase of water. On the Earth, water vapor is one state of the water cycle within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Under normal atmospheric conditions, water vapor is continuously evaporating and condensing. Normally, water vapor is invisible to the naked eye.Contents1 General properties of water vapor1.1 Evaporation/sublimation1.2 Condensation1.3 General Discussion2 Water vapor in Earth's atmosphere2.1 <span class="toctext"
item	Code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code	In communications, a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, or phrase) into another form or representation, not necessarily of the same type. In communications and information processing, encoding is the process by which a source (object) performs this conversion of information into data, which is then sent to a receiver (observer), such as a data processing system. Decoding is the reverse process of converting data, which has been sent by a source, into information understandable by a receiver. (see Decoding methods) A codec is an implementation of that rule (or algorithm) for coding and decoding, for example MP3, which may be a hardware implementation or a software implementation, and which may include compression.
item	Surface	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface	In mathematics (topology), a surface is a two-dimensional manifold. Examples arise in three-dimensional space as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid objects.For the nature of real surfaces see surface tension, surface chemistry, surface energy, roughness.
item	Geocode	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocode	A geocode is a geographical code to identify a point or area at the surface of the earth.
item	Aerotagging	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerotagging	AeroTagging is the process of adding type and location metadata to various media such as websites, RSS feeds, or images. This data usually consists of details about an aircraft pictured and, if on the ground or near an airport, what airfield.Contents1 AeroTagging in tag based systems2 Tag Details2.1 Aerotagged2.2 Airline2.3 Man2.4 Aircraft2.4.1 Model2.4.2 Series2.4.3 Special2.5 Tail2.6 Airport<a href="#Examples
item	Airport code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_code	An airport code is a short code used to identify a specific airport. There are two international systems used:IATA airport code, a three-letter code which is more commonly known to the publicICAO airport code, a four-letter code which is more commonly used internationally
item	Argentine postal code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_postal_code	The Argentine postal code is a system that assigns at least one unique alphanumeric postal code to each municipality. Some larger cities have several codes starting at a base code, and the codes of all municipalities with a population over 500 additionally show the side of the block where the address is located.
item	Chapman code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_code	Chapman codes are largely a superset of the ISO 3166-2:GB and BS 6879 codes identifying administrative divisions in the United Kingdom, Ireland and their surrounding islands, but covering historical divisions. They are widely used in genealogy.Contents1 Country codes2 Channel Islands3 England3.1 Traditional counties3.2 1975-1996 counties4 Ireland5 Isle of Man6 Scotland6.1 1975-1996 regions7 Wales7.1</sp
item	Country code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code	Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes (geocodes) developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have been developed to do this. The most famous of these is ISO 3166-1. The term country code frequently refers to international dialing codes, the E.164 country calling codes.Contents1 Lists of country codes by country2 ISO 3166-13 Other country codes4 Other codings5 See also6 External links
item	FIPS 10-4	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_10-4	The name of FIPS 10-4 standard is: Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions.
item	FIPS county code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_county_code	The FIPS county code is a five-digit Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code (FIPS 6-4) which uniquely identifies counties and county equivalents in the United States, certain U.S. possessions, and certain freely associated states. The first two digits are the FIPS state code and the last three are the county code within the state or possession.
item	FIPS place code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_place_code	FIPS place codes are a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard for geographic coding of human settlements in the United States. They are used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and are also used in this encyclopedia. The current standard is FIPS 55-3.
item	List of FIPS region codes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIPS_region_codes	This is a list of FIPS 10-4 region codes, using a standardized name format, and cross-linking to articles. The list is broken up into alphabetical sections.
item	FIPS state code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_state_code	A two-digit Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code (FIPS 5-2) uniquely identifies a state, territory, or commonwealth within or of the U.S.. These codes are used by the U.S. Census Bureau, by the Department of Agriculture to form milk-processing plant numbers, and in the Emergency Alert System, and were assigned by NIST. Additional numbers used with the EAS for territorial waters of the U.S. were assigned by the FCC, but are not part of the FIPS standard. Two-letter state codes are used as postal abbreviations by the United States Postal Service with the exception of UM which it does not use. The various minor outlying islands have a second two digit code besides the one used for them as a group.
item	GeoTagging	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoTagging	GeoTagging, sometimes referred to as Geocoding, is the process of adding geographical identification metadata to various media such as websites, RSS feeds or images. This data usually consists of latitude and longitude coordinates, though it can also include altitude and placenames.
item	Geoblogging	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoblogging	A combined listing of images and location to create a visual image of the globe. Currently based around Flickr and Google Earth. Special tags applied to Flickr images (longitude and latitude) allow Google Earth to map these images onto a global image. This process is referred to as Geotagging.[edit]
item	Geocoding	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocoding	Geocoding is the process of assigning geographic identifiers (e.g., codes or geographic coordinates expressed as latitude-longitude) to map features and other data records, such as street addresses. You can also geocode media, for example where a picture was taken, IP Addresses, and anything that has a geographic component. With geographic coordinates, the features can then be mapped and entered into Geographic Information Systems.
item	IATA airport code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code	An IATA airport code, also known an IATA location identifier or simply a location identifier [1], is a three-letter alphabetic code designating many airports around the world. These codes are defined by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The IATA airport codes are published tri-annually in the IATA Airline Coding Directory. The assignment of these codes is governed by IATA Resolution 767, and it is administered by IATA headquarters in Montreal. IATA also provides codes for railway stations and for airport handling entities.
item	List of IATA-indexed train stations	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IATA-indexed_train_stations	Here is a list of railway stations indexed by the IATA airport code. Listed railway stations tend to be used in code sharing agreements between airlines and rail lines.
item	ICAO airport code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code	The ICAO airport code (IPA pronunciation: [aɪ'keɪˌjo]) is a four-letter alphanumeric code designating each airport around the world. These codes are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization. The ICAO codes are used by air traffic control and airline operations such as flight planning. They are not the same as the IATA codes encountered by the general public, which are used for airline timetables, reservations, and baggage handling. ICAO codes are also used to identify other locations such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers, whether or not they are located at airports.
item	List of postal codes in Peru	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Peru	The list of postal codes in Peru are listed below.[edit]
item	Maritime identification digits	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_identification_digits	Maritime identification digits are used by ship-to-shore radiocommunication facilities to identify their home country or base area in digital selective calling messages. The International Telecommunication Union facilitates the assignment of MID's to countries. This is a comprehensive list of MID's that each country around the world uses.Adelie Land (French Southern Territories)501Afghanistan401Alaska (State of)303Albania (Republic of)201Algeria (People's Democratic Republic of)605American Samoa559Andorra (Principality of)202Angola (Republic of)603Anguilla301Antigua and Barbuda304Argentine Republic701<a href
item	Natural Area Code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Area_Code	The Natural Area Code is a proprietary geocode system for identifying an area anywhere on the Earth, or a volume of space anywhere around the Earth. The use of thirty alphanumeric characters instead of only ten digits makes a NAC shorter than its numerical latitude/longitude[/altitude] equivalent.
item	Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics	The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the administrative division of countries for statistical purposes. The standard was developed by the European Union, and thus only covers the member states of the EU in detail (see also: Regions of the European Union); Eurostat also devised a hierarchy for the 10 countries which joined the EU in 2004, but these are subject to minor changes. The NUTS divisions do not necessarily correspond to administrative divisions within the country. The acronym is derived from the French name for the scheme, nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques.
item	ONS coding system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONS_coding_system	The Office for National Statistics coding system is a hierarchical code used in the United Kingdom for tabulating census and other statistical data.Contents1 Authorities, wards, and census areas2 Civil parishes3 ONS codes for counties &amp; districts3.1 Single-tier districts3.2 Two-tier counties &amp; districts3.3 Northern Ireland districts3.4 Non-hierarchical codes for summary data in metropolitan areas4 External links
item	Postal Index Number	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number	A PIN or Pincode is the post office numbering or post code system used by the Indian Postal Service (Similar to the ZIP Codes in USA). PIN stands for Postal Index Number and the code is 6 digits long.
item	Postal code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_code	A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.
item	List of postal codes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postal_codes	It has been suggested that Lists of postal codes be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
item	Lists of postal codes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_postal_codes	It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into List of postal codes. (Discuss)
item	Transverse Mercator projection	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Mercator_projection	A Transverse Mercator projection is an adaptation of the Mercator projection. Both projections are cylindrical and conformal . However, in a Transverse Mercator projection, the cylinder is rotated 90° (transverse) relative to the equator so that projected surface is aligned with a meridian (or line of longitude) rather than the equator, as is the case with the regular Mercator projection.
item	UN/LOCODE	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN/LOCODE	UN/LOCODE is a geographic coding scheme developed and maintained by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, a unit of the United Nations.
item	Ukrainian postal codes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_postal_codes	Ukrainian postal codes consist of five digits. These codes are given to all settlements with 500 or more inhabitants irrespectively of post office presence; habitations with smaller population share postal code of the closest code-marked settlement.Contents1 First two digits2 Third digit3 Fourth and fifth digit4 External links
item	Universal Address	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Address	A Universal Address is an eight or ten character Natural Area Code (NAC) to represent the exact location of a building, house, gate, door, bus stop, etc anywhere in the world. Compared with a street address, the advantages of a Universal Address are: reducing 80% of characters, language independent, available at all locations in the world, able to be directly pinpointed on all maps with Universal Map Grids, able to be measured and navigated with GPS receivers, easy for people to remember and communicate, easy to input and display on small devices, and easy to include on business cards and list on yellow pages. The system is copyrighted.[edit]
item	ZIP Code	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code	A ZIP code is the postal code used by the United States Postal Service (USPS), which always writes ZIP with capital letters. ZIP is an acronym for the Zoning Improvement Plan but was also meant to suggest that mail travels more efficiently (and therefore faster) when senders use it. The basic format consists of five numerical digits. An extended ZIP+4 code includes the five digits of the ZIP code, a hyphen and then four more digits, which allow a piece of mail to be directed to a more precise location than by the ZIP code alone. ZIP Code was originally registered as a trademark by the U.S. Postal Service but its registration has since expired.Contents1 Background1.1 ZIP+41.2 Postal bar code2 Structure and allocation2.1 By geography<a hr
item	Geoglyph	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoglyph	A geoglyph is a drawing on the ground, or a large motif, (generally greater than 4 metres) or design produced on the ground, either by arranging clasts (stones, stone fragments, gravel or earth) to create a positive geoglyph (stone arrangement/alignment, petroform, earth mound) or by removing patinated clasts to expose unpatinated ground (negative geoglyph).
item	Cerne Abbas giant	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerne_Abbas_giant	The Cerne Abbas giant is a hill figure of a giant naked man on a hillside near the village of Cerne Abbas to the north of Dorchester in Dorset, England. The 180 feet (55 metres) high, 167 feet (51 metres) wide figure is carved into the side of a steep hill and is best viewed from the opposite side of the valley or from the air. The carving is formed by a trench 1 foot (0.3 metre) wide and about the same depth which has been cut through the grass and earth into the underlying chalk. In his right hand the giant holds an enormous knobbed club 120 feet (36.5 metres) long.Contents1 History2 Appearance3 See also4 External links
item	Chalk figures in England	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_figures_in_England	Numerous chalk figures have been carved into hillsides in England. Although they are frequently considered to be ancient monuments few can trace their origins further back than a couple of hundred years. The significant exception to this is the Uffington White Horse which seems to date from sometime in the iron age.
item	Dodmen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodmen	Dodmen are the human-shaped geoglyphs of Britain, designed in the likeness of their creators. These creators were the surveyors and astronomers of the pre-druidic British Isles.
item	Hill figure	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_figure	A hill figure is a large visual representation created by cutting into a steep hillside and revealing the underlying geology. It is a type of geoglyph especially designed to be seen from afar rather than above. In some cases trenches are dug and rubble made from material brighter than the natural bedrock, is rammed into them. The new material is often chalk, leading to the alternative name of chalk figure for this form of art.
item	Marree Man	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marree_Man	The Marree Man, or Stuart's Giant, as it was named in anonymous press releases (after John McDouall Stuart), is a geoglyph discovered by air on 26 June 1998. The geoglyph appears to depict an indigenous Australian man, most likely of the Pitjantjatjara tribe, hunting birds or wallabies with a throwing stick. It lies on a plateau at Finnis Springs 60 km west of the township of Marree in central Australia. The figure is 4.2 km high with a circumference of 15–28 km. It is the largest known geoglyph in the world and is estimated to have taken between four and eight weeks to create, but despite this its origins are extremely mysterious, with not a single witness to any part of the massive operation. It is located just outside of the 200,000 square kilometre Woomera Prohibited Area.
item	Nazca Lines	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Lines	The Nazca Lines are gigantic geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert, a high arid plateau that stretches 53 miles between the towns of Nazca and Palpa on the Pampas de Jumana in Peru. They were created by the Nazca culture between 200 BC and 600 AD. There are hundreds of individual figures, ranging in complexity from simple lines to stylized hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, and lizards. The Nazca lines cannot be recognized as coherent figures except from the air. Since it is presumed the Nazca people could never have seen their work from this vantage point, there has been much speculation on the builders' abilities and motivations.Contents1 Discovery2 Building and Preserving the Lines3 Theories3.1 Accepted Explanation3.2 Alternative Theories4 References</s
item	Uffington White Horse	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffington_White_Horse	As seen from an altitude of 2000 feet, from the cockpit of a gliderThe Uffington White Horse is a highly stylised hillfigure, 374 feet (110m) long, cut out of the turf on the upper slopes of Uffington Castle, a largely Iron Age hill fort near The Ridgeway, in southern England. It is located some five miles (eight kilometres) west of the town of Wantage. Locally, the hill upon which the figure is drawn is called White Horse Hill and the hills immediately surrounding it, the White Horse Hills.Contents1 History of the figure2 The Uffin
item	Geographer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographer	A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's physical environment and human habitat.
item	List of geographers	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographers	The geographers are listed below in English alphabetical transliteration order (by surnames).Contents1 A2 B3 C4 D5 E6 F7 G8 H9 J10 K11 L12 M13 O14 P<
item	Abraham ben Jacob	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ben_Jacob	Abraham ben Jacob, better known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Yaqub was a 10th century Sephardi Jew, a traveller, merchant and chronicler from Moorish-ruled Ṭurṭūšah in Al-Andalus. Between 965 and 971 he travelled throughout Western and Central Europe. The memoirs and commentaries of this travel were later published in Abu Abdullah al-Bakri's Book of Highways and of Kingdoms. His work is best known as the first reliable description of the Polish state ruled by Mieszko I.
item	Alexander von Humboldt	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt	Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt, (September 14, 1769, Berlin – May 6, 1859, Berlin), was a Prussian naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt. Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography was foundational to the field of biogeography.
item	Robert Balling	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Balling	Robert C. Balling, Jr. is the director of the Office of Climatology and professor of geography at Arizona State University. He received his Ph.D. in geography from the University of Oklahoma in 1979.
item	Ibn Battuta	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta	Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد ابن بطوطة) (born February 24, 1304; year of death uncertain, possibly 1368 or 1377) was a Moroccan Berber Sunni Islamic scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Madhhab (a school of Fiqh, or Sunni Islamic law), and at times a Qadi or judge. However, he is best known as an extensive traveller or explorer, whose account documents his travels and side-excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some 73,000 miles (117,000 km). This journeying covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic world, extending also to present-day India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and China, a distance readily surpassing that of his prior, near-contemporary and traveller Marco Polo.
item	Philip Burden	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Burden	Philip D. Burden is a geographer, author of The Mapping of North America: A List of Printed Maps 1511-1670, the authoritative work on its topic.[edit]
item	Andreas Cellarius	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Cellarius	Andreas Cellarius (c. 1596 – 1665) was a Dutch-German cartographer, best known for his Harmonia Macrocosmica of 1660, a major celestial atlas.
item	Samuel de Champlain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain	Samuel de Champlain (about 1580 – 25 December 1635) was a French geographer, draftsman, explorer and founder of Quebec City. He was also integral in opening North America up to French trade, especially the fur trade. His influence is still felt in the presence of French Canadians in Quebec, where he did most of his exploring. Champlain's pattern was to spend several months or years exploring North America and then head back to France to raise more funds for further explorations. His travels have had the most lasting importance to World History.Contents1 Early travels2 Founding of Quebec City3 Relations and War with Natives4 Securing New France5 Exploration of New France<li
item	Charles W. J. Withers	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._J._Withers	Professor Charles W. J. Withers (born December 5, 1954) is professor of historical geography at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.Contents1 Education2 Books3 Professional affiliations4 External links
item	Chen Cheng-Siang Chen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Cheng-Siang_Chen	Cheng-Siang Chen is a famous geographer.
item	Richard Chorley	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Chorley	Richard John Chorley (September 1927 - May 2002): Richard Chorley was born in Minehead, Somerset, England on the 4th of September 1927. He became one of the leading figures in the late 20th centuary for his work in quantitaive geography and was instramental in bring the use of systems theory to geography.[edit]
item	Walter Christaller	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Christaller	Walter Christaller (1893 – 1969), was a German geographer whose principal contribution to the discipline is Central Place Theory, first published in 1933. This groundbreaking theory was the foundation of the study of cities as systems of cities, rather than simple hierarchies or single entities.[edit]
item	Cosmas Indicopleustes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes	Cosmas Indicopleustes (literally "Mr. World Sailing to India") of Alexandria was a Greek sailor in the early 6th century who travelled to Ethiopia, India and Sri Lanka. He then became a monk, probably of Nestorian tendencies, and around 550 wrote the copiously illustrated Christian Topography.
item	Alexander Dalrymple	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple	Alexander Dalrymple (July 24, 1737 – June 19, 1808) was a Scottish geographer and the first hydrographer of the British Admiralty. He was the main proponent of the theory that there existed a vast undiscovered continent in the South Pacific, Terra Australis Incognita. He produced thousands of nautical charts mapping a remarkable number of seas and oceans for the first time and contributing significantly to the safety of shipping. His theories prompted a number of expeditions in search of this mythical land, until James Cook demonstrated its non-existence on his second voyage in 1772–1775.
item	Jack Dangermond	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dangermond	Jack Dangermond is the co-founder and president of ESRI, a privately-held Geographic Information Systems software company that is headquartered in Redlands, California. In 1969, he co-founded ESRI with his wife, Laura. Originally, the company concentrated on land use analysis, but increasingly focused on developing GIS software. ESRI became a leader in the GIS industry during the 1980s and remains dominant.Jack Dangermond speaking at Harvard, 2006Contents1 Awards and accolades2 Education3 See also4</
item	Harm de Blij	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_de_Blij	Harm de Blij (pronounced "duh BLAY") is one of the world's most prominent geographers. He's recognizable to Americans as the former geography editor on ABC's "Good Morning America." He is a former editor of National Geographic magazine and the author of several books, including Why Geography Matters.
item	Derek Gregory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Gregory	Derek Gregory is an influential British geographer from the United Kingdom. He is currently professor of geography at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, havingly previously worked at Cambridge University.
item	Jared Diamond	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Diamond	Jared Mason Diamond (born 10 September 1937) is a American evolutionary biologist, physiologist, biogeographer and nonfiction author. He is best known for the Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997).Contents1 Biography2 Works2.1 Books2.2 Articles3 Miscellany4 External links
item	Vasily V. Dokuchaev	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_V._Dokuchaev	Vasily Vasili'evich Dokuchaev (Василий Васильевич Докучаев) (1846 – 1903) was a Russian geographer who is credited with laying foundations of soil science.Contents1 Overview2 Quote3 Reference4 Bibliography5 Authored Works
item	Eratosthenes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes	Eratosthenes (Greek Ἐρατοσθένης) (276 BC - 194 BC) was a Hellenistic mathematician, geographer and astronomer. His contemporaries nicknamed him 'Beta' because he was the second best in the mediterranean world in many subjects.Contents1 Short summary of Eratosthenes' life2 Measurement of the Earth3 Other work4 The mysterious astronomical distances5 Named after Eratosthenes6 External links
item	Masahisa Fujita	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahisa_Fujita	Masahisa Fujita (born in 1943) is a Japanese economist and professor at Kyoto university, who has studied regional science and Urban Economics and International Trade, Spatial Economy (New Economic Geography).
item	Gamma Theta Upsilon	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Theta_Upsilon	Gamma Theta Upsilon (GTU) is an international honor society in geography.Contents1 History2 Badge3 The purposes of GTU4 The Geographical Bulletin5 Visiting Geographical Scientist Program (VGSP)6 External links
item	William Garrison %28geographer%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Garrison_%28geographer%29	William Louis Garrison (born 1924) is an American geographer and transportation analyst, currently a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. While at the University of Washington in the 1950s, Garrison led the "quantitative revolution" in geography, which applied computers and statistics to the study of spatial problems. As such, he was one of the founders of regional science. Many of his students (dubbed the "space cadets") went on to become noted professors themselves, including: Brian Berry, Ronald Boyce, Duane Marble, Richard Morrill, John Nystuen, William Bunge, Michael Dacey, Arthur Getis, and Waldo Tobler. His transportation work focuses on innovation, the d
item	Artur Gavazzi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Gavazzi	Artur Gavazzi (October 14, 1861 – March 12, 1944) was a Croatian geographer.
item	John Alan Glennon	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alan_Glennon	John Alan Glennon (born September 24, 1970) is an American geographer and explorer. His work has been mapping and describing caves and geysers.Contents1 Discoveries and research1.1 Caves1.2 Geysers1.3 Hoffman Environmental Research Institute (HERI)2 Background3 References3.1 Articles4 External links
item	Johann Georg Gmelin	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Gmelin	Johann Georg Gmelin (August 8, 1709 - May 20, 1755) was a German naturalist, botanist and geographer.
item	Michael Frank Goodchild	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Frank_Goodchild	Michael Frank Goodchild (born February 24, 1944) is a British-American geographer. He is currently a professor of geography at the University of California, Santa Barbara. After nineteen years at the University of Western Ontario, including three years as chair, he moved to Santa Barbara in 1988. Goodchild became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2002, and received the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal in 2003.Contents1 Education2 Scholarship3 Caves and Karst4 Honors5 Students6 External links
item	Guido of Ravenna	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_of_Ravenna	Guido of Ravenna ?or Guido of Pisa? (birth unknown – death July 9, 1169), geographer, entomologist and historian from Ravenna. Wrote e.g. Géographica, the encyklopedia including maps of Italy and the world. One map dated to 1119 A.D. refers to some earlier maps ("Anonymous Geographer from Ravenna") from the Crusading Age. His knowledge seems to be unknown outside Italy until 19th century.
item	Richard Hartshorne	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hartshorne	Richard Hartshorne (1899 – 1992), was a prominent American geographer. He is the author of The Nature of Geography (1939) and Perspective on the Nature of Geography (1959).[edit]
item	David Harvey %28geographer%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Harvey_%28geographer%29	David Harvey (b. 1935) is a Marxist geographer. He is the world's most cited academic geographer (according to Andrew Bodman, see Transactions of the IBG, 1991,1992), and the author of many books and essays that have been prominent in the development of modern geography as a discipline. His work has also contributed to broader social and political debate, particularly in the development of urban studies which, he argues, must draw on geography and the study of space. His career has seen him move through three areas of geographical enquiry, but he is best known for 35 years of commitment to Marxism and radical geography.Contents1 Life2 Career3 Major works4 Articles
item	Sven Hedin	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Hedin	Sven Anders Hedin (February 19, 1865 - November 26, 1952) was a Swedish explorer, geographer and geopolitician.
item	Honorius Augustodunensis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_Augustodunensis	Honorius Augustodunensis (Commonly known as Honorius of Autun; died c. 1151) was a very popular 12th century Christian theologian who wrote prolifically on many subjects. He wrote in a non-scholastic manner, with a lively style, and his works were approachable for the lay community in general. He was, therefore, something of a popularizer of clerical learning.
item	Ellsworth Huntington	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_Huntington	Ellsworth Huntington (1876 – 1947) was a professor of economics at Yale University during the early 20th century, known for his studies on climatic determinism, economic growth and economic geography. He served as the President of the Board of Directors of the American Eugenics Society.
item	Ibn Khordadbeh	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh	Abu'l Qasim Ubaid'Allah ibn Khordadbeh (Persian: ابوالقاسم عبیدالله ابن خردادبه)(c. 820 – 912 CE) was a Muslim geographer and bureaucrat of the 800's CE.
item	Ibn Khurdadhbih	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khurdadhbih	Ibn Khurdadhbih (died 912) was a Muslim Arab explorer and geographer. He was the postmaster of the Caliph of Baghdad. He is known for the 846 seminal work, al-Masalik wal Mamalik (‘Book of Roads and Provinces’), which mapped the trade routes of the Muslim world in the 8th century. Along with maps, the book included descriptions of the land, people and culture of the Southern Asiatic coast as far as Brahamputra, The Andaman Islands, peninsular Malaysia and Java. The lands of Tang China, Unified Silla (Korea) and Japan are referenced within his work.[edit]
item	Heinrich Kiepert	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kiepert	Heinrich Kiepert (July 31, 1818 - April 21, 1899), German geographer, was born at Berlin.
item	Kim Jeong-ho	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jeong-ho	Kim Jeong-ho (pen name Gosanja; 1804-1866?) was a Korean geographer and cartographer. He literally walked the entire length and breadth of the Korean peninsula, through mountain and valley, in order to research and compile his magnum opus, the Daedong Yeojido, a map of Korea that was published in 1861.The events surrounding Kim's death are obscure. What is clear is that after the publication of a later, improved version of the Daedong Yeojido in 1866 Kim is not heard from again. The most prominent story goes that the Korean regent Daewongun, upon viewing the later version of Kim's great map, became incensed by its inclusion of details of a sensitive nature critical to national defense. This was in the context of French aggression against Korea and the Franco-British assault on China (the Second Opium War), and the resulting anxieties concerning foreign invasion. The Daewongun had Kim arrested, jailed, and beaten and he subsequently died in prison. There is no evidence of this version of events. The few records in Korea that do mention Kim Jeong-ho do not record such an end.[edit]See alsoList of Korea-related topics<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Kor
item	Joannes de Laet	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joannes_de_Laet	Joannes de Laet (1581 – 1649) was a Flemish geographer and director of the Dutch West India Company. Philip Burden called his History of the New World, "...arguably the finest description of the Americas published in the seventeenth century" and "...one of the foundation maps of Canada". de Laet was the first to print maps with the names Manhattan, New Amsterdam (now New York) and Massachusetts.Contents1 Life2 Works2.1 History of the New World2.2 Other works3 External links
item	Marinos of Tyre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinos_of_Tyre	Marinos of Tyre (Μαρίνος ο Τύριος, fl. ca. AD 60-130) was a Greek geographer and cartographer originally from Tyre who lived in Rhode. Practically nothing is known of him beyond that his work was used as a source by Ptolemy for his Geographia. Apart from Ptolemy, Marinos is also cited by Arab geographer Al-Masoudi.
item	August Meitzen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Meitzen	August Meitzen (1822 – 1910) was a German geographer widely acknowledged as the founder of rural settlement geography. Meitzen was the Prussian special commissioner for land consolidation, concerned with redrawing property lines so as to reduce farm fragmentation.
item	Anton Melik	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Melik	Anton Melik (January 1, 1890 – June 8, 1966) was a Slovene geographer.Anton Melik
item	Milton Santos	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Santos	Milton Santos (born May 3, 1926 in Brotas de Macaúbas, Bahia, Brazil, died June 24, 2001) was a geographer but your formation is a lawyer. His parents — primary teachers — taught him the alphabet at home. By his eighth year, he had already completed the equivalent of an elementary school education. Milton, descended from slaves on his father's side, was motivated to study always and a lot. From his eighth to his tenth year, for instance, when he lived in Alcobaça, he learned French and good manners, always at home, awaiting the time to enter the gymnasium.
item	Brent W. Moll	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_W._Moll	Brent Wade Moll is an American Geographer born in Fountain Hill, Pennsylvania on 4 November 1954 at 8:33am.
item	Abraham Ortelius	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius	Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortel) (April 2, 1527 - June 28, 1598) was a cartographer and geographer, generally recognised as the creator of the first modern atlas. He was born in Antwerp in what is now Belgium. A member of the influential Ortelius family of Augsburg, he traveled extensively in Europe. He is specifically known to have traveled throughout the Seventeen Provinces; south and west Germany (e.g., 1560, 1575–1576); France (1559-1560); England and Ireland (1576), and Italy (1578, and perhaps twice or thrice between 1550 and 1558).
item	Pytheas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas	Pytheas (c. 380 – c. 310 BC) was a Greek merchant, geographer and explorer from the Greek colony Massalia (today Marseille). He made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe around 325 BC. He traveled around a considerable part of Great Britain, circumnavigating it between 330 and 320 BC. Pytheas is the first person on record to describe the Midnight Sun, the aurora and Polar ice, and the first to mention the name Britannia and Germanic tribes.Contents1 Voyage2 Literary influence3 Books and articles4 External links
item	%C3%89lis%C3%A9e Reclus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus	Élisée Reclus (March 15, 1830 - July 4, 1905) was a French geographer and anarchist.
item	Joseph Rock	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rock	Joseph Francis Charles Rock (1884 – 1962) was an Austrian-American explorer, geographer, linguist and botanist.
item	Carl O. Sauer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_O._Sauer	Carl Ortwin Sauer (December 24, 1889 – July 18, 1975) was an American geographer. He was born in Warrenton, Missouri and graduated from the University of Chicago with a Ph.D. in 1915. Sauer was a professor of geography at the University of California, Berkeley from 1923 until becoming professor emeritus in 1957 and was instrumental in the early development of the geography graduate school at Berkeley. One of his most well known works was Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (1952). In 1927, Carl Sauer wrote the article "Recent Developments in Cultural Geography," which brought up how cultural landscapes are made up of "the forms superimposed on the physical landscape."
item	Ellen Churchill Semple	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Churchill_Semple	Ellen Churchill Semple (January 8, 1863, Louisville, Kentucky – May 8, 1932, West Palm Beach, Florida) was an American geographer. She was a prominent supporter of environmental determinism, a theory that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture. Semple studied with German geographer Friedrich Ratzel before coming to teach at Clark University.[edit]
item	Oskar Spate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Spate	Oskar Hermann Khristian Spate (London, England 1911 - Canberra, Australia 2000) was a geographer best known for his role in strengthening geography as a discipline in Australia and the Pacific.
item	Johann Heinrich von Th%C3%BCnen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen	Johann Heinrich von Thünen (24 June 1783 - 22 September 1850) "ranks alongside Marx as the greatest economist of the nineteeth century" (Fernand Braudel). Von Thünen was a Mecklenburg (north German) landowner, who in the first volume of his treatise, The Isolated State (1826), developed the first serious treatment of spatial economics, connecting it with the theory of rent. The importance lies less in the pattern of land use predicted than in its analytical approach.Johann Heinrich von Thünen
item	Waldo R. Tobler	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_R._Tobler	Waldo Tobler (born 1930) is an influential American-Swiss geographer and cartographer. Tobler's idea that "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related to each other" is referred to as the "first law of geography". Dr. Tobler is a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Geography.Contents1 Academic background2 Research3 Honors4 Biographical sources5 External links
item	Roger Tomlinson	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Tomlinson	Roger Tomlinson is the primary originator of modern computerized Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
item	George Trebeck	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Trebeck	George Trebeck (1800-1825) was born in Middlesex, England in the year 1800. He moved to Calcutta, West Bengal circa 1815 with his father Charles Trebeck and brother of the same name. George Trebeck, who was trained as a solicitor, was recruited by William Moorcroft at the age of nineteen as his geographer and second in charge of an exploratory expedition which was to take him through the Himalayan provinces of Hindustan, the Punjab, Ladakh, Kashmir, Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, Bokhara and eventually lead to his death.
item	Yi-Fu Tuan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi-Fu_Tuan	Yi-Fu Tuan (born 5 December 1930) is a Chinese-American geographer.
item	Bernhardus Varenius	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhardus_Varenius	Bernhardus Ernhard Varen Varenius (born 1622 in Hitzacker (near Lüneburg), Germany; died 1650) was a German geographer.
item	Nikolai Vavilov	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov	Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (Николай Иванович Вавилов, November 25/(November 13), 1887— January 26, 1943) was a prominent Russian botanist and geneticist best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants.
item	Michael Watts	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Watts	Michael J. Watts is Chancellor's Professor of Geography and Development Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and in the eyes of some a leading critical intellectual figure of the academic left. An intesively productive scholar, he workes on a variety of themes from African development to contemporary photography, informed - so it is said - by an abiding commitment to Marxian political economy.
item	Gilbert F. White	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_F._White	Gilbert Fowler White (born in Chicago November 26, 1911) is a prominent American geographer. White is known predominantly for his work on natural hazards, particularly flooding. White studied at the University of Chicago, where he earned his B.S. in 1932 and his PhD in 1942. From 1946 to 1955 he was president of Haverford College. He then returned to Chicago as a professor of geography, where he was the central figure in the "Chicago school" of natural hazards research. In 1970, he moved to the University of Colorado, where he is now an emeritus professor.
item	John Kirtland Wright	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kirtland_Wright	John Kirtland Wright (1891–1969) was an American geographer, notable for his cartography, geosophy, and study of the history of geographical thought.
item	Xu Xiake	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Xiake	Xu Xiake (徐霞客, py. Xú Xiákè) (January 5, 1587 (day 27 of month 11 in the Chinese calendar) - March 8, 1641 (day 27 of month 1 in the Chinese calendar)) was a descriptive Ming Chinese travel writer and geographer noted for his bravery and humility. He visited southwestern China extensively for years.
item	Zheng He	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He	Zheng He (Traditional Chinese: 鄭和; Simplified Chinese: 郑和; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhèng Hé; Wade-Giles: Cheng Ho; Birth name: 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Pinyin: Mǎ Sānbǎo; Arabic name: حجّي محمود Hajji Mahmud) (1371–1433), is one of the most well-known Chinese mariner and explorer and fleet Admiral, who made the voyages collectively referred to as the travels of "Eunuch Sanbao to the Western Ocean" ("三保太監下西洋") or "Zheng He to the Western Ocean", from 1405 to 1433.Contents1 Life2 Voyages3 The fleets4 Connection to the history of Late Imperial China5 Cultural echoes<
item	Geographic coordinate conversion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_conversion	Geographic coordinates consist of latitude and longitude. There are many ways of writing coordinates, and converting between the different ways is non-obvious but also quite trivial.Contents1 Ways of writing coordinates2 Basic forms3 Components of a typical coordinate3.1 Degrees3.2 Minutes3.3 Seconds4 Putting it all together4.1 Conversion from DMS to Decimal Degree4.2 Conversion from Decimal Degree to DMS4.2.1 Programmatical conversion<span
item	British national grid reference system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system	The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude.
item	ED50	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ED50	ED 50 (European Datum 1950) is a geodetic datum which was defined after World War II for the international connection of geodetic networks.
item	Georef	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georef	Georef (World Geographic Reference System) is a grid-based method of specifying locations on the surface of the Earth. Georef is essentially based on the geographic system of latitude and longitude, but using a simpler and more flexible notation. Georef was used primarily for air navigation, particularly in military or inter-service applications, but it is rarely seen today. However, Georef can be used with any map or chart that has latitude and longitude printed on it.Contents1 Operation1.1 Example2 Designation of area3 References
item	Irish national grid reference system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_national_grid_reference_system	The Irish national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Ireland. The Irish grid overlaps the British grid.Contents1 Usage2 Grid Letters3 Eastings and Northings4 Summary parameters of the Irish National Grid coordinate system:5 Examples6 External links
item	Military grid reference system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_grid_reference_system	The Military Grid Reference System is the geographic standard used by the United States Armed Forces and NATO for locating any point on the earth with a 2 to 10 character geocode. A two digit code implies a precision of 10 km and a ten digit code corresponds to a 1 m precision with intermediate steps of 1 km, 100 m, and 10 m. It is always displayed in an even number of characters preceded by an alpha-numeric code describing the larger Earth area to which it belongs.
item	Swedish grid	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_grid	Swedish grid (in Swedish Rikets Nät, RT90) is the coordinate system used for government maps in Sweden.
item	Swiss coordinate system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_coordinate_system	The Swiss coordinate system (or Swiss grid) is a geographic coordinate system used in Switzerland for maps and surveying by the Swiss Federal Office of Topography (Swisstopo).
item	United States National Grid	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Grid	The United States National Grid, officially known as the United States National Grid for Spatial Addressing (USNG), is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in United States, different from using latitude or longitude. It is similar in design to the national grid reference systems used throughout other nations. The USNG was developed by the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and is administered by the Federal Geographic Data Committee.[edit]
item	Universal Polar Stereographic coordinate system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Polar_Stereographic_coordinate_system	The Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) coordinate system is used in conjunction with the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system to locate positions on the surface of the earth. Like the UTM coordinate system, the UPS coordinate system uses a metric-based cartesian grid laid out on a conformally projected surface. UPS covers the Earth's polar regions, specifically the areas north of 84° N and south of 80° South, which are not covered by the UTM grids, plus an additional 30 minutes of latitude extending into UTM grid to provide an amount of overlap between the two systems.Contents1 Projection information2 The North Zone3 The South Zone4 External links5 References
item	Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system	The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection system is a grid-based method of specifying locations on the surface of the Earth. It is used to identify locations on the earth, but differs from the traditional method of latitude and longitude in several respects. The UTM system is not a map projection, but rather employs a series of zones based on specifically defined Transverse Mercator projections.Contents1 History2 Definitions2.1 UTM longitude zone2.2 UTM latitude zone2.3 Notation2.4 Exceptions3 Locating a position using UTM coordinates3.1 Overlapping Grids4 See also<span class="tocnumb
item	TerraServer-USA	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TerraServer-USA	TerraServer-USA is a free online repository[1] of public domain aerial imagery and satellite imagery, formerly known as Microsoft TerraServer. Though it was online as early as December 1997, the site was formally unveiled June 24, 1998 as part of an 18-month agreement between Microsoft, Compaq, and Aerial Images of Raleigh, North Carolina. Interestingly it was created as a demonstration system to advertise the scalability of Microsoft's Windows NT Server and SQL Server, and used images from U.S. Geological Survey and Sovinformsputnik (the Russian Federal Space Agency).
item	Terraserver.com	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraserver.com	Terraserver.com is a commercial website[1] specializing in aerial and satellite imagery. It is run by Terraserver.com, Inc. in Raleigh, North Carolina. Before May 2002, it was run by Aerial Images in Raleigh, North Carolina. The assets of Aerial Images were sold and the new company rebranded itself as TerraServer.com to reflect the focus of the new company.
item	Backcountry	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry	A backcountry area in general terms is a geographical region that is:isolatedremoteundevelopeddifficult to access
item	British Isles %28terminology%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles_%28terminology%29	The various terms used to describe the different (and sometimes overlapping) geographical and political areas of the islands traditionally referred to collectively as the British Isles are often a source of confusion for people from other parts of the world, and even for the inhabitants of those islands themselves. The purpose of this article is to explain the meanings of and inter-relationships among those terms.
item	Netherlands %28terminology%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_%28terminology%29	The Netherlands are known under various terms both in English and other languages. These are used to describe the different overlapping geographical, linguistic and political areas of the Netherlands. This is often a source of confusion for people from other parts of the world.Contents1 The Netherlands2 Holland3 Dutch4 Low Countries5 Other languages6 Proposed Solutions
item	Bilad al-Sham	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham	The traditional Arabic term Bilad al-Sham (Arabic: بلاد الشام , also transliterated bilad-ush-sham etc.) is a name for the whole Levant or "Greater Syria" region that today contains Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Palestine (sometimes excluding the Jazira region in the north-east of modern Syria). The term etymologically means "land of the left hand", referring to the fact that for someone in the Hejaz facing east, north is to the left (so the name Yemen correspondingly means "land of the right hand"). The region is sometimes defined as the area that was dominated by Damascus, long an important regional centre — in fact, the Arabic word al-Sham الشام standing on its own can refer to the city of Damascus.
item	Greek East	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_East	The term Greek East is used to define the territories of the Greek-speaking, Hellenized, Eastern Roman Empire, as opposed to the Latin West. It is also used to include the lands of the Eastern Orthodox faith.[edit]
item	Greek language	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language	Greek (Ελληνικά, IPA [e̞ˌliniˈka] - "Hellenic") is an Indo-European language with a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest in the Indo-European family if the Anatolian languages are excluded. Today, it is spoken by approximately 15 million people in Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Italy and Turkey. There are also many Greek emigrant communities around the world (see Greek diaspora), such as those in Melbourne, Australia which has the third largest urban Greek population in the world, after Athens and Thessaloniki.Greek has been written in the Greek alphabet (the first to introduce vowels), since the 9th century BC in Greece (before that in Linear B), and the 4th century BC in Cyprus (before that in <a href="/wiki/
item	Geomorphology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology	Geomorphology is the study of landforms, including their origin and evolution, and the processes that shape them. The underlying question is: Why do landscapes look the way they do? The term is derived from the Greek γη, ge, meaning Earth, and μορφή, morfé, meaning form. Geomorphologists seek to understand landform history and dynamics, and predict future changes through a combination of field observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling. The discipline is practiced within geology, geodesy, geography, archaeology, and civil and environmental engineering. Early studies in geomorphology are the foundation for pedology, one of two main branches of soil science.
item	Aggradation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggradation	Aggradation in geology is the building up of sediment in unoccupied spaces. Aggradation occurs when there is a supply of sediment and changes in water flow. The weight of the sediment is too much for the water, and it settles into "bars" or "sandbars". This type of sediment layering may create a "braided stream channel".[edit]
item	Alluvial fan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan	An alluvial fan is a fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain. A convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope is called a bajada, or compound alluvial fan.(AGI, 37-8)[edit]
item	Alluvial plain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_plain	An alluvial plain is a relatively flat and gently sloping landform found at the base of a range of hills. As the hills erode due to weathering and water flow the sediment from the hills is transported to the lower plain. Various creeks will carry the water further to a river, lake, bay, or ocean. As the sediments are deposited during flood conditions in the floodplain of the creek, the elevation of the floodplain will be raised. As this reduces the channel floodwater capacity, the creek will over time seek new, lower paths, forming meanders (a curving sinuous path). The leftover higher locations, typically natural levees at the margins of the flood channel, will themselves be eroded by lateral stream erosion and from local rainfall and possibly wind transport if the climate is arid and does not support soil-holding grasses. These processes over geologic time will form the plain - a region with little relief (local changes in elevation), yet with a constant but small slope.[edit]
item	Arete %28landform%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete_%28landform%29	An arête is a thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arete is the thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys. Arêtes can also form when two glacial cirques erode towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col. The word arête is actually French for fishbone; similar features in the Alps are described with the German equivalent term Grat or Kamm (comb).
item	Arroyo %28creek%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_%28creek%29	An arroyo (sometimes called a wash) is a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, or seasonally. As such, the term is similar to the word wadi. Arroyos can be natural or man-made.
item	Badlands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands	Badlands are a type of arid terrain with clay-rich soil that has been extensively eroded by wind and water. Canyons, ravines, gullies, hoodoos and other such geological forms are common in badlands. Badlands usually have a spectacular color display that alternates from dark black/blue coal stria to bright clays to red scoria.
item	Bar %28landform%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_%28landform%29	A bar is a linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Bars can appear in the sea, in a lake, or in a river. They are typically composed of sand, although could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important. A vessel run aground on a bar is arguably worse off than one run aground on stationary rocks, because of the destructive capacity of the shifting action.
item	Base level	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_level	The base level of a river or stream is the lowest point to which it can flow, often referred to as the 'mouth' of the river. For large rivers, sea level is usually the base level, but a large river or lake is likewise the base level for tributary streams. A rather rare exception can be seen in the Jordan River, for which the base level is the Dead Sea, 417 m below modern sea level.
item	Bioerosion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioerosion	Bioerosion describes the erosion of hard ocean substrates by living organisms by a number of mechanisms. Bioerosion can be caused by mollusks, polychaete worms, sponges, crustaceans, echinoids, and fish. It can occur on coastlines, on coral reefs, and on ships. Mechanisms of bioerosion include biotic boring, drilling, rasping, and scraping.
item	Biogeomorphology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeomorphology	Biogeomorphology and ecogeomorphology are the study of interactions between organisms and the development of landforms, and is thus a field of geomorphology. Organisms affect geomorphic processes in a variety of ways. For example, trees can reduce landslide potential where their roots penetrate to underlying rock, plants and their litter inhibit soil erosion, biochemicals produced by plants accelerate the chemical weathering of bedrock and regolith, and marine animals cause the bioerosion of coral.[edit]
item	Braided river	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braided_river	A braided river is one of a number of channel types and has a channel that consists of a network of small channels separated by small and often temporary islands called braid bars. Braided streams are common wherever a drastic reduction in stream gradient causes the rapid deposition of the stream's sediment load. Braided channels are also typical of river deltas.
item	Claypan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claypan	In geology, a claypan is a dense, compact, slowly permeable layer in the subsoil having a much higher clay content than the overlying material, from which it is separated by a sharply defined boundary. Claypans are usually hard when dry, and plastic and sticky when wet. They limit or slow the downward movement of water through the soil.&#160;This geology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
item	Cleaver %28geology%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaver_%28geology%29	A cleaver, in descriptive geology, and in mountaineering on and near glaciers, is a ridge of rock that separates a unified flow of glacial ice from its uphill side into two glaciers flanking, and flowing parallel to, the ridge. (As a meat cleaver separates meat into smaller pieces, such a cleaver divides or cleaves the continuous flow from above into two distinct flows.) A cleaver may be thought of as analogous to an island in a river. (However, a common situation has the two flanking glaciers melting to their respective ends before their courses can bring them back together; the exceedingly rare analogy is a situation of the two branches of a river drying up, before the downstream tip of the island, by evaporation or absorption into the ground.)
item	Coastal erosion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion	Coastal erosion is the loss of subaerial landmass into a sea or lake due to natural processes such as waves, winds and tides, or even due to human interference. Large storm-generated waves typically cause coastal erosion, which may take the form of long-term losses of sediment and rocks, or merely in the temporary redistribution of coastal sediments.
item	Colluvium	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colluvium	Colluvium is the name for loose bodies of sediment that has been deposited or built up at the bottom of a low grade slope or against a barrier on that slope, transported by gravity. The deposits that collect at the foot of a steep slope or cliff are also known by the same name. Colluvium often interfingers with alluvium (deposits transported downslope by water).Coarse deposits due to rockfall at a cliff base are called talus and if lithified are talus breccias. Avalanches, mudslides and landslides are processes that deposit colluvium.
item	Concordant coastline	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordant_coastline	A concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. These rock types are usually of alternating resistance, so the coastline forms distinctive landforms, such as coves.[edit]
item	Cuesta	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuesta	Cuestas in geology are ridges formed by gently tilted hard rock layers. Every cuesta has a steep slope where the rock layers are exposed on their edges, called an escarpment. Usually an erosion resistant rock layer also has a more gentle slope on the other side of the ridge called a 'dip slope'.
item	Cycle of erosion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_of_erosion	The cycle of erosion was a model for stream erosion and landscape development proposed by William Morris Davis in the late 1800s. Davis' Stages in the fluvial cycle of erosion published in 1909 defined a young, mature, and old sequence in the development of river valleys and the landscape the rivers were eroding. The concept of peneplanation was a part of his model.
item	Debris flow	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debris_flow	Debris flows are often referred to as mudslides, mudflows, or debris avalanches. They consist primarily of geological material mixed with water. The composition of this type of flow is mainly soil and other matter, such as trees and rock fragments, that are picked up as the flow moves down a slope or channel. Debris flows may be generated when hillside colluvium or landslide material becomes rapidly saturated with water and flows into a channel. Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock may trigger a movement of this type. Debris flows and floods may also occur when strong rains on hill or mountain slopes cause extensive erosion and/or what is known as "channel scour". Debris flows can be as thick as wet mud mixed with rock, and can transport very large boulders. Debris flows may also eventually become thinner muddy flood waters as they deposit their heavier components. Geological debris flows tend to move in pulses as friction or other barriers are overcome during the flow. Sometimes earlier pulses or previous debris flows form <a href="/wiki/Levees" t
item	Dip slope	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip_slope	//[edit]General DefinitionA dip slope is a geological formation often created by erosion of tilted strata. It is seen in large ridges that have one side that is steep and irregular (an escarpment) and one side, the dip slope, that is generally planar and tilting at a continuous angle.Schematic cross section of a cuesta, dip slopes facing left, and harder rock layers in darker colors than softer ones[<a href="/w/index.php?ti
item	Dirt cone	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_cone	A dirt cone is a feature of a glacier, in which dirt, which has fallen into a hollow in the ice, forms a coating which insulates the ice below. The surrounding ice melts away, leaving the dirt cone.&#160;This geology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_cone"			Categories: Geology stubs | Landforms | Geomorphology													
item	Discordant coastline	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discordant_coastline	A discordant coastline is a type of coastline formed when rock types of alternating resistance run perpendicular to the shore. Discordant coastlines feature distinctive landforms because the rocks are eroded by ocean waves. The less resistant rocks erode faster, creating inlets or bays; the more resistant rocks erode more slowly, remaining as headlands or outcroppings.[edit]
item	Downhill creep	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_creep	Downhill creep, or commonly just creep, is the slow progression of rock and soil down a low grade slope; it can also refer to slow deformation of such materials as a result of prolonged pressure and stress. The rate of soil creep down a slope depends on the steepness of the slope itself - the steeper the slope, the faster the creep. This is responsible for the rounded shape of hilltops.
item	Drainage density	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_density	Drainage density is the total length of all the streams and rivers in a drainage basin divided by the total area of the drainage basin.
item	Drainage system	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_system	A drainage system is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular watershed. They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land.Contents1 Types of drainage system1.1 Dendritic drainage system1.2 Parallel drainage system1.3 Trellis drainage system1.4 Rectangular drainage system1.5 Annular drainage system1.6 Deranged drainage system
item	Dreikanter	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreikanter	A Dreikanter is a wind-abraded rock that forms a pyramidal shape. The word Dreikanter is a German word meaning 'three corners'[1].&#160;This geology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.&#160;This article relating to a topographical term is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dreikanter&amp;action
item	Dune	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune	In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand built by eolian processes. Bare dunes are subject to shifting location and size based on their interaction with the wind. The "valley" or trough between dunes is called a slack. A "dune field" is an area covered by extensive sand dunes.
item	Entrenched river	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenched_river	An entrenched river is a river that is confined to a canyon or gorge, usually with a relatively narrow width and little or no flood plain, and often with meanders worn into the landscape. Such rivers form when an area is elevated rapidly or for some other reason the base level of erosion is rapidly lowered, so that the river begins downcutting into its channel faster than it can change course (which rivers normally do on a constant basis). If the river had pronounced meanders before the lowering of the base level of erosion, then those meanders may be "carved into stone", as it were. An example of entrenched meanders may be seen in the Snake River Canyon in southern Idaho.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenched_river"			Categories: Rivers | Geomorphology																Views						 Article</a
item	Eolian	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eolian	Eolian (or aeolian or æolian) processes pertain to the activity of the winds. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments. Although water is much more powerful than wind, æolian processes are important in arid environments such as deserts.Contents1 Æolian erosion2 Æolian transportation3 Æolian deposition4 External links
item	Erosion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion	Erosion is the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock and other particles) by the agents of wind, water or ice, by downward or down-slope movement in response to gravity or by living organisms (in the case of bioerosion). Erosion is to be distinguished from weathering, which is the decomposition of rock, although the two processes may be concurrent. Erosion is an intrinsic natural process but in many places it is increased by human land use. Poor land use practices include deforestation, overgrazing, unmanaged construction activity and road or trail building. However, improved land use practices can limit erosion, using techniques like terrace-building and tree planting.
item	Exner equation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exner_equation	The exner equation describes the conservation of mass of sediment in a fluvial system such as a river.&#160;This geology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exner_equation"			Categories: Geomorphology | Geology stubs													<div id="column-
item	Fall line	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_line	The fall line has meanings in both geographical features and the sport of alpine skiing.Contents1 Geographical fall line1.1 Fall lines in the United States2 See also3 References4 Alpine skiing fall line
item	Fault scarp	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_scarp	A fault scarp is an escarpment, a steep terrain slope or an apparent step in the ground.
item	Fault-block mountain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault-block_mountain	Fault-block mountains are produced when normal (near vertical) faults fracture a section of continental crust. Vertical motion of the resulting blocks, sometimes accompanied by tilting, can then lead to high escarpments. Tilted blocks are common in the Basin and Range region of the western United States. Level blocks lead to the horst and graben terrain seen in northern Europe. Fault block mountains commonly accompany rifting and are indicators of tensional tectonic forces.
item	Floodplain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain	Gravel floodplain of glacial river near Snow Mountains in Alaska, August 10, 1902
item	Fluvial	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial	The word fluvial is used in geography and earth science to refer to all topics related to flowing water. Fluvial usually refers to rivers, streams and sometimes through flow, overland flow and percolation. Fluvial may also refer to glaciers and oceans, though these are usually known as glacial, oceanic and coastal.
item	Fluvial landforms of streams	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial_landforms_of_streams	Stream beds or river valleys have various different landforms. There are five genetic classifications:Consequent streams are streams whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., streams that follow slope of the original land.Subsequent streams are streams whose course has been determined by selective headward erosion along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock belts.Resequent streams are streams whose course follows the original relief, but at a lower level than the original slope (e.g., flows down a course determined by the underlying strata in the same direction). These streams develop later and are generally a tributary to a subsequent stream.Obsequent streams are streams flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage.Insequent streams have an almost random drainage often forming dendritic patterns. These are typically tributaries and have developed by a headward erosion on a horizontally stratified belt or on homogeneous rocks. These streams follow courses that apparently were not controlled by the original slope of the surface, its structure or the type of rock.[edit]
item	Frost heaving	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_heaving	Frost heaving (or frost heave) occurs when soil expands and contracts due to freezing and thawing. This process can damage plant roots through breaking or desiccation, cause cracks in pavement, and damage the foundations of buildings, even below the frost line. Moist, fine-grained soil at certain temperatures is most susceptible to frost heaving.Contents1 Cause2 Susceptible soil types3 Structures created by frost heaving4 See also5 External links
item	Gravitational erosion	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_erosion	Gravitational erosion is caused by gravity in contrast to the physical movement of wind and water required for other types of soil erosion. Gravitational erosion involves both large scale mass wasting and smaller scale erosion. Forms of gravitational erosion include avalanche, landslide, debris flow, mudflow, and sinkhole formation. [1] Two types of mass movements are slump and creep.[edit]
item	Groundwater sapping	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_sapping	Groundwater sapping is the geomorphic process in which groundwater exits a bank or hillslope laterally as seeps and springs and erodes soil from the slope. This often causes the slope to be undermined and undergo mass wasting, hence the word sapping. This is one of the processes involved in the formation of gullies, such as lavaka. Erosion by sapping tends to produce steep-sided U-shaped valleys of fairly uniform width with box-like, "theater-shaped" headwalls. This contrasts with the more common branching or dentritic pattern of V-shaped valleys produced by overland flows that become wider with distance from their source. Groundwater sapping has been suggested as the cause for erosion of the valley and channel networks on Mars.[edit]
item	Gully	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gully	A gully is a landform created by running water eroding sharply into a hillside. Gullies resemble large ditches or small valleys, but are metres to tens of metres in height and width.
item	Hill	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill	A hill is a landform which has a distinct summit that extends above the surrounding terrain, in a limited area.Contents1 Terminology2 Formation3 Historical significance4 Military significance5 Other significance6 Popular culture7 See also8 References9 External Links
item	Hypsometric curve	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsometric_curve	A hypsometric curve is a histogram of elevations of a landscape. Differences in hyposometric curves between landscapes arise because the geomorphic processes that shape the landscape may be different.[edit]
item	Hypsometry	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsometry	Hypsometry is the measurement of land elevation relative to sea level.
item	Interlocking spurs	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocking_spurs	Interlocking spurs occur in the top part of a river course in upland areas. The water cannot erode the hard rock as easily as soft rock, so eventually the course of the river reflects this and ridges are produced when a river twists and turns around obstacles of harder rock on its downward path. The ridges interlock in a zipper like the teeth of the zip.
item	Karst topography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_topography	Karst topography is a landscape of distinctive dissolution patterns often marked by underground drainages. These are areas where the bedrock has a soluble layer or layers, usually, but not always, of carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. In such places there may be little or no surface drainage. Some areas of karst topography, such as the region of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas in the USA, contain literally thousands of caves.
item	Knickpoint	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickpoint	A knickpoint is a term in geomorphology to describe a location in a river or channel where there is a sharp change in channel slope, such as a waterfall or lake, resulting from differential rates of erosion above and below the knickpoint. Sharp changes in channel slope caused by faulting or in-channel construction are not considered knickpoints.
item	Landform	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform	A landform comprises a geomorphological unit. Landforms are categorised by characteristics such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. Landforms by name include berms, mounds, hills, cliffs, valleys, and so forth. Oceans and continents exemplify highest-order landforms. Landform elements are parts of a landform that can be further identified. Landform elements, such as hill-top, shoulder, backslope etc, can be observed on many various geomorphological landforms. The generic landform elements are: pits, peaks, channels, ridges, passes, pools, planes etc, and can be often extracted from a digital elevation model using some automated or semi-automated techniques.
item	Lavaka	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavaka	Lavaka, the Malagasy word for "hole", are gullies particular to Madagascar. They form mainly by groundwater sapping, and can erode rapidly producing a sediment yield on the order of 8000 cubic metres over several months.[edit]
item	List of publications in geology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_geology	This is a list of important publications in geology, organized by field.
item	Mass wasting	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting	Mass wasting, also known as mass movement or slope movement, is the geomorphic process by which soil, regolith, and rock move downslope under the force of gravity. Types of mass wasting include creep, slides, flows, topples, and falls, each with their own characteristic features, and take place over timescales from seconds to years. Mass wasting occurs on terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on Earth and Mars.
item	Meander	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander	A meander is a bend in a river, also known as an oxbow loop. A stream or river flowing through a wide valley or flat plain will tend to form a meandering stream course as it alternatively erodes and deposits sediments along its course. The result is a snaking pattern as the stream meanders back and forth across its floodplain. When a meander gets cut off from the main stream body, an oxbow lake is formed.
item	Monolith	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolith	A monolith is a geological or technological feature such as a mountain, consisting of a single massive stone or rock. Erosion usually exposes these formations, which are most often made of very hard and solid metamorphic rock.
item	Mountain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain	A mountain is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. A mountain is generally higher and steeper than a hill, but there is considerable overlap, and usage often depends on local custom. Some authorities define a mountain as a peak with a topographic prominence over a defined value: for example, the Encyclopædia Britannica requires a prominence of 610 m (2,000 ft).
item	Mushroom stones	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_stones	Mushroom stones, or wave stones, are limestone boulders undercut by water. These take the form of solitary sentinels of limestone which still bear the unmistakable marks of long-continued erosion by lapping waves at the edge of lakes which have since vanished or retreated. These stone sentinels are sometimes shaped like mushrooms; others have an overhang facing in just one direction, but all are notched and undercut in such a fashion as to suggest prolonged exposure to standing water at some time in the past. The mushroom-shaped stones are produced where the notching forms a fairly even circle around the stone. The wavestones are always of limestone: generally isolated boulders which are often glacial erratics, or (much more rarely) exposed outcrop. In Ireland, wave stones were first recorded in 1865 by F.J. Foot along the shores of Lough Ree, during the course of field work for the first systematic geological survey of Ireland. He made an drawing of these water-worn limestone blocks ‘eroded up to a certain height by the solvent action of former lake water, [showing] the level at which Lough Ree once stood – 10 to 15 feet higher than the present summer height: the lake shore, moreover, is now some 300 yards distant.’
item	Nivation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivation	Nivation is the process of alternative freeze and thaw by which fallen snow gets converted into mass of ice or Névé, hence the term, nivation. The term glacier is applied only when the ice has accumulated enough for the mass to reach the moving stage. [1]
item	Planation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planation	Planation is a geomorphic process which creates nearly flat surfaces by fluvial (river), alluvial (wind) and marine processes. The process is erosional and takes millions of years, and its legacy from the tertiary period (65-2Ma) is present in many of todays landscapes. It has been studied since the 1890's but many fundamental questions remain about this process.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planation"			Category: Geomorphology																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account											 if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); 		<div class='portlet' id='p-naviga
item	Post-glacial rebound	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound	Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, isostatic rebound or isostatic adjustment) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last ice age, through a process known as isostatic depression. It affects northern Europe, especially Scotland and Scandinavia, Siberia, Canada, and the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States.Contents1 Overview2 Effects3 Legal status4 See also5 References6 External links
item	Regolith	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolith	Regolith (Greek: "blanket rock") is a layer of loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock. Regolith is present on Earth, the Moon, some asteroids, and other planets. The origins of regolith on Earth are weathering and biological processes; if it contains a significant proportion of biological compounds it is more conventionally referred to as soil. On bodies without an atmosphere, regolith is caused by the gravitational reaggregation of debris resulting from impact with other objects.
item	Rejuvenation %28river%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejuvenation_%28river%29	A river is said to be rejuvenated when the base level that it is flowing down to, is lowered. This can happen by uplift of land, or by a sea or lake that it is flowing into becoming lower. That makes the river suddenly start eroding its bed vertically (downcutting) faster as it gains gravitational potential energy. That causes effects such as meanders cut down as gorges, steps where the river suddenly starts flowing faster, and terraces derived from old flood plains.
item	Rill	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rill	A rill is a narrow and shallow incision into soil resulting from erosion by overland flow that has been focused into a thin thread by soil surface roughness. Rilling, the process of rill formation, is common on agricultural land and unvegetated ground.
item	River	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River	A river is a large natural waterway. The source of a river may be a lake, a spring, or a collection of small streams, known as headwaters. From their source, all rivers flow downhill, typically terminating in the ocean. The mouth, or lower end, of a river is known as its base level.
item	Sag %28geology%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sag_%28geology%29	In geology, a sag is a former river bed which has been partially filled with debris from glaciation or other natural processes but which is still visible in the surface terrain. Sags formed by the former river beds of large rivers often become the valleys of smaller streams after a change of course by the main river.
item	Schmidt hammer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_hammer	A schmidt hammer, also known as a Swiss hammer, is a device to measure the elastic properties or strength of concrete or rock.
item	Scree	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scree	Scree or detritic cone is a term given to broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders. The maximum inclination of such deposits corresponds to the friction angle of the mean debris size.
item	Side valley	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_valley	The terms side valley and tributary valley refer to valleys whose brook or river is confluent to a greater one.
item	Slump	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slump	Slump is a form of mass wasting event that occurs when loosely consolidated materials or rock layers move a short distance down a slope. When the movement occurs in soil, there is often a distinctive rotational movement to the mass. This results in internal deformation of the moving mass consisting chiefly of overturned folds called "sheath folds." The surface of the mass often remains relatively undisturbed, especially at the top. The area where the mass broke away from the slope is often cliff-like and concave. This area is known as the "scarp."
item	Soil type	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_type	In terms of soil texture, Soil type usually refers to the different sizes of mineral particles in a particular sample. Soil is made up in part of finely ground rock particles, grouped according to size as sand, silt, and clay. Each size plays a significantly different role.
item	Stream bed	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed	A stream bed is the channel bottom of a stream or river or creek; the physical confine of the normal water flow. The lateral confines (channel margins) during all but flood stage are known as the stream banks or river banks. In fact, a flood occurs when a stream overflows its banks and flows onto its flood plain. As a general rule, the bed is that part of the channel just at the "normal" water line, and the banks are that part above the water line. However, because water flow varies, this differentiation is subject to local interpretation. Usually the bed is kept clear of terrestrial vegetation, whereas the banks are subjected to water flow only during