# subscribed links TSV file
author	wikipedia
item	History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History	For other senses of this word, see history (disambiguation).History studies the past in human terms. For the science of locating events in time, unrelated to humans, see chronology.History is systematically collected information about the past. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of humans, families, and societies. Knowledge of history is often said to encompass both knowledge of past events and historical thinking skills.Traditionally, the study of history has been considered a part of the humanities. However, in modern academia, history is increasingly classified as a social science, especially when chronology is the focus.Contents1 Classifications2 Historical records<a hr
item	List of basic historical topics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_historical_topics	Below is a list of basic topics pertaining to history -- topics which will help the beginner become familiar with the field of history. For a treatment of history itself, see the category Category:Timelines.[edit]
item	Role of Women in Yugoslavia in the Twentieth Century	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_Women_in_Yugoslavia_in_the_Twentieth_Century	The role of the woman in Yugoslavia changed significantly throughout the twentieth century. Women sought better positions within economic, political, and social realms than they had occupied in the nineteenth century. Were they successful in their struggles for gender equality or was the status quo maintained?
item	Arthuret	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthuret	Arthuret is a civil parish in the Carlisle district of Cumbria, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 2,434. The parish includes the village of Longtown and Easton. It is bounded by the River Esk to the west and the River Lyne to the south.
item	History of beer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_beer	Beer is one of the oldest beverages humans have produced, dating back to at least the 5th millennium BC and recorded in the written history of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.Contents1 The beginnings of beer2 Beer in the Middle Ages3 Beer in early European history4 Beer during the Industrial Revolution5 Modern beer6 Etymology7 Mythology8 See also9 References10 External links
item	Brynmawr Experiment	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynmawr_Experiment	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since May 2006.Contents1 Background2 The society of friends3 New industries4 Conclusion
item	Chapeltoun	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapeltoun	Chapeltoun is an estate on the banks of Annick Water in East Ayrshire, Scotland.Contents1 Templeton and the Knights Templar2 The Chapel and the Chapel Hill / Burial Mound3 Chapelton and the Kennox connection4 Templeton becomes Chapelton and develops into an Estate5 Chapelton (old) house and gardens6 Construction of the New Chapeltoun House and Estate7 Gardens and landscape8 Natural history9 The Toll Road and Milestones<l
item	Chav%C3%ADn culture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture	Chavín influenceThe Chavín were an early civilization that existed in what is now the country of Peru. This Early Horizon civilization is believed to have developed around 900 BCE and died out around 200 BCE. The Chavíns laid the cultural foundation for the other Peruvian civilizations to come.Archaeological artifacts from the Chavín period include textiles, metalwork, pottery and religious items. The most well-known archaeological ruin of the Chavín era is Chavin de Huantar, located in the Andean highlands north of Lima. It is believed to have been built around 900 BCE.Contents1 <span
item	Chim%C3%BA Culture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim%C3%BA_Culture	The Chimú were the residents of Chimor with its capital at the city of Chan Chan in the Moche valley of Peru. Chimor was conquered 50 years before the arrival of the Spanish, so there were plenty of survivors from pre-Inca times to dictate the particulars of the daily life of the Chimú before their conquest by Inca Tupac Inca Yupanqui. Chimor grew out of the remnants of the Moche culture; initially, Chimú pottery had some resemblance to Moche pottery.An Andean bronze bottle made by Chimú artisans from circa 1300 A.D.The Chimú are best known for their distinctive monochromatic pottery and fine metal working of copper, gold, silver, bronze, and tumbago (copper and gold). The pottery is often in the shape of a creature, or has a human figu
item	Clean Living Movements	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Living_Movements	A Clean Living Movement is a period of time when a surge of health-reform crusades, many with moral overtones, erupts into the popular consciousness. This results in individual, or group reformers such as the anti-tobacco or alcohol coalitions of the late twentieth century, to campaign to eliminate the health problem or to "clean up" society. The term "Clean Living Movement" was coined by Ruth C. Engs, a Professor of Applied Health Sciences at Indiana University in 1990.Contents1 Background Information2 Jacksonian Era Clean Living Movement (1830-1860)3 Progressive Era Clean Living Movement (1890-1920)4 The Millennial era (1970-2010?)5 References
item	Columbia University Oral History Research Office	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Oral_History_Research_Office	Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Oral_History_Research_Office"			Category: Possible copyright violations																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account											 if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); 				Nav
item	Counter-factual history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-factual_history	Counter factual history is a way of examining the events of the past in order to form judgements about particular decisions made by individuals, or to evaluate circumstances that have occurred. Counter factual history is also referred to as Virtual history.
item	Cunninghamhead	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunninghamhead	Cunninghamhead is a village in North Ayrshire, Scotland. It is located at NS37654185.
item	Dalgarven Mill	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalgarven_Mill	Dalgarven Mill is near Kilwinning, North Ayrshire, Scotland and home to the Dalgarven Mill Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume.Contents1 The Museum of Country Life2 Costume Collection3 Country Life in Days Gone By4 The History of the Dalgarven Mills5 Cup and Ring Mark Stone6 Fossils7 The Miller's Tale8 The Riverside Walk9 Countryside Walks and the Sustrans Cyclepath10 Geocaching<a href="#Thirlage_and_the_Mills_of_Ayrshire"
item	Dynasty	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty	//
item	Gomerian	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomerian	Gomerian - Any person who is a descendant of Gomer. The progeny of Gomer are known, in this age, as Celto-Germanics(those of Celtic or Germanic lineage).Contents1 Gomer2 Gomer's Progeny3 Two Tribes Emerge3.1 The Scythian3.2 The Cimmerian4 New Homes5 New Names5.1 Germanic Tribes5.2 Celtic Tribes6 Reunification7 Genetic Traits of Gomerian7.1 Eye Color<a hr
item	Historical classification	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_classification	Historical classification groups the various history topics into different categories according to subject matter as shown below.Contents1 Meta-history2 By geographic region3 By geographic subregion4 By date5 By time period6 By religion7 By nation8 By field8.1 Mathematics and the Hard sciences8.2 Social sciences9 By ideological classification (historiography)
item	Homoiousian	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiousian	Homoiousianism (from the Greek όμοιος meaning similar and ουσία meaning essence or being) was a 4th century CE movement which arose in the early period of the Christian religion out of a wing of Arianism. It was an attempt to reconcile the seemingly irreconcilable views of the pro-Nicene homoousians, who believed that God the father and Jesus his son were identical in substance, with the "neo-Arian" position that God the father is "incomparable" and therefore the Son can not be described in any sense as "like in substance or attributes" but only "like" (ομολοζ) the Father in some suborbinate sense of the term.[edit]
item	Homoousian	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoousian	Homoousianism (from the Greek ομού meaning common and ουσία meaning essence or being) is the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church with regard to the ontological status of the three parts of the Trinity: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. According to this doctrine, Jesus Christ is the physical manifestation of Logos (or the divine word) and consequently possesses all of the inherent, ineffable perfections which religion and philosophy attribute to the Supreme Being. Three distinct and infinite minds or substances, three co-equal and eternal beings, compose a single Divine Essence (ousia).
item	Huari Culture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huari_Culture	Middle HorizonThe Huari (or Wari') was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the Andes in the south of modern day Peru, from about 500 to 1200 A.D. The capital city of the same name is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of modern Peru. Early on their territory expanded to include the ancient oracle center of Pachacamac, though it seems to have remained largely autonomous. Then later it expanded to include much of the territory of the earlier Moche and later Chimu cultures.The Huari were contemporaries of the Tiwanaku and artistically shared many attributes. Contacts between the two cultures appears to have been limited to a span of 50 years in which there was sporadic fighting over a mine first
item	Isle of Arran	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Arran	The Isle of Arran (Scots Gaelic: Eilean Arainn) is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde (430 km²). It is in the unitary council area of North Ayrshire. In the 2001 census it had a resident population of 5,058.
item	History of the Knights Templar	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Knights_Templar	Main article: Knights TemplarThe History of the Knights Templar incorporates about two centuries during the Middle Ages, from the Order's founding in the early 1100s, to when it was disbanded in the early 1300s.Contents1 Rise2 Warriors3 Bankers4 Decline5 Fall6 Dismantling7 Charges of heresy8 Roman Catholic Church's position9 Modern perspective10 See also11 References12 <span cla
item	Lambroughton	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambroughton	Lambroughton is in the old Barony of Kilmaurs, East Ayrshire, ScotlandContents1 The Origins of the Name Lambroughton2 The Origins of the Name Cunninghame3 The Cunninghame Family and their Connection with Lambroughton4 The Legend of Friskin and Malcom Canmore5 Lambroughton and the Murder of Thomas a Becket6 Lamberton in the Scottish Borders7 Townhead of Lambroughton8 Langmuir and its connection with Townhead of Lambroughton.9 East Lambroughton Farm10 Mid Lambroughton Farm</sp
item	List of historical confusions	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_confusions	This is a list of historical confusions.Albania and Caucasian AlbaniaDacia and Dania, in various medieval worksGeats/Goths and Getae, in Jordanes' The Origin and Deeds of the GothsIberia and Caucasian IberiaThis list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_confusions"			Categories: Incomplete lists | History						</div
item	List of history journals	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_history_journals	This lists presents representative academic journals pertaining to the field of history and historiography.This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.AlbionAmerican Historical ReviewAmerican Journal of ArchaeologyAnnales du Service des AntiquitésAnnual RegisterArthurianaBook HistoryBritish Museum QuarterlyBulletin de la Société d'archéologie Copte<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27%C
item	List of oldest continually-inhabited cities	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_continually-inhabited_cities	This is a list of the twenty oldest, still surviving, towns and cities in the world - there are some points of contention here and care should be taken when using the list below. The cities in this list have been entered because either the archaeological record has shown, or documents have supported the claim that, the settlement was in existence at the time given. However, presence here should in no way indicate that there is total consensus over the date the city was founded - differences in opinion can result from different definitions of "city" (usually relating to the population size" as well as "continually-inhabited" (relating to changing population size; changes in location and changes in name). Additionally, where an approximate date has been given, the date was treated as the lower end of the estimate for the purposes of the table.
item	Lundy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy	Lundy is an island in the Bristol Channel of Great Britain, administered as part of Torridge district of the English county of Devon. It lies about a third of the way from the coast of Devon to that of South Wales. It is about 4.5 km long from north to south by 1 km wide, yielding an area of 4.24 km2, and is the largest island in the Bristol Channel. Its coordinates are 51.18°N, 4.67°W. Lundy gives its name to one of the British Sea Areas and is England's only statutory Marine Nature Reserve. It has a resident population of 18 people (2006 estimate), almost all of whom live and work in the village on the south of the island.
item	Moche	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche	Moche pottery(Image © PROMPERU, used with permission)The Moche civilization (aka the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc.) flourished in northern Peru from about 100 AD to 700 AD. Today it is understood that they were not politically the same people as the Chimú, and some believe this was not even an empire but rather a group of communities that shared a common iconography and technology. Pre-Columbian years as expansive as 300 BC to 1000 AD are sometimes described as the era of the Moche. They are noted for the elaborate painted ceramics and pottery, gold work, and irrigation systems. Moche history is broadly categorized into five periods based on the increasing complexity of pottery decoration. Many Moche ceramic pieces, including their highly detailed erotic pottery, can be found a
item	Mythologization of history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologization_of_history	Mythologization of history
item	Nazca culture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_culture	Late Intermediate Period CulturesThe Nazca culture flourished in the Nazca region between 300 BCE and 800 CE. They created the famous Nazca lines and built an impressive system of underground aqueducts that still function today. Near the aqueducts open to tourists, there is an overlook point which includes an Inca building added after the Inca conquest of the area. On the pampa, on which the Nazca lines were made, the ceremonial city of Cahuachi (1-500 CE) sits overlooking the lines. Modern knowledge about the culture of the Nazca is built upon studying the city of Cahuachi.Contents1 Pottery2 Textiles3 Other information4 <span clas
item	Notable Last Facts	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notable_Last_Facts	A Notable Last Fact is any historically significant event, person, place or thing that marks the end of its era or its kind. The term was coined by the American librarian/writer William B. Brahms in the 1992 and is used as the term and title of the first relitively comprehensive collection of important lasts. Although that work mainly details American culture (TV, Radio, Sports are almost completely American examples), and to a lesser extent with European culture (in Art, Music and Transportation for example), some sections (Nations, Wars, Slavery, Voting, and Era &amp; Empires for eaxmple) do have a broad international treatment. The smaller triva books on "lasts" by Christopher Slee (cited below) have a treatment that is almost exclusive limited to the United Kingdom. Examples of "Notable Last Facts" include the last surviving participant or witness to a historic event, the last work produced by a major artist, author, performer or musician, or perhaps the last remaining example of a once-prevalent style or object, such as a type of architecture, or a make or model of an automobile, motorcycle, or airplane. Notable lasts are often used a finite demarcations of social, artistic and historical eras or periods. They also serve, often unintentionally, to mark advances, failures and change. In other field of study a notable last can be used to assist in dating objects, buildings and artifacts by helping to establish a terminus ante quem or a terminus post quem relative to the date of the notable last event. A differentiation is made between a simple "last" (which includes the last time something happened that will likely happen again -- such as the last time there was an unassisted triple play in baseball or the last time it snowed in September in New York City) and a "
item	Oral history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history	Oral history is an account of something passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. Oral history is considered by some historians to be an unreliable source for the study of history. However, other historians consider it to be a valid means for preserving and transmitting history. Experience within literate cultures indicates that each time anyone reconstructs a memory, there are changes in the memory, but the core of the story is usually retained. Over time, however, minor changes can accumulate until the story becomes unrecognizable.
item	Orientalism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism	Orientalism is the study of Near and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages and peoples by Western scholars. It can also refer to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers, designers and artists.In the former meaning the term Orientalism has come to acquire negative connotations in some quarters; interpreted to refer to the study of the East by Americans and Europeans shaped by the attitudes of the era of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries. When used in this sense, it implies old-fashioned and prejudiced outsider interpretations of Eastern cultures and peoples.This viewpoint was most famously articulated and propagated by Edward Said in his controversial book Orientalism (1978), which was critical of this scholarly tradition and of modern scholars including Princeton University professor Bernard Lewis.Contents1 Meaning of the term2 History of Orientalism<a href="#Orientalism_in_the_arts
item	Paracas culture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_culture	A piece of a Paracas Textil, Ica, PeruThe Paracas culture was an important Andean society between approximately 750 BCE and 100 CE that developed in the Paracas Peninsula, located in what today is the Paracas District of the Pisco Province in the Ica Region. Most of our information about the lives of the Paracas people comes from excavations at the large seaside Paracas necropolis, first investigated by the Peruvian archaeologist Julio Tello in the 1950s. The necropolis consisted of multitudes of large subterranean burial chambers, with an average capacity of about forty mummies. It is theorized that each large chamber wold be owned by a specific family or clan, who would place their dead ancestors in the burial over the course of many generations. Each mummy was bound with cord to hold it in place, and then wrapped in many la
item	Peruvian Ancient Cultures	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Ancient_Cultures	The actual territory of Peru was not only the main center of the Tahuantinsuyo, but also the center of the powerful Inca Empire, and after the Spanish conquer, the biggest Spanish Viceroyalty in America.The map of the Tahuantinsuyo
item	Philosophy of history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history	Philosophy of History is an area of philosophy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of human history, and speculation as to a possible teleological end to its development, that is that there is a design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the processes of human history. The philosopher of history asks at least three basic questions:What is the proper unit for the study of the human past? The individual subject? The polis ("city") or sovereign territory? The civilization or culture? Or nothing less than the whole of the species?Are there any broad patterns that we can discern through the study of the human past? Are there, for example, patterns of progress? Or cycles? Or are there no patterns or cycles, and is human history therefore random and devoid of any meaning — in the words of William Shakespeare's character MacBeth, "life is a tale told by an idiot full of sound and fury, signifying nothing?"If history can indeed be said to progress, what is its ultimate direction? Is it a positive or negative, decadent directio
item	Recorded History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_History	Recorded history can be defined as history that has been written down or recorded by the use of language, whereas history is a more general term referring simply to information about the past.[1]Contents1 Early languages2 Importance of Written Language3 References4 External links5 See also
item	History of salt	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_salt	Salt's preservative ability was a foundation of civilization. It eliminated dependency on the seasonal availability of food and allowed travel over long distances; it was also a vital food additive. However, salt was difficult to obtain, and so it was a highly valued trade item throughout history. Until the 1900s, salt was one of the prime movers of national economies and wars. Salt was taxed from as far back as the 20th century BC in China.
item	Stanecastle	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanecastle	Stanecastle was a medieval estate in North Ayrshire, Scotland. It nearest neighbours are Bourtreehill and Girdle Toll. Stanecastle is now part of the Irvine New Town project.To be replaced by photographer...[edit]
item	Stewarton	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewarton	Stewarton is a town located in East Ayrshire, Scotland. In comparison to other towns in the region it is comparatively large - bigger than the surrounding towns of Kilmaurs, Fenwick and Dunlop - with a population of around 10,000.
item	The Independence of Peru	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independence_of_Peru	The economic crisis favored the indigenous rebellion from 1780 to 1781. This rebellion was headed by Tupac Amaru II. At this time, the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and the degradation of the Royal power took place. The Creole rebellion of Huánuco arose in 1812 and the rebellion of Cuzco between 1814 and 1816. These rebellions defended the liberal principles sanctioned by the Constitution of Cadiz of 1812.Don Jose de San Martin proclaimed the independence of Peru on July 28, 1821.
item	Tiwanaku	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku	Area of the Middle HorizonThe "Gate of the Sun"<
item	Wait %28musician%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_%28musician%29	Waits or Waites were British town-pipers. From medieval times up to the beginning of the 19th century, every British town and city of any note had a band of Waites. Their duties varied from time to time and place to place, but included playing their instruments through the town at night, waking the townsfolk on dark winter mornings by playing under their windows, welcoming Royal visitors by playing at the town gates, and leading the Mayor's procession on civic occasions.
item	World Systems Theory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Systems_Theory	Unlike former sociological theories, which presented general models of social change with particular focus at the societal level, world-systems theory (or world system perspective) explores the role and relationships between societies (and the subsequent changes produced by them). A theory primarily developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, Samir Amin, Giovanni Arrighi and Andre Gunder Frank in response to the many new activities in the capitalist world-economy during the mid 1970s, world-systems theory is derived from two key intellectual sources, the neo-Marxist literature on development and the French Annales School and Fernand Braudel.
item	List of time periods	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_time_periods	This is a list of named time periods defined in various fields of study.Contents1 Cosmological time periods2 Geologic time periods3 Human time periods3.1 Calendar systems3.2 Human historical periods3.3 Mythological and astrological time periods3.4 Specialist human periods4 See also
item	High Middle Ages	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages	The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1300). The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention ends around 1500.
item	Periodization	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization	Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide time into discrete named blocks. Most sciences that study the history of their respective objects of study have their own periodization. Commonly known periods for example from geology are the Cretaceous and Jurassic period. This article uses periods from European human history to elaborate the problem of periodization.Contents1 Introduction2 Usage3 Notable periods4 Origins of Periodization5 Periodization of Origins6 See also7 References
item	Six Ages of the World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Ages_of_the_World	The Six Ages of the World is a Judeo-Christian historical periodization outline first written about with authority by Saint Augustine around the year 400. It is based along Christian religious events, from the birth of Adam to the events of Revelation. The six ages of history was widely believed and in use throughout the Middle Ages, and until the Enlightenment, the writing of history was mostly the filling out of all or some part of this outline.
item	History by region	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_by_region	There has long been a tradition of sub-dividing history by country. This is closely linked to the central focus on political leadership by historians. It has increasingly come to be realized that historical trends and patterns are not confined within borders, thus looking at the history of larger and smaller regions, that are often more vaguely defined, but can be looked at as a single group.Contents1 Histories by region1.1 Africa1.2 Asia1.3 Europe1.4 Americas1.5 Transcontinental
item	History by continent	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_by_continent	This is a list of history articles by continent:History of AfricaHistory of the AmericasHistory of AntarcticaHistory of AsiaHistory of AustraliaHistory of EurasiaHistory of EuropeHistory of North AmericaHistory of South AmericaHistory of South Asia[edit]
item	History of the Americas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Americas	The history of the Americas is the collective history of North and South America, including Central America and the Caribbean. It begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia and possibly Oceania during the height of an Ice Age. These groups are generally believed to have had little or no contact with peoples of the "Old World" until the coming the Europeans in the 15th Century.The ancestors of today's Native Americans were hunter-gatherers migrating into North America. The most popular theory asserts that migrants came to the America's via the Bering Land Bridge. Small Paleo Indian groups probably followed the mammoth and other prey animals. It is possible that groups of people may also have wandered into North America on shelf or sheet ice along the northern Pacific coast.Cultural traits brought by the first immigrants later evolved and spawned such cultures as Iroquois on North America and Pirahã of South America. Later during the continents history, these cultures developed into civilizations, just as in the Old World. In many cases, these cultures expanded at a later date than the Old World counterparts. Cultur
item	History of the Mediterranean region	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region	The history of the Mediterranean region is the history of the interaction of the cultures and peoples of the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea —the central superhighway of transport, trade and cultural exchange between diverse peoples. Its history is important to understanding the origin and development of the Phoenician, Egyptian, Jewish, Greek, Latin, Arab and Persian cultures —and hence is important to understanding the development of Western Civilization as we understand it today.Contents1 Ancient2 Classical3 Middle ages4 Modern5 Further reading<a href="#Ref
item	History of the Pacific Islands	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Pacific_Islands	History of islands in the Pacific Ocean.History of AlaskaHistory of American SamoaHistory of AustraliaHistory of Baker IslandHistory of BruneiHistory of the Caroline IslandsHistory of Easter IslandHistory of FijiHistory of French PolynesiaHistory of the Galapagos IslandsHistory of GuamHistory of HawaiiHistory of IndonesiaHistory of JapanHistory of KiribatiHistory of MalaysiaHistory of Marquesas IslandsHistory of Melanesia<a href="/wiki/
item	History of western civilization	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_western_civilization	Western Civilization is defined in this article as the civilization that began in Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire and is dominant in most of Europe and North America as well as Australia today.Contents1 The Early Middle Ages or Dark Ages (500-1000 A.D.)2 The High Middle Ages (1000-1300)3 The Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance (1300-1500)4 The Renaissance and Reformation (1500-1650)5 The Rise of Western Empires (1500-1800)6 Absolutism and Enlightenment (1500-1800)7 An Age of Revolution (1770-1815)
item	Wikimedia Commons	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons	Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid BeelsThe Wikimedia Commons (English homepage; also called "Commons" or "Wikicommons") is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. It is another project of the Wikimedia Foundation like Wikipedia, but one that is a common resource repository to all the various Wikimedia sister projects regardless of language.Files uploaded to the Commons repository can be used like locally uploaded files on all other projects on the Wikimedia servers in all languages, including Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikisource and Wikinews, or indeed downloaded for offsite use, as all of the content is either in the public domain or released under fr
item	List of extinct states	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_states	This page attempts to list the many extinct states, countries, nations, lands, or territories that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.Contents1 Ancient and medieval states1.1 Ancient Europe, North Africa and the Near East1.2 South Asia1.3 China and South East Asia1.3.1 Korea1.4 Pre-Columbian Americas1.5 Medieval Europe, North Africa and the Near East1.5.1 British Isles<a href="#some_Continental_European_states"
item	History of present-day nations and states	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_present-day_nations_and_states	This is a list of articles on the history of contemporary countries, states and dependencies.See List of extinct countries, empires, etc. and Former countries in Europe after 1815 for articles about countries that are no longer in existence.See List of countries for other articles and lists on countries.Contents:Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
item	History of Jammu and Kashmir	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir	This article covers the history of Jammu and Kashmir from earliest recorded times to the present day.Contents1 Etymology2 Early history3 Muslim rule4 The Histories5 Princely J&amp;K6 Tourism7 19478 Post-19479 See also10 External links11 References
item	History of Birmingham	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Birmingham	This article is about the history of Birmingham in England.Contents1 Ancient history2 Saxon Birmingham3 Medieval Birmingham4 16th and 17th centuries5 18th century6 19th century6.1 Improvements7 Expansion8 20th century8.1 Diversity8.2 Regeneration9 Historic population<span class="tocnu
item	History of Bratislava	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bratislava	Bratislava is the capital of Slovakia and the country's largest city.Contents1 Tabular history of Bratislava1.1 Prehistory1.2 1st century–10th century1.3 1000–12411.4 1241–15361.5 1536–17841.6 1784–19001.7 20th century1.8 21st century2 Demographic evolution3 City name history3.1 Older city name forms</sp
item	History of Bristol	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bristol	Bristol is a city of half a million people in south west England, which has been amongst England's largest and most economically and culturally important cities in England for eight centuries. The Bristol area has been settled since the stone age, and the city rose to prominence in the Norman era. During the 17th and 18th centuries Bristol's maritime industry boomed, and despite the industries subsequent decline Bristol has remained affluent.Contents1 Pre-Norman2 Middle ages3 Early modern4 Modern history5 See also6 External links7 References
item	History of Canberra	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canberra	The History of Canberra details the development of the city of Canberra from the time before white settlement to Canberra's planning by the Chicago architect Walter Burley Griffin and subsequent development to the present day.Contents1 Pre-history2 19th Century2.1 European exploration2.2 European settlement3 Twentieth century3.1 Creation of the Australian Capital Territory3.2 The name Canberra3.3 Development and growth3.4 Post World War II<li class="tocl
item	History of Cieszyn and T%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cieszyn_and_T%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn	History of Cieszyn and Těšín - The area of the towns of Cieszyn and Český Těšín has been populated by Slavs at least since 7th century. According to the legend, in 810 three sons of a prince– Bolko, Leszko and Cieszko, met here after a long pilgrimage, found a spring, and in their happiness decided to found a new settlement. They called it Cieszyn, from a Slavic root ciesz- meaning joy.
item	History of Cologne	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cologne	The History of Cologne, Germany's oldest major city, can be broken into several periods.Contents1 Roman2 Frank, Merovingian, and Carolingian3 Prince-Bishops of Cologne4 Hanseatic League5 French6 Prussian7 Third Reich8 Jews in Cologne9 Postwar Cologne10 External links
item	History of Coventry	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Coventry	This article is about the history of Coventry, England.Contents1 Early history2 Civil War and aftermath3 Industrialisation4 20th century4.1 Postwar5 Historic population6 See also7 References8 External links
item	History of Belfast	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belfast	Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland and its largest city. Its history as a settlement goes back to the Bronze age, but its status as a major urban centre dates to the eighteenth century. Belfast was, throughout its modern history, a major commercial and industrial centre. It has suffered in recent years from a decline in its traditional industries. Another sad aspect of Belfast's history is recurrent outbreaks of sectarian conflict between Catholic and Protestant communities.The Lagan Weir, a major catalyst for redevelopment of the Laganside area and increasing use of the river throughout the cityContents1 Early history<span class="tocnumber
item	History of Taganrog	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taganrog	//[edit]Foundation of TaganrogThe project of the Saint Trinity fortress and seaport of Taganrog, established by the Austrian engineer Baron Ernst Friedrich von Borgsdorf. © TaganrogCity.ComPeter the Great tried to conquer the Turkish fortress of Azov to get an entrance to the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. His first <a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns" title="Azov campaigns"
item	History of Johannesburg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Johannesburg	This article documents the history of Johannesburg, part of present day Gauteng Province, in South Africa. The area around Johannesburg has been inhabited for thousands of years by hunter-gatherer peoples. The establishment of modern-day Johannesburg began in 1886 with the discovery of gold and the Witwatersrand reef. After the discovery, the population of the city exploded and Johannesburg became the largest city in South Africa. Today, it is a centre for learning and entertainment for all of Africa.[edit]
item	History of Kiev	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kiev	The History of Kiev (also spelled Kyiv as per Ukrainian: Київ), the largest city and the capital of Ukraine, is long and remarkable. The exact time of city foundation is hard to determine. The legend has it that the emergence of the great city on the future location of Kiev was prophesied by St. Andrew (d. AD 60/70) fascinated by the spectacular location on the hilly shores of the Dnieper river. The city is thought to have existed as early as the 5th century, initially as a growing trading post. Gradually acquiring the eminence as the center of the East Slavic civilization, Kiev reached its Golden Age as the center Kievan Rus' in the tenth–twelfth centuries. Its political, but not cultural, importance started to decline somewhat when it was completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240. In the following centuries Kiev was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbors: the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lith
item	History of Kyrenia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kyrenia	The history of Kyrenia, a town in the turkish occupied area of Cyprus begins since the Prehistoric times of Cyprus and continues into the present.Contents1 Prehistoric and Ancient Times2 Medieval Ages3 Kyrenia during the Cyprus under the Ottoman period4 Under British Rule5 After Cypriot Independence6 See also7 References
item	History of Limerick	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Limerick	WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates:52.6652°&#160;N 8.6238°&#160;WStatisticsProvince:MunsterCounty:County LimerickArea:20.79 km²Population&#160;(2002)54,023Website: www.limerickcity.ie
item	History of Manchester	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Manchester	Manchester developed over little more than a century from a minor town into the world's first industrial city. Its remarkable history embraces the world's first passenger railway station and first public library. It also led the political and economic reform of nineteenth century Britain as the vanguard of free trade. By the start of the twenty-first century it had become a post-industrial city dominated by sport, broadcasting and education.Contents1 Early settlements: prehistoric and Roman2 Medieval growth3 Growth of the textile trade4 The Industrial Revolution5 Reform6 Industrial a
item	History of Nicosia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nicosia	The history of Nicosia, the current capital of Cyprus, begins at the geological birth of Cyprus and continues into the present.Contents1 The Birth of Nicosia2 Ancient Nicosia2.1 The Kingdom of Ledra(1050 BC – 330 AD)3 Nicosia from Antiquity until today4 Richard the Lionheart 1191 A.D.5 The Capital of the Lusignan Kingdom6 The fortifications during the Lusignan period 1192-1489 AD7 The Venetian administration and the new fortifications8 The new fortifications by Julio Savor
item	Timeline of Northfield history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Northfield_history	This is a timeline of historical events relating to Northfield, Minnesota:
item	History of Rennes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rennes	Rennes is the one of the capitals of the région of Brittany, in France. It has a long history due to its location at a confluent of two rivers.
item	History of Stockholm	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Stockholm	This is the history of the city of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden.1888 German map of StockholmContents1 Timeline2 Details2.1 Origins2.2 Kalmar Union2.3 Vasa Period2.4 1600–18002.5 1800–19002.6 20th century</u
item	History of Szczecin	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Szczecin	History of Szczecin (German: Stettin) in Poland.Contents1 Prehistoric stronghold2 Slavonic stronghold (until 1243)3 Trading city in the Holy Roman Empire (1243-1630)4 Under Swedish rule (1630-1720) in the Holy Roman Empire5 Major Prussian port (1720-1918)6 Provincial city of Germany (1918-1939)7 In the Third Reich (1939-1945)8 Voivodship capital in Poland (after 1945)
item	History of Timi%C5%9Foara	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Timi%C5%9Foara	This article is about the History of Timişoara, the largest and most important city in the Romanian Banat. Timişoara listen (help·info) is also known by the following names: Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeswar / Temeschwar / Temeschburg, Serbian: Temišvar / Темишвар, Turkish: Tamışvar / Temeşvar.Contents1 Antiquity2 The Middle Ages3 Ottoman Rule4 The Habsburg Era5 The 1848/1849 Revolution<span class=
item	History of Toowoomba%2C Queensland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Toowoomba%2C_Queensland	History of Toowoomba, QueenslandContents1 1800-18202 1820-18403 1840-18604 1860-18805 1880-19006 1900-19207 1920-19408 1940-19609 External links
item	History of Toulouse	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Toulouse	//[edit]Before 118 BC: pre-Roman timesThe history of Toulouse can be traced as far back as the 8th century BC, according to the oldest archeological evidence of human settlement. The location was very advantageous: an easy crossing of the Garonne River, just as the northward river reaches strong hills and thus bends westward toward the Atlantic Ocean. It was a focal point for trade between the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Immediately north of these hills was a large plain suitable for agriculture. People gathered on the hills overlooking the river, south of the plain, 9 kilometers south of today's downtown Toulouse. The name of the city was Tolosa. Researchers today agree that the name is probably Aquitanian, related to the old Basque language, but the meaning is unknown. The name of the city has remained almost unchanged over centuries despite Celtic, Roman and Germanic invasions, which is rare for French cities (e.g. Paris was once called Lutetia).The first inhabitants s
item	Uppsala	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala	Uppsala [ˈɵpˌsɑ:la] (older spelling Upsala) 59°51′N 17°38′E is a Swedish City in central Sweden, located about 70 km north of Stockholm. It is the fourth largest city in Sweden with its 130,000 inhabitants; including immediate surroundings, Uppsala Municipality amounts to 183&#160;403 (2005).
item	History of agricultural science	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science	Agronomy and the related disciplines of agricultural science today are very different from what they were before about 1950. Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and developing countries, often referred to as the Green Revolution, was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial fertilizers and phytosanitary products.However, environmental damage due to intensive agriculture, industrial development, and population growth have raised many questions among agronomists and have led to the development and emergence of new fields (e.g., integrated pest management, waste treatment technologies, landscape architecture, genomics).New technologies, such as biotechnology and computer science (for data processing and storage), and technological advances have made it possible to develop new research fields, including genetic engineering, improved statistical analysis, and precision farming.<div class="editsection" style="flo
item	History of the alphabet	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet	The history of the alphabet starts in ancient Egypt. By 2700 BCE the Egyptians had developed a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent the individual consonants of their language, plus a 23rd that seems to have represented word-initial or word-final vowels. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for logograms, to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names. However, although alphabetic in nature, the system was not used for purely alphabetic writing. The first purely alphabetic script is thought to have been developed around 2000 BCE for Semitic workers in central Egypt. Over the next five centuries it spread north, and all subsequent alphabets around the world have either descended from it, or been inspired by one of its descendants, with the possible exception of the Meroitic alphabet, a 3rd century BCE adaptation of hieroglyphs in Nubia to the south of Egypt.Contents1 The Semitic alphabet2 Descendants of the Semitic abjad<l
item	History of astrology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology	The History of astrology encompasses a great span of human history and many cultures. The belief in a connection between the heavenly bodies and the lives of people has also played an important part in human history. See also the main article on Astrology.Contents1 Overview2 History2.1 Western astrology's Babylonian origins2.1.1 Babylonian astrology2.2 The spread of astrology from Babylonia2.3 Greek and Egyptian contributions to astrology2.4 Astrology in the Jewish community2.5 Astrology in the Bible2.6 Medieval and Renaissance astrology<span class="tocnumber
item	History of the camera	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_camera	The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. However, while this was the birth of photography, the camera itself can be traced back much further. Photographic cameras were a development of the camera obscura, a device dating back at least to the 11th century which uses a pinhole or lens to project an image of the scene outside onto a viewing surface. Before the invention of photography, there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them. The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was built by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before technology caught up to the point where this was possible.Contents1 Daguerreotypes and calotypes2 Wet plates3 Dry plates4 Kodak and the birth of film<li cl
item	History of candle making	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_candle_making	The history of candle making does not belong to any one country as it was developed independently in many countries. The Egyptians formed candles from beeswax as early as 3000 BC. The Chinese created candles from whale fat during the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC). In early China and Japan, tapers were made with wax from insects and seeds, wrapped in paper. In India, wax from boiling cinnamon was used for temple candles. During the first century AD, indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest fused oil from the eulachon, or "candlefish", for illumination. Excavations at Pompeii, Italy, revealed several candelabra.Contents1 3000 - 1 BC2 1 AD - 1500 AD2.1 Manufacturing of candles2.2 Making candles for timekeeping<span class="tocn
item	History of communication	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication	The history of communication dates back to the earliest signs of life. Communication can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full conversations and mass communication. On a much shorter scale, there have been major developments in the field telecommunication.Contents1 Communication between animals2 Communication between humans2.1 The advent of mass communication2.2 The expansion of telecommunication3 History of writing tools3.1 Text editing and storage3.2 Distance communication4 References
item	History of communism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communism	Part of the Politics series onCommunismHistory of communismSchools of communismMarxism · LeninismMarxism-LeninismTrotskyism · MaoismEurocommunismCouncil communismAnarchist communismChristian communismLuxemburgismPolitical PartiesCommunist International<a href="/wiki/World_Com
item	History of computer science	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_science	The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the 20th century. The progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards the modern concepts and machines, formed a major academic field and the basis of a massive world-wide industry.Contents1 Early history1.1 Early computation1.2 Algorithms1.3 Binary logic1.4 The Analytical Engine1.5 Birth of computer science2 Emergence of a discipline2.1 The theoretical groundwork2.2 Shannon and Information Theory2.3 <span clas
item	History of democracy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_democracy	The history of democracy traces back from its origins in prehistoric times to its re-emergence and rise from the 17th century to the present day.Contents1 Origins1.1 Prehistoric democracies1.2 Ancient Sumeria1.3 Ancient India1.4 Ancient Greece1.5 Roman Republic1.5.1 Birth of the Republic1.5.2 Fall of the Republic1.6 Local popular institutions2 Rise of democracy in modern national governments2.1 <span clas
item	History of Earth	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth	The history of Earth covers approximately 4.567 billion years (4,567,000,000 years), from Earth’s formation out of the solar nebula to the present. This article presents a broad overview, summarizing the leading scientific theories. Due to the difficulty of comprehending very large amounts of time, the analogy of a single 24-hour period will be used, beginning exactly 4.567 billion years ago, at the formation of Earth, and ending now. Each second of this period represents approximately 53,000 years. The Big Bang and origin of the universe, estimated at occurring 13.7 billion years ago[1], is equivalent to taking place almost three days ago—two whole days before our clock began to tick.Contents1 Origin2 Moon3 The Hadean4 Beginnings of life5 The first cell6 Photosynthesis and oxygen<a href="#Endosymbiosis_
item	History of feminism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_feminism	The history of feminism reaches far back before the 18th century, but the seeds of the feminist movement were planted during the latter portion of that century. The earliest works on the so-called "woman question" criticised the restrictive role of women, without necessarily claiming that women were disadvantaged or that men were to blame.Contents1 Prior to 18502 Late 19th century2.1 In Britain2.2 In France2.3 In the Middle East3 20th century4 Recent activities5 Historical feminists of note6 See also7 References7.1 Books
item	History of medicine	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine	All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for, and responses to, birth, death, and disease. Throughout the world, illness has often been attributed to witchcraft, demons, averse astral influence, or the will of the gods, ideas that retain some power, with faith healing and shrines still common, although the rise of scientific medicine in the past two centuries has altered or replaced many historic health practices.History of scienceBackgroundTheories/sociology<td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3f
item	History of philosophy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy	The history of philosophy tracks the multitudinous theories which aim at some kind of understanding, knowledge or wisdom on fundamental matters as diverse as reality, knowledge, meaning, value, being and truth. All cultures: prehistoric, ancient, mediæval, and modern; Eastern and Western; religious and secular; have had their own unique schools of philosophy, as well as those shared through both inheritence and independent discovery. Such theories have grown from different premises and approaches, examples of which include rationalism (through logic), empiricism (through observation), and even through leaps of faith, hope and inheritance (such as the supernaturalist philosophies and religion, although such a classification is disputed).
item	History of suicide	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_suicide	Suicide has been part of the history of the world - people of all walks of life had committed suicide over the years. Among the famous people who have died by suicide are Boudicca, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, Hannibal, Nero, Virginia Woolf, Adolf Hitler, Mark Antony, Ernest Hemingway, Alan Turing, Sylvia Plath, Marina Tsvetaeva, Yukio Mishima, Hunter S. Thompson, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Vincent van Gogh.Contents1 Military2 Personal Honor3 Social Protest4 Periods of Persecution<li class="tocleve
item	Women%27s history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_history	This article is about the history of women. For information on the field of historical study, see Gender history.
item	History of the world	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world	The history of the world, in popular parlance, is human history, from the first appearance of Homo sapiens to the present.Contents1 Paleolithic Period2 Mesolithic Period3 Neolithic Period3.1 Development of agriculture3.2 Development of religion4 Rise of Civilization4.1 State4.2 City and Trade4.3 Religion and Philosophy5 Major Civilizations and Regions6 Rise of Europe<li class="toclevel-2
item	History of writing	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing	Writing systems evolved in the 4th millennium BC out of neolithic proto-writing.Contents1 Proto-writing2 Invention of writing3 See also4 Further reading5 External links
item	Commons	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons	In England and Wales, a common (or common land) is a piece of land over which other people—often neighbouring landowners—could exercise one of a number of traditional rights, such as allowing their cattle to graze upon it. The older texts use the word "common" to denote any such right, but more modern usage is to refer to particular rights of common, and to reserve the word "common" for the land over which the rights are exercised. By extension, the term "commons" has come to be applied to other resources to which a community has rights or access.Contents1 Commons in England and Wales2 Wider usage of the term3 See also4 External links5 References
item	History of Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe	This article gives an account of the history of the continent of Europe.
item	Middle Ages	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages	The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three "ages": the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and Modern Times. The Middle Ages of Western Europe are commonly dated from the 5th century division of the Western Roman Empire and the barbarian invasions until the 16th century division of Christianity during the Protestant Reformation and the dispersal of Europeans worldwide in the start of the European overseas exploration. These various changes all mark the beginning of the Early Modern period that preceded the Industrial Revolution.
item	Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe	Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europe's borders. Physically and geologically, Europe is a subcontinent or large peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia and west of Asia.
item	American English	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English	American English (AmE) is the dialect of the English language used mostly in the United States of America. It is estimated that approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States.[1]American English is also sometimes called United States English or U.S. English.
item	Greek language	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language	Greek (Ελληνικά, IPA [e̞ˌliniˈka] - "Hellenic") is an Indo-European language with a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest in the Indo-European family if the Anatolian languages are excluded. Today, it is spoken by approximately 15 million people in Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Italy and Turkey. There are also many Greek emigrant communities around the world (see Greek diaspora), such as those in Melbourne, Australia which has the third largest urban Greek population in the world, after Athens and Thessaloniki.Greek has been written in the Greek alphabet (the first to introduce vowels), since the 9th century BC in Greece (before that in Linear B), and the 4th century BC in Cyprus (before that in <a href="/wiki/
item	Culture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture	The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning "to cultivate", generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Different definitions of "culture" reflect different theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Anthropologists most commonly use the term "culture" to refer to the universal human capacity to classify, codify and communicate their experiences symbolically. This capacity is long been taken as a defining feature of the genus Homo. However, primatologists such as Jane Goodall have identified aspects of culture among our closest relatives in the animal kingdom.[1]Ancient Egyptian art<table id="toc" class="t
item	Architecture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture	The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, GreeceArchitecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, "a master builder", from αρχι- "chief, leader" and τεκτων, "builder, carpenter")[1] is the art and science of designing buildings and structures.A wider definition would include within its scope the design of the total built environment, from the macrolevel of town planning, <a href="/wiki/
item	Artifact %28archaeology%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_%28archaeology%29	In archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. Examples include stone tools such as projectile points, pottery vessels such as amphorae, metal objects such as buttons or guns and items of personal adornment such as jewellery and clothing. Other examples include bone that shows signs of human modification, fire cracked rocks from a hearth or plant material used for food.
item	Biofact	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofact	In archaeology, a biofact or ecofact is an object, found at an archaeological site and carrying archaeological significance, but (unlike an artifact) not altered by human hands.
item	Landscape	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape	A landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including physical elements such as landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements such as lighting and weather conditions, and human elements, for instance human activity or the built environment. Landscape can also mean the objects around you in a building. Example; "I went to the mall, because I heard that the Landscape there is wonderful" or "I love the landscape of this house".[edit]
item	Culture history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_history	Cultural-history archaeology or simply Culture history is a form of archaeological theory.
item	Cultural evolution	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_evolution	Sociocultural evolution(ism) is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have developed over time. Although such theories typically provide models for understanding the relationship between technologies, social structure, the values of a society, and how and why they change with time, they vary as to the extent to which they describe specific mechanisms of variation and social change.
item	Behaviour	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviour	Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. Behavior can be conscious or unconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. In animals, behavior is controlled by the endocrine system and the nervous system. The complexity of the behavior of an organism is related to the complexity of its nervous system. Generally, organisms with complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses and thus adjust their behavior. Human behavior (and that of other organisms and mechanisms) can be common, unusual, acceptable, or unacceptable. Humans evaluate the acceptablity of behavior using social norms and regulate behavior by means of social control. In sociology, behavior is considered as having no meaning, being not directed a
item	Ecology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology	Ecology, or ecological science, is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as solar insolation, climate and geology, as well as the other organisms that share its habitat. The term oekologie was coined in 1866 by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel; the word is derived from the Greek οικος (oikos, "household") and λόγος (logos, "study"); therefore "ecology" means the "study of the household [of nature]".
item	Archaeology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology	Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, understand culture history, chronicle cultural evolution, and study human behavior and ecology, for both prehistoric and historic societies. It is considered to be one of the four sub-fields of anthropology.<a href="/wi
item	ABMAP	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABMAP	ABMAP, also known as the Animal Bone Metrical Archive Project, consists of a collection of metric data on the main domestic animals recorded at the University of Southampton, together with the data from some other sources, in particular the Museum of London Archaeology Services (MoLAS). Whilst the data is primarily from England, it is applicable to a wider geographical area. Stored in a neutral archival format, it is freely available for teaching, learning and research.Contents1 History of the Project2 The Database3 Sources4 External Links
item	Aerial survey	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_survey	Aerial survey is a method of collecting information by utilising aerial photography or from remote sensing technology using other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared, gamma, or ultraviolet. It can also refer to the chart or map made by analysing a region from the air. This is typically done using satellites, aircraft, balloons, or kites. Aerial surveys can provide information on many things not visible from the ground.
item	Aku-Aku	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku-Aku	Aku-Aku, the Secret of Easter Island is a 1958 book by Thor Heyerdahl, describing his research on the many giant stone statues of stylized human heads found on Easter Island.
item	American Antiquity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquity	The professional journal American Antiquity is published by the Society for American Archaeology, the largest organization of professional archaeologists of the Americas in the world. The journal is considered to be the flagship professional journal of American archaeology.[edit]
item	Anastylosis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastylosis	Anastylosis (from the Ancient Greek: αναστήλωσις, -εως; ανα, ana = "again", and στηλόω = "to erect (a stela or building)") is an archaeological term referring to a reconstruction technique where a ruined monument is restored after careful study and mensuration using original architectural elements where possible. It is also sometimes used in archaeology to refer to use of the same technique in restoring broken pottery and other small objects.Contents1 Criticism2 Methodology3 Examples4 References4.1 Bibliography4.2 External links
item	Archaeoastronomy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoastronomy	Archaeoastronomy (also spelled Archeoastronomy) is the study of ancient or traditional astronomies in their cultural context, utilising archaeological and anthropological evidence. The anthropological study of astronomical practices in contemporary societies is often called ethnoastronomy, although there is no consensus as to whether ethnoastronomy is a separate discipline or is a part of archaeoastronomy. Archaeoastronomy is also closely associated with historical astronomy, the use of historical records of heavenly events to answer astronomical problems and the history of astronomy, which uses written records to evaluate past astronomical traditions.
item	Aylesford-Swarling Pottery	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesford-Swarling_Pottery	Aylesford-Swarling pottery is part of a tradition of wheel-thrown pottery distributed around Kent, Essex, Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire and named after two cemeteries in Kent dating to the first century BC. The tradition reached Britain with the so called Belgic invasion of the first century BC and may also be loosely termed Belgic ware.[edit]
item	Bamburgh Sword	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburgh_Sword	The Bamburgh Sword is an Anglo-Saxon artifact from the seventh century. It was uncovered by Brian Hope-Taylor then dissappeared until his death, where it was discovered in a suitcase in his attic. The sword was excavated in the first dig at Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland, in 1960.[edit]
item	Bronze mirror	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_mirror	Bronze mirrors preceded the glass mirrors of today. This type of mirror has been found by archaeologists among assemblages from various cultures, including China.
item	Christian archeology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_archeology	Christian Archeology (or archeology) is the study of Christianity through the recovery, documentation and analysis of cultural and environmental data. See (Archeology)Contents1 Pool of Bethesda2 Caiaphas3 Pontius Pilate4 James the Just5 Papyrus Fragments6 The Oxyrhynchus Papyri7 Papyrus Egerton 28 Further reading
item	Clay tablet	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_tablet	Small tablets made out of clay were used from late 4th millennium BC onwards as a writing medium in Sumerian, other Mesopotamian, Hittite, and Minoan/Mycenaean civilizations. The Tărtăria tablets of the Danubian civilisation may be older still, having been carbon dated to before 4000BC, but their interpretation remains controversial. Sumerian cuneiform characters were engraved on the tables using a stylus. Later the tablets were left to dry or even fired in a kiln.
item	History of archaeology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology	The history of archaeology has been one of increasing professionalisation, and the use of an increasing range of technqiues, to obtain as much data on the site being examined as possible.Contents1 Origins2 Development of archaeological method3 Introduction of technology4 See also5 Further reading6 External links
item	Illinois Archaeological Survey	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Archaeological_Survey	The Illinois Archaeological Survey (IAS) is a society of professional archaeologists, and other technical professionals, dedicated to identifying and preserving important archaeological resources throughout the state of Illinois. The Survey was founded in 1956 and is one of the oldest professional archaeological societies in the Americas. Beyond its bulletins, circulars, monographs, and special publications, the Survey produces a journal of archaeology entitled Illinois Archaeology. An annual fall conference focuses on some of the previous year's more significant archaeological endeavors.
item	Illinois Archaeology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Archaeology	The professional journal Illinois Archaeology is published by the Illinois Archaeological Survey, one of the oldest professional archaeological societies in the Americas. The journal is considered the flagship professional journal of the region.[edit]
item	Megalith	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith	A megalith is a large stone which has been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones. Megalithic means made of such stones, but uses an interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement. The word megalith comes from the Ancient Greek megas meaning large, and lithos meaning stone.Contents1 Distribution of megaliths2 Nabta Playa3 Western European megaliths4 Types of megalithic structures5 Megalithic graves6 Astronomical use7 Modern megaliths8 Examples of megaliths9 See also10 <span
item	Middle range theory %28archeology%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_range_theory_%28archeology%29	The middle range theory in archeology describes how people use objects and structures and the human behaviors associated with this use. Middle range theory links archaeological data with the relevant aspects of human behavior or natural processes (such as the actions of water or of animals). It is an important archaeological aspect because it transitions from the archaeological observable, facts, to the archaeological invisible, such as human behavior, culture, beliefs, rituals, or natural processes of the past. The middle range theory answers questions such as "Why do we think that this stone tool was used for scraping hides and not for scraping wood to make a boat?" and "Why do we know that these bones were purposefully and forcefully damaged by humans instead of gnawed on by animals?"
item	Mrs. Ples	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Ples	Mrs. Ples (born circa 2.6 to 2.8 million years ago) is the popular nickname for the most complete skull of an Australopithecus africanus ever found in the world. Many fossils of this species, which are considered to be the distant relatives of all humankind, have been found in the Sterkfontein area, in what has been designated the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, which is situated approximately 70 kilometres southwest of Pretoria. Mrs. Ples was discovered by Dr. Robert Broom and John Robinson in April 1947.
item	Naiskos	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiskos	The naiskos is a small temple in Classical order with columns or pillars and pediment. It was applied as an artificial motive too. The motive of the naiskos is not rare in the ancient art. It is to find in the architecture, for instant like in Aigeira, particular in the funeral architecture of the ancient attic Cemeteries as grave reliefs or shrines with statues like the example of Kerameikos in Athens and in the black- and redfigured Pottery of Ancient Greece at the Loutrophoros and the Lekythos. Although such naiskoi often draw portraits of men who died. The columns are not created. Furthermore exists figurines of Naiskoi or other types of temples created in terracotta like for instant at Louvre Museum in Paris. The Naiskos everywhere has a religious background especielly in the ancient cult of the dead of the Greeks.
item	Petroform	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroform	Petroforms, or also known as boulder outlines, are the large outline of shapes that were made by arranging many rocks on the open ground into various shapes and patterns. Aboriginal groups made shapes of humans, snakes, turtles, birds, medicine wheels, and geometric shapes in prehistoric times that are still intact today. Petroform sites in North America can be found in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Montana, and many other states and provinces. Petroglyphs and pictographs are quite different, because petroforms are often made from large rocks and boulders over large areas of ground, unlike the smaller glyphs and graphs. Petroforms can also be used much easier and in more complex ways for astronomical predictions, mapping, etc.Contents1 History2 Localities2.1 Whiteshell Provincial Park2.2 Wisconsin3 External links<a href="#Referenc
item	Petrography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrography	Petrography is that branch of petrology which focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks. Some who studies petrography is called a petrographer. The mineral content and the textural relationships within the rock are described in detail. Petrographic descriptions start with the field notes at the outcrop and include megascopic description of hand specimens. However, the most important tool for the petrographer is the petrographic microscope. The detailed analysis of minerals by optical mineralogy in thin section and the micro-texture and structure are critical to understanding the origin of the rock. Electron microprobe analysis of individual grains as well as whole rock chemical analyses by atomic absorption or X-ray fluorescence are used in a modern petrographic lab. Individual mineral grains from a rock sample may also be analyzed by X-ray diffraction when optical means are insufficient. Analysis of microscopic fluid inclusions within mineral grains with a heating stage on a petrographic microscope provides clues to the temperature and pressure conditions existent during the mineral formation.<div class="editsection" style="float:right;ma
item	Ram Chandra Kak	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Kak	Ram Chandra Kak (June 5, 1893- February 10, 1983) was Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir during 1946-7. He was also a pioneering archaeologist who excavated the leading sites of antiquities in Kashmir and wrote the definitive text on them.
item	Rano Raraku	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano_Raraku	Rano Raraku is a volcanic crater formed of consolidated ash, or tuff, and located on Easter Island, Chile. It is the quarry in which about 95% of the island's known monolithic sculpture (Moai) were carved.
item	Revue Archeologique	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_Archeologique	La Revue Archéologique, published in Paris is one of the oldest, longest-running scientific journals. First appearing in 1844, it is neither the organ of an institution nor of any school, but has complete independence, under the guidance of its current editor, Martine Fourment. La Revue Archéologique appears twice annually.
item	Sirrush	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirrush	The sirrush is a creature depicted on the reconstructed Ishtar Gate of the city of Babylon. It resembles a scaly dragon with hind legs like an eagle's talons and feline forelegs. It also has a long neck and tail, a horned head, a snakelike tongue and a crest. While not matching any known creature, some argue the sirrush could have been a genuine animal.Contents1 The name2 Theories about the sirrush3 See also4 References5 External links
item	Society for American Archaeology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology	The Society for American Archaeology is the largest organization of professional archaeologists of the Americas in the world. The Society was founded in 1934 and today has over 7000 members. The Society publishes the flagship journal of American archaeology, American Antiquity, and holds an annual conference. The headquarters of the Society are in Washington, D.C..[edit]
item	Tamil Copper-plate inscriptions	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Copper-plate_inscriptions	Tamil copperplate inscriptions are mostly records of grants of villages or plots of cultivable lands to private individuals or public institutions, by the members of the various South Indian royal dynasties. The grants range in date from the 3rd century C.E. to the mid 19th century C.E. A large number of them belong to the Chalukyas, the Cholas and the Vijayanagar kings. These plates are valuable epigraphically as they give us an insight into the social conditions of medieval South India; they also help us fill chronological gaps in the connected history of the ruling dynasties.Copperplate inscription of Uththama Chola, 10th Century C.E.[edit]
item	Taung Child	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taung_Child	Taung Child refers to the fossil of a skull specimen of Australopithecus africanus. It was discovered in 1924 by quarryman working for the Northern Lime Company in Taung, South Africa. Raymond Dart, an anatomist at the University of Witwatersrand, received the artifact, recognized its importance and published his discovery in the journal Nature in 1925, describing it as a new species. Unfortunately, the British establishment was at the time enamored with the hoax Piltdown man, which had a large brain and ape-like teeth -- the exact opposite of the Taung Child -- and Raymond Dart's finding was not appreciated for decades.
item	Tell es-Safi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_es-Safi	Tell es-Safi is a large multi-period site (ancient mound; Tell) that is located in central Israel, approximately half way between Jerusalem and Ashkelon, on the border between the southern Coastal Plain of Israel and the Judean foothills. The site is identified by most scholars as Canaanite and Philistine Gath, an identification that is well-based both on the historical sources related to this site and the archaeological evidence from the site.
item	Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity	Most rivers in Iran are seasonal and have traditionally not been able to supply the needs of urban settlements. Rivers like Arvand or Aras or Zayandeh Rud or Sefid Rud or Atrak were few and far between in the vast lands of Persian antiquity.
item	Training excavation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_excavation	Training excavations are normally run by University departments or large contractors and employ professional archaeologists in several disciplines to teach the basics of archaeological methodology, including photography, stratigraphy, illustration and draughtsmanship as well as survey, finds treatment and a host of other subjects.
item	Underwater archaeology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_archaeology	Underwater archaeology is the study of past human life, behaviours and cultures using the physical remains found in salt or fresh water or buried beneath water-logged sediment. It is most often considered as a branch of maritime archaeology.
item	Use of GIS in archaeology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_GIS_in_archaeology	GIS or Geographic Information Systems has become an important tool for archaeologists.
item	Vagina gentium	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina_gentium	Vagina gentium, the peoples' mother, womb of nations, cradle of humanity, the place where humans (H. sapiens sapiens) first appeared.
item	The 101 Ranch %28book%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_101_Ranch_%28book%29	The 101 Ranch written by Ellsworth Collings in collaboration with Alma Miller England, narrates the history of the famed 101 Ranch, the 101 Ranch Wild West Show, and the Miller family who founded and operated both the ranch and the show. The 101 Ranch Wild West Show was one of the last of the large Wild West shows. The history spans from 1841, G.W. Miller's birth, until 1936, when the last piece of property was auctioned off following the economic downturn of 1929. At its height, the ranch encompassed more than 110,000 acres (445 km²) in parts of Noble, Pawnee, Osage, and Kay counties in northeastern Oklahoma. The appendices list the legal description of the land owned by the ranch as well as its Indian leases. The book contains some 53 photographs depicting the family, the work on the ranch, the Wild West show, as well as the many cowboys, noted visitors, and many Indians employed or living on the ranch.
item	1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491:_New_Revelations_of_the_Americas_Before_Columbus	1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (ISBN 140004006X) is a book written by Charles C. Mann and published by Knopf on August 9, 2005.
item	173 Hours In Captivity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/173_Hours_In_Captivity	173 Hours In Captivity: The Hijacking of IC 814 is a 2000 book (ISBN 817223394X) written by Neelesh Misra, a New Delhi-based correspondent of the Associated Press. The book is about the hijacking of an Indian airliner on its flight from Kathmandu to New Delhi on Christmas eve, December 24, 1999.Contents1 Introduction2 Inside the Airbus A3003 Blackmail4 Aftermath5 See also
item	A World Restored	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_World_Restored	A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 is a book by Henry Kissinger.
item	An Advanced History of India	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Advanced_History_of_India	An Advanced History of India is a book by R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Raychaudhuri, and Kaukinkar Datta.
item	Age of Extremes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Extremes	Throughout the following, page numbers come from Time Warner Books, 2002 Abacus edition reprint.
item	America at the Crossroads	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_at_the_Crossroads	America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy is a 2006 book by Francis Fukuyama.
item	Anabasis %28Xenophon%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabasis_%28Xenophon%29	Anabasis is the most famous work of the Greek writer Xenophon. The journey it narrates is his best known accomplishment.
item	Anabasis Alexandri	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabasis_Alexandri	Anabasis Alexandri, the Campaigns of Alexander by Arrian is the most important source on Alexander the Great.
item	Anacalypsis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacalypsis	Anacalypsis is the short title of a lengthy two-volume treatise written by religious historian Godfrey Higgins, and published upon his death in 1833. The book was published in two quarto volumes numbering 1,436 pages, and contains meticulous references to hundreds of books. Initially printed as a limited edition of 200 copies, it was partially reprinted in 1878, and completely reprinted in a limited edition of 350 copies in 1927. The full title of this work is Anacalypsis: An Attempt to Draw Aside the Veil of the Saitic or an Inquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations and Religions.
item	The Anarchists	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchists	ISBN 0-416-72250-4 (hardback)ISBN 0-416-72260-1 (paperback)
item	The Arabs in History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arabs_in_History	The Arabs in History is a 1950 book written by Middle-east historian Bernard Lewis. The book has been criticized for not having enough information about pre-Islamic times.[edit]
item	Argenis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenis	Argenis is a book by John Barclay (1582-1621). It is a work of historical allegory which tells the story of the religious conflict in France under Henry III of France and Henry IV of France. This article about a history book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenis"			Categories: History book stubs | History books						<div class="vi
item	The Argumentative Indian	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argumentative_Indian	The Argumentative Indian (ISBN 0713996870) is a book written by the Indian Nobel Prize winning economist Amartya Sen. It is a collection of essays that discuss India's history and identity, focusing on the traditions of public debate and intellectual pluralism.
item	The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People%27s History of Ancient Rome	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar:_A_People%27s_History_of_Ancient_Rome	The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome, by author Michael Parenti, argues that Julius Caesar was assassinated because the wealthy, conservative elite wanted to block Caesar's reforms. Periodically, Parenti briefly notes parallels with the Roman Republic and the current environment of the United States.
item	Atlantis: The Antediluvian World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Antediluvian_World	Atlantis: The Antediluvian World is a book published in 1882 by Minnesota populist politician Ignatius Donnelly,who was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1831. Donnelly took Plato's account of Atlantis seriously and attempted to establish that all known ancient civilizations were descended from its high-neolithic culture.Many of its theories are the source of many modern-day concepts we have about Atlantis, like the civilisation and technology beyond its time, the origins of all present races and civilisations, a civil war between good and evil, etc.Contents1 Author's stated intentions2 Book structure3 Version information4 References5 External links
item	Augustan History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustan_History	The Augustan History (Lat. Historia Augusta) is a collection of biographies of Roman Emperors and usurpers during the period 117 to 284. Although it is supposedly an assemblage of works by six different writers (collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae), there is considerable doubt concerning not only the authorship of the work, but also when it was written and how much of the content is fictitious. Even so, it is the only continuous account for its period and thus of considerable interest.
item	The Autumn of the Middle Ages	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages	The Autumn of the Middle Ages, or The Waning of the Middle Ages, (published in 1919 as Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen and translated into English in 1924) is the best-known work by the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga. In it, he presents the idea that the exaggerated formality and romanticism of late medieval court society was a defense mechanism against the constantly increasing violence and brutality of general society. He saw the period as one of pessimism and nostalgia for the past, rather than of rebirth and optimism.
item	Ayodhya: The Case Against the Temple	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya:_The_Case_Against_the_Temple	Ayodhya: The Case Against the Temple is a book by Koenraad Elst that was published in 2002.
item	Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh:_A_Legacy_of_Blood	Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood (ISBN 0-340-39420-X) is a book written by journalist Anthony Mascarenhas. The book chronicles the bloody coups and uprisings in the post-independence Bangladesh. The main focus of the book is the assassinations of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Ziaur Rahman, two of the main architects of independence and presidents of Bangladesh. The book was published by Hodder and Stoughton, in 1986.
item	The Beatles Anthology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles_Anthology	The Beatles Anthology is the name of a documentary series, a series of three albums and a book, all of which focus on the history of the popular rock band The Beatles.Contents1 The television specials and video collection2 The albums2.1 Official Anthology releases2.2 Unofficial Anthology releases3 The book4 External links
item	Bobbio Orosius	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbio_Orosius	The Bobbio Orosius (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana MS D. 23. Sup.) is an early 7th century Insular manuscript of the Chronicon of Orosius. The manuscript has 48 folios and measures 210 by 150 mm. It is thought to have been produced at the scriptorium of Bobbio Abbey.
item	Book of Ballymote	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote	The Book of Ballymote (Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta, RIA MS 23 P 12, 275 foll.), named for the parish of Ballymote, County Sligo, was written in 1390 or 1391.
item	The Book of Heroic Failures	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Heroic_Failures	The Book of Heroic Failures, written by Stephen Pile in 1979, is a book written in celebration of human inadequacy in all its forms. The original edition included an application to become a member of the Not Terribly Good Club of Great Britain, however this was taken out in later editions because the club received over 30,000 applications and closed on the grounds that it was a "failure as a failure." The American version of the book was misprinted by the publishers, who left out half the introduction. As a consequence, later versions of the book came out with an erratum slip longer than the entire introduction. In his second book, the Return of Heroic Failures, Stephen Pile reports that Taiwanese piraters were not aware of this and did not include the erratum slip.[edit]
item	Book of Liang	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Liang	The Book of Liang (Chinese: 梁書; pinyin: Liáng Shū), was compiled under Yao Silian 姚思廉 in 635.
item	Braunbuch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunbuch	Braunbuch - about War and Nazi criminals in West Germany (English title: Brown Book - War and Nazi Criminals in West Germany: State, Economy, Administration, Army, Justice, Science) is the title of a propaganda publication written by Albert Norden on behalf of the Stalinist regime of the GDR in 1965.
item	British Fascism 1918-39	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Fascism_1918-39	British Fascism 1918-39: Parties, Ideology and Culture is a book by Thomas Linehan. It is a survey of the fascist movements in Britain during the inter-war period.
item	Buda Chronicle	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Chronicle	The Buda Chronicle (Buda, András Hess, 1473, 70 fol., 2º.) relates the history of Hungary from the earliest times to the coronation of King Matthias and is based on mediaeval chronicles. Eleven copies of the chronicle are known to exist, two of them in Hungary: the one shown here preserved in the National Széchényi Library and another in the Budapest University Library.
item	Building Western Civilization: From the Advent of Writing to the Age of Steam	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Western_Civilization:_From_the_Advent_of_Writing_to_the_Age_of_Steam	Building Western Civilization: From the Advent of Writing to the Age of Steam (ISBN 0155001159) is a history book written by Alan I. Marcus in 1998.
item	By Design	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_Design	By Design: Science and the Search for God (ISBN 1893554643) is a book by Larry Witham which chronicles a century and a half of the evolution debate in terms of the "science and religion dialogue" and traces the rise of the intelligent design movement.
item	The Canadian Centenary Series	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Centenary_Series	The Canadian Centenary Series is a nineteen volume authoritative history of Canada published between 1963 and 1986 as an extended Centennial project. The collection resulted from the initative of W. L. Morton and D. G. Creighton.
item	Cannibals and Kings	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibals_and_Kings	Cannibals and Kings (1977, ISBN 0394407652) is a book written by anthropologist Marvin Harris. The book presents a systematic discussion of ideas about the reasons for a culture making a transition by stages from egalitarian hunter-gatherer to hierarchically based nationhood as population density increases.
item	The Cartoon History of the Universe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cartoon_History_of_the_Universe	//
item	Century %28book%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_%28book%29	Originally published in 1999 by Phaidon Press, Century is a coffee table book that is equal parts art and history. It was both conceived and edited by Bruce Bernard, a picture editor for The Sunday Times (UK) Magazine. Besides working for The Times, Bruce Bernard is also the co-author of a number of art books and his work has been featured at the Victoria and Albert Museum. In the words of the author, Century is "an attempt to outline the history of the twentieth century as the camera has seen it."[edit]
item	Changing Focus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changing_Focus	Changing Focus: Kodak and the Battle to Save a Great American Company is a book about the corporate history and future of the Kodak corporation. In particular, it discusses Kodak's efforts to maintain and diversity its photography businesses in the face of challenges from digital photography, and the mixed results of these efforts.[edit]
item	Chronica Hungarorum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronica_Hungarorum	The Chronicle of the Hungarians, in Latin: Chronica Hungarorum, is the most widely-read narrative of early Hungarian history and the title of several Hungarian medieval chronicles.[edit]
item	Chronicle of Moissac	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Moissac	The Chronicle of Moissac (also known as Chronicon Moissiancense) is an anonymous compilation written in the end of the 10th century referring of the times of Charlemagne.
item	Chronicon %28Eusebius%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_%28Eusebius%29	The Chronicon or Chronicle of Eusebius (Greek, Pantodape historia, "Universal History") is divided into two parts. The first part (Greek, Chronographia, "Annals") purports to give an epitome of universal history from the sources, arranged according to nations. The second part (Greek, Chronikoi kanones, "Chronological Canons") attempts to furnish a synchronism of the historical material in parallel columns, the equivalent of a parallel timeline.
item	Chronicon %28Jerome%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_%28Jerome%29	The Chronicle (or Chronicon or Temporum liber) was one of Jerome's earliest attempts in the department of history. It was composed circa 380 in Constantinople; this is a translation into Latin of the chronological tables which compose the second part of the Chronicon of Eusebius, with a supplement covering the period from 325 to 379. In spite of numerous errors taken over from Eusebius, and some of his own, Jerome produced a valuable work, if only for the impulse which it gave to such later chroniclers as Prosper, Cassiodorus, and Victor of Tunnuna to continue his annals.[edit]
item	Chronicon Pictum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum	The Illuminated Chronicle (Vienna Illuminated Chronicle, Chronica Hungarorum , Chronicon (Hungariae) Pictum, Chronica Picta or Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum) is a medieval illustrated chronicle from the Kingdom of Hungary from the fourteenth century. It represents the international artistic style of the royal courts in the court of Louis the Great.
item	City of Quartz	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Quartz	City of Quartz&#160;: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles is a 1990 book by Mike Davis examining problems facing Los Angeles. The underlying material was originally intended as a Ph.D. submission in completion of the requirements for his history doctorate, but it was rejected. Davis completed the work and found a publisher for it.
item	Colonial Wars and the Politics of Third World Nationalism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Wars_and_the_Politics_of_Third_World_Nationalism	Colonial Wars and the Politics of Third World Nationalism is a book by the Hungarian sociologist Frank Furedi, published by IB Tauris in 1994 (ISBN 185043784X)Contents1 Contents1.1 Preface1.2 Introduction1.3 Part 1: The elaboration of the imperialist perspective1.4 Part 2: Recasting Third World nationalism2 External links
item	The Conquest of New Spain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conquest_of_New_Spain	The Conquest of New Spain is the first person conquistador narrative of Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492 or 1493 - 1581), a 16th century soldier, settler and conqueror who served with Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, Juan de Grijalva and Hernán Cortés in Mexico and Yucatan, and saw and participated in the fall of Moctezuma II and with him the end of the great Aztec empire.
item	Country of My Skull	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_of_My_Skull	Country of My Skull is a 1998 nonfiction book by Antjie Krog primarily about the findings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). The book is, in reality, an intersectional, interdisciplinary analysis of the Commission's potential and realized effects on post-Apartheid South Africa.
item	Crisis%2C The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis%2C_The_Japanese_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_and_Southeast_Asia	Crisis, The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia is a 1992 book written by Allan Beekman, who also wrote The Niihau Incident and Hawaiian Tales.
item	Crusade in Europe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_in_Europe	Crusade in Europe is a book by Dwight David Eisenhower, published in 1948 by Doubleday &amp; Company, Inc, concerning his work in the European Theater of Operations as Supreme Allied Commander. This article about a history book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
item	Culture and Society 1780-1950	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_and_Society_1780-1950	Culture and Society 1780-1950 (ISBN 0231057016) is a book on culture by Raymond Williams, first published in 1958.
item	A Cup of Coffee	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Cup_of_Coffee	A Cup of Coffee is a book in Arabic written by Abdullah AbdulRahman. The book is divided into three volumes, and contains many interviews with the older generation of the United Arab Emirates. This article about a history book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
item	The Decline of the West	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West	The Decline of the West (German: Der Untergang des Abendlandes) is a two-volume work by Oswald Spengler, the first volume of which was published in the summer of 1918. Spengler revised this volume in 1922 and published the second volume, subtitled Perspectives of World History, in 1923.
item	Description de l%27Egypte %281809%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_de_l%27Egypte_%281809%29	IDescription de l'Égypte (English: Description of Egypt) is the monumental French comprehensive scientific description of ancient and modern Egypt as well as its natural history. It is a publication that is the collaborated work of about 160 civilian scholars and scientists, known popularly as the savants, who accompanied Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in 1798 to 1801, as well as about 2000 artists and technicians, including 400 engravers, who would later compile it into a full work.
item	Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Shield_to_Desert_Storm:_The_Second_Gulf_War	Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War is a non-fiction historical book written by Dilip Hiro and first published by Routledge in 1992. This article about a history book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Shield_to_Desert_Storm:_The_Second_Gulf_War"			Categories: History book stubs | <a href="/wiki/Category:History_books" title="C
item	Discipline and Punish	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish	Discipline and Punish (subtitled The Birth of the Prison) is a book written by the philosopher Michel Foucault. Originally published in 1975 in France under the title Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison, it was translated into English in 1977. It is an examination of the social and theoretical mechanisms behind the massive changes that occurred in western penal systems during the modern age. It focuses on historical documents from France, but the issues it examines are relevant to every modern western society. It is considered a seminal work, and has influenced many theorists and artists.
item	The Drowned and the Saved	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drowned_and_the_Saved	The Drowned and the Saved is a book of essays on life in the Nazi Vernichtungslager (extermination camps) by Italian-Jewish author Primo Levi, drawing on his personal experience as an inmate of Auschwitz.&#160;This Jewish history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article about a history book is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perfect_stub_articl
item	Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophical_Manuscripts_of_1844	Economic &amp; Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 is a book written April and August 1844 by Karl Marx. Not published by Marx during his lifetime, it was first released in 1932 by researchers in the Soviet Union.
item	Eminent Historians: Their Technology%2C Their Line%2C Their Fraud	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_Historians:_Their_Technology%2C_Their_Line%2C_Their_Fraud	Eminent Historians: Their Technology, Their Line, Their Fraud is a book by Arun Shourie. It was published in 1998. ISBN 8190019988
item	The End of History and the Last Man	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man	The End of History and the Last Man is a 1992 book by Francis Fukuyama, expanding on his 1989 essay "The End of History?", published in the international affairs journal The National Interest. In the book, Fukuyama argues the controversial thesis that the end of the Cold War signals the end of the progression of human history:"What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government." (quoted from "The End of History?", 1989)
item	The Everlasting Man	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Everlasting_Man	The Everlasting Man is a book by G. K. Chesterton, published in 1925. It is a reexamination of the histories of mankind, Christ and Christianity, to some extent in conscious rebuttal of H. G. Wells’ Outline of History. It is a book in two parts, the first being 'On the Creature Called Man', and the second 'On the Man Called Christ'. Whereas Orthodoxy detailed Chesterton's own spiritual journey, in this book he tries to illustrate the spiritual journey of humanity, at least in the Western Hemisphere, as a whole.
item	An Evocation of Kierkegaard	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evocation_of_Kierkegaard	An Evocation of Kierkegaard (1997) by David Cain is an illustrated book about the world of Søren Kierkegaard. It is not a biography, rather a book about Kierkegaard in Copenhagen and the rest of Denmark. The book is a result of Cain's Kierkegaard pilgrimage in 1984.
item	Fagrskinna	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagrskinna	Fagrskinna is one of the kings, written around 1220. It takes its name from the manuscript in which it has been preserved, Fagrskinna meaning fair leather, i.e., fair parchment. An immediate source for the Heimskringla of Snorri Sturluson, it is a central text in the genre of kings' sagas; It contains a vernacular history of Norway from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, including extensive citation of skaldic verses, some of them preserved nowhere else. It has a heavy emphasis on battles, such as the Battle of Hjörungavágr and the Battle of Svolder. The book is often thought to have been written in Norway, either by an Icelander or a Norwegian.[edit]
item	Farmers of Forty Centuries	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers_of_Forty_Centuries	In the 1909, American agronomist F.H. King toured China, Korea, and Japan, studying traditional fertilization, tillage, and general farming practices. He wrote his findings in Farmers of Forty Centuries, Or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan (1911, published shortly after his death by his wife, Carrie Baker King; numerous facsimile reprintings, including Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0486436098, and Rodale Press, ISBN 0878578676). King lived in an era preceding synthetic nitrogen fertilizer production and before the use of the internal combustion engine for farm machinery, yet he was profoundly interested in the challenge of farming the same soils in a 'permanent' manner, hence his interest in the agricultural practices of ancient cultures. In recent years, his book became an important organic farming reference.[edit]
item	The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifteen_Decisive_Battles_of_the_World	The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: from Marathon to Waterloo is a book written by Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy and published in 1851. This book tells the story of the fifteen military engagements (from Marathon to Waterloo) which, according to the author, had a significant impact on world history.Contents1 Chapters2 Point of view3 Derivative works4 External links
item	The First Sex	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Sex	The First Sex was a 1971 book by a then-61-year-old librarian Elizabeth Gould Davis.
item	The Fourth Network	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourth_Network	The Fourth Network is a non-fiction book about the history of the Fox television network. It was written by Daniel M. Kimmel and published in 2004.
item	France and England in North America	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_England_in_North_America	France and England in North America is a multi-volume history of the European colonization of North America written by Francis Parkman, which highlights the military struggles between France and Great Britain. It was well-regarded at the time of publication, and continues to enjoy a reputation both as an excellent historical study and literary masterpiece.
item	Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan_and_the_Making_of_the_Modern_World	A 2004 book by anthropologist and Macalester College professor Jack Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World is a revisionist history that generally favors the Mongols. It is largely based on The Secret History of the Mongols and emphasizes the military brilliance of Temujin (Genghis Khan). The book also attributes much of the Renaissance to Genghis Khan's influence. Finally the book attempts to put the Mongols in a more positive light.
item	Gesta Danorum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Danorum	Gesta Danorum ("Deeds of the Danes") is a work of Danish history, by 12th century author Saxo Grammaticus ("Saxo the Literate", literally "the Grammarian") at the monastery of Sorø. It is the most ambitious literary undertaking of medieval Denmark and an essential source for the nation's early history, one that helps define the national identity.Contents1 Gesta Danorum1.1 Chronology1.2 Manuscripts1.3 Translations1.3.1 Latin versions1.3.2 Danish translations1.3.3 English translations1.3.4 German, Spanish, Italian, and Japanese translations2 Influences
item	Gesta Hungarorum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum	The Gesta Hungarorum (Latin for The Deeds of the Hungarians), a record of early Hungarian history written by the unknown author Magister P. also called Anonymus. It is preserved in a manuscript from around 1200. It is a mixture of oral tradition, older sources and inventions of the author.
item	Glimpses of World History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimpses_of_World_History	Glimpses of World History, a book written by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1934, is a panoramic sweep of the history of humankind. It is a collection of 196 letters written between 1930-1933, as an introduction to the world history to his daughter Indira, then thirteen years old.
item	Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_Muslim_Population_in_Medieval_India	Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India (A.D. 1000-1800) is a book by K.S. Lal published in 1973.
item	The Guns of August	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guns_of_August	The Guns of August (1962) (also published as August 1914) is a military history written by Barbara Tuchman. It primarily describes the events of the first month of World War I. The focus of The Guns of August is to provide the history of World War I from the declaration of war through the start of the French offensive that stopped the German advance through France. In addition, the book provides a brief history of the plans, strategies, world events and international sentiments prior to and during the war.The book is broken down into three sections -- Plans, Outbreak and Battle.Contents1 Plans2 Outbreak3 Battle3.1 Crossing Belgium3.2 The Front in France3.3 The Front with Russia3.4 The Flames of Louvain<a href
item	Guns%2C Germs%2C and Steel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns%2C_Germs%2C_and_Steel	Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies is a 1997 book by Jared Diamond, professor of physiology at UCLA. In 1998 it won a Pulitzer Prize and the Aventis Prize for best science book. A documentary based on the book was broadcast on PBS in July, 2005, produced by the National Geographic Society.
item	Heroic Hindu Resistance to Muslim Invaders	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_Hindu_Resistance_to_Muslim_Invaders	Heroic Hindu Resistance to Muslim Invaders (636 AD to 1206 AD) is a book by Sita Ram Goel that was published in 2001. (History of Heroic Hindu Resistance to Early Muslim Invaders, 2001 ISBN 8185990182)
item	Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Temples_-_What_Happened_to_Them	Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them is a book in two volumes by Sita Ram Goel, Arun Shourie, Harsh Narain, Jay Dubashi and Ram Swarup. (Volume 1: ISBN 8185990492, Volume 2: ISBN 8185990034) The first volume was published in spring 1990.The first volume includes a list of 2000 mosques that were built on Hindu temples. This list is mostly based on the books of Muslim historians or the inscriptions of the mosques. The second volume gives many excerpts from medieval muslim histories and chronicles and from inscriptions concerning the destruction of Hindu (including Jain and Buddhist) temples. The authors claim that the material presented in this book are only the tip of an iceberg.The Appendix of the first volume contains a list of temple-destructions and atrocities that took place in Bangladesh in 1989. The book also criticizes "Marxist historians" and one of the appendices of the second volume includes a "questionnaire for the Marxist professors" that was sent to Romila Thapar.There were proposals in November 1990 in Uttar Pradesh to ban the book. <a href="http://koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com/books/ayodhya/ch12.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com/boo
item	The Hiram Key	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hiram_Key	The Hiram Key: Pharaohs, Freemasonry, and the Discovery of the Secret Scrolls of Jesus is a book by Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas. The authors, both Masons, present a theory of the origins of Freemasonry along with "the true story" of Jesus Christ and the original Jerusalem Church.Contents1 Publication2 Controversy3 Contents3.1 Chapters3.2 Appendices4 External links5 References
item	Historia Norvegi%C3%A6	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Norvegi%C3%A6	Historia Norvegiæ is a short history of the Norwegian past written by a monk in the second half of the 12th century. One of its sources is Þjóðólfr of Hvinir's Ynglingatal. The only extant manuscript is from the 15th century and contains.I. A short Chronicle of NorwayII. Genealogy of the Earls of OrkneyIII. Catalogue of the Kings of Norway
item	Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum	The Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (in English: Ecclesiastical History of the English People) is a work in Latin by the Venerable Bede on the history of the Roman Catholic Church in England, and of England generally.
item	Histories %28Herodotus%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_%28Herodotus%29	The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Written about 440 BC, The Histories tells the story of the war between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. Herodotus traveled extensively around the ancient world, conducting interviews and collecting stories for his book. At the beginning of The Histories, Herodotus sets out his reasons for writing it:
item	The History and Culture of the Indian People	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_and_Culture_of_the_Indian_People	The History and Culture of the Indian People is a book by historian R.C. Majumdar in 10 volumes.
item	The History of India as told by its own Historians	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_India_as_told_by_its_own_Historians	The History of India as Told by its Own Historians is a book with eight volumes written by H. M. Elliot and John Dowson. The book was published in 1867-1877 in London. It is a well-known and reputed reference work for the history of medieval India. Despite being over 100 years old, it is still used by historians. The book contains translations of medieval Muslim chronicles.
item	A History of Knowledge	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Knowledge	A History of Knowledge (1991) is a non-fiction book written by Charles Van Doren. In it, Van Doren attempts to lay out a brief history of human thought, condensing over 5000 years of philosophy, learning, and belief systems into just 400 pages. For a sense of the tone, the first section is entitled "The Wisdom of the Ancients" and begins, "By the time written history began, some fifty centuries ago, mankind had learned much more than our primitive ancestors knew."
item	A History of Philosophy %28Copleston%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Philosophy_%28Copleston%29	A History of Philosophy is a nine-volume history of Western philosophy, written by English Jesuit priest Frederick Charles Copleston, SJ.
item	History of Trade Unionism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Trade_Unionism	History of Trade Unionism is a book by Sidney and Beatrice Webb.
item	History of Woman Suffrage	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage	History of Woman Suffrage was produced by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage and Ida Husted Harper in six volumes from 1887 to 1922. It was a history of the suffrage movement, primarily in the United States.
item	History of the Arab Peoples	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_Peoples	A History of the Arab Peoples is a 1991 book written by Lebanese Historian Albert Hourani. This article about a history book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_Peoples"			Categories: History book stubs | 1991 books | History books | Lebanese cu
item	A History of the English Speaking Peoples	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_English_Speaking_Peoples	A contemporary cover of History of the English Speaking Peoples.'A History of the English Speaking Peoples is a four-volume history of Britain and the other English speaking nations, written by Winston Churchill, covering the period from the Roman conquest of Britain (55 BC) to the beginning of the First World War (1914). It was published 1956–58.Churchill was a great British patriot with a love of history and a firm belief in the trans-Atlantic alliance between Britain and the United States, so it was natural for him to turn his hand to a history of both nations. Though the focus is on the United States and England, brief histories of Canada, Australia, and South Africa are also included.Churchill began the history during the 
item	History of the Peloponnesian War	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War	The History of the Peloponnesian War is an account of the Peloponnesian War in Ancient Greece, fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Delian League (led by Athens). It was written by Thucydides, an Athenian general who served in the war. It is widely considered a classic and regarded as one of the earliest scholarly works of history. The History has been divided into eight books by editors of later antiquity.
item	Hold Ye Front Page	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Ye_Front_Page	Hold Ye Front Page was a best-selling history book published by The Sun newspaper in 1999 to commemorate the Millennium. It documented the history of the last two millennia in the style of The Sun, winning a top journalism award in 2000 by impressing judges with its educational content, wit and the fact that although written by two Sun journalists, it spoofed the paper. Its sequel the next year, Hold Ye Front Page II, detailed history from the Big Bang to the Birth of Christ. Articles in the first book included:
item	Horrible Histories	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrible_Histories	Horrible Histories is a series of illustrated books published in the United Kingdom by Scholastic. They are designed to get children interested in history by concentrating on the trivial, unusual, gory, or unpleasant. The series has proved exceptionally successful in commercial terms. The books are written by Terry Deary and illustrated by Martin Brown.
item	How Europe Underdeveloped Africa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa	How Europe Underdeveloped Africa is a book written by Walter Rodney in which he portrays an Africa that was deliberately exploited and underdeveloped by European colonial regimes.
item	Human Accomplishment	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Accomplishment	Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 BC to 1950 is a book by Charles Murray surveying outstanding contributions to the arts and sciences from ancient times to the mid-twentieth century. The book represents the first attempt to quantify the accomplishment of individuals and countries worldwide in the fields of arts and sciences by calculating the amount of space allocated to them in reference works.
item	If This Is a Man	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_This_Is_a_Man	If This Is a Man (Se Questo è un Uomo) is a book by the Italian author Primo Levi. It describes his experiences in the concentration camp at Auschwitz during the Second World War.
item	Imagining the Balkans	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagining_the_Balkans	Imagining the Balkans is a book by the Bulgarian academic Maria Todorova. Published by Oxford University Press, United States (May 22, 1997); ISBN 0195087518,
item	Indica %28Arrian%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indica_%28Arrian%29	Indica is the name of an ancient book about India written by Arrian, one of the main ancient historians of Alexander the Great. The book mainly tells the story of Nearchus’ voyage from India to the Persian Gulf after Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Indus valley. However, much of the importance of the work comes from Arrian’s in depth asides describing the history, geography, and culture of the ancient Indian Sub Continent
item	Israel%27s Border Wars 1949-1956 %28book%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%27s_Border_Wars_1949-1956_%28book%29	Israel's Border Wars 1949-1956 is a 1993 book written by Benny Morris concerning the Arab infiltration from Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria into Israel after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and before the Suez Crisis war in 1956.
item	Jack the Ripper%2C Light-Hearted Friend	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper%2C_Light-Hearted_Friend	Jack the Ripper, Light-Hearted Friend is a 1996 book by Richard Wallace in which Wallace expressed the theory that Lewis Carroll and his colleague Thomas Vere Bayne were responsible for the Jack the Ripper murders.
item	The Jew of Linz	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jew_of_Linz	The Jew of Linz (1998) is a book by the Australian author Kimberley Cornish. It argues that:
item	Johannes de Thurocz	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_de_Thurocz	Ján z Turca or Ján/Johannes de Turocz (Hungarian: Thuróczy János; German: Johannes de Thurocz, contemporary spelling: ...de Thwrocz) (c. 1435, Pýr (today part of Šipice, Slovakia) - 1488/1489), a Slovak educated person in the Kingdom of Hungary, is the author of a chronicle entitled Chronicle of the Hungarians (Chronica Hungarorum). His chronicle was the most extensive chronicle of Kingdom of Hungary of the 15th century. He was the first layman known to have written a book in the Kingdom of Hungary.Contents1 Life2 The Incunabulum Chronicle of Ján z Turca3 Early editions of the chronicle4 External links5 See also
item	Kojiki	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojiki	Kojiki or Furukotofumi (古事記), also known in English as the Records of Ancient Matters, is the oldest surviving historical book dealing with the ancient history of Japan. It also mentions an older compilation said to have been destroyed by fire.According to the preface, the book was presented by O no Yasumaro based on a story memorized by Hieda no Are in 712. Began under the commission of [Emperor Temmu] in 680 A.D. and completed by the order of Empress Gemmei in 712 A.D., The Kojiki mimics imperial genealogies of deity descent entering Japan from China. The "Kojiki" was later followed by a more updated record, Nihonshoki.The Kojiki does not recount official history like the later Nihonshoki. Other than the Kojiki, no other history has claimed that it was compiled on an official order. This has led some to claim that the Kojiki was a forgery that actually appeared much later than the Nihonshoki but this claim has little support.Kojiki begins with the very beginning of the world as it was created by the kami (deities) Izanagi and Izanami and ends with the era of Empress Suiko. It contains various myths and legen
item	The Last Heathen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Heathen	The Last Heathen - Encounters with Ghosts and Ancestors in Melanesia is a book by Charles Montgomery, published in Canada by Douglas and McIntyre in 2004.
item	Le livre noir du colonialisme	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_livre_noir_du_colonialisme	Le livre noir du colonialisme, written by French historian Marc Ferro, is 2003 book containing several articles from various historians about the evils of colonialism.
item	Lebor Gab%C3%A1la %C3%89renn	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn	Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland) is the Middle Irish title of a loose collection of poems and prose narratives recounting the mythical origins and history of the Irish race from the creation of the world down to the Middle Ages. An important record of the folkloric history of Ireland, it was compiled and edited by an anonymous scholar in the 11th century, and might be described as a mélange of mythology, legend, history, folklore, Christian historiography, politically inspired embellishment and some pure invention. It is usually known in English as The Book of Invasions or The Book of Conquests.Contents1 The origins of Lebor Gabála Érenn2 Textual variants3 The contents of Lebor Gabála Érenn4 O'Rahilly's interpretati
item	The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legacy_of_Muslim_Rule_in_India	The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India is a book by the historian K.S. Lal published in 1992. (ISBN 8185689032). The book not only assesses the legacy of Muslim rule in India, but also describes its history.
item	Lenin%27s Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin%27s_Tomb:_The_Last_Days_of_the_Soviet_Empire	Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire is a bestselling work by David Remnick. Often cited as an example of New Journalism, it won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 1994 (see 1994 Pulitzer Prize).
item	Libro de los juegos	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_los_juegos	The Libro de los Juegos, ("Book of games"), or Libro de ajedrez, dados y tablas, ("Book of chess, dice and tables") was commissioned by Alfonso X, king of León and Castile, during the 13th century between 1251 and 1283 AD. It consists of 98 pages, with 150 color illustrations. The games covered include chess (including the earliest known European chess problems), dice, and tables (the family of games that includes backgammon). It contains the earliest known description of some of these games, including many games imported from the Arab kingdoms.
item	Lies My Teacher Told Me	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies_My_Teacher_Told_Me	Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your History Textbook Got Wrong, by James W. Loewen, is a critical review of the gulf between the best evidence available to historians and the evidence presented to American high school students in the twelve most popular history textbooks. It is the winner of the 1996 American Book Award and the Oliver Cromwell Cox Award for Distinguished Anti-Racist Scholarship.
item	The Lightning and the Sun	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lightning_and_the_Sun	The Lightning and the Sun is a book written by Savitri Devi outlining her philosophy of history with her critique of the modern world. In it she elucidates her concept of Men in Time, Men above Time, and Men against Time using the lives of Genghis Khan, Akhnaton, and Adolf Hitler, respectively, as illustrations of the forces of "Lightning" (destructive power), "Sun" (life-giving energy), and "both Lightning and the Sun" (destructive power harnessed for a life-affirming purpose).
item	The Lion%2C the Fox%2C and the Eagle	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion%2C_the_Fox%2C_and_the_Eagle	The Lion, the Fox, and the Eagle: A story of generals and justice in Rwanda and Yugoslavia (ISBN 0-679-31138-6) is a 2000 book by Canadian writer Carol Off. It examines the role of three Canadians in United Nations peacekeeping operations and criminal tribunals in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s:Roméo Dallaire (the "lion"), force commander of UNAMIR in RwandaLewis MacKenzie (the "fox"), commander of the Sarajevo division of UNPROFORLouise Arbour (the "eagle"), chief prosecutor for the ICTR and the ICTY
item	Historian	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian	A historian is a person who studies history. Although the term can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is now often reserved for people whose work is recognized in academia, particularly those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline.Contents1 Historical analysis1.1 Developments prior to the Twentieth century1.2 Twentieth century developments2 Recent developments3 Controversy over preceding indefinite article4 See also5 Bibliography6 External links
item	Elizabeth Eisenstein	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein	Elizabeth Eisenstein is an American historian of the French Revolution and early 19th c. France, educated at Wellesley. She is well-known for her work on the history of early printing: the transition in media between the era of the manuscript and that of print, and the role of the printing press in effecting broad cultural change in Western civilization.
item	Henri-Jean Martin	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Jean_Martin	Henri-Jean Martin is a leading authority on the history of the book in Europe, and an expert on the history of writing and on the history of printing. He is a leader in efforts to promote libraries in France, and the history of libraries and of printing.
item	Le Livre noir du Canada anglais	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Livre_noir_du_Canada_anglais	Le Livre noir du Canada Anglais (The Black Book of English Canada) is a series of three books written by Quebec journalist Normand Lester. The essays relate what are, from the author's point of view, historical fabrications and injustices in Canada, notably those against the Quebecois, Jewish and aboriginal peoples.Contents1 Description2 Volumes3 See also4 External links
item	The Mandate of Heaven	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandate_of_Heaven	The Mandate of Heaven: Record of a Civil War; China 1945–49 is a nonfiction book published in 1968. It was written by John F. Melby and illustrated with photographs by Henri Cartier-Bresson. It takes its title from the Chinese concept of the Mandate of Heaven. This article about a history book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandate_of_Heaven"			Categories: History book stubs | 1968 books | <a href="/wiki/Category:History_books" title="Category:History
item	The March of Democracy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_March_of_Democracy	The March of Democracy (ASIN: B0006AOBNQ) is a two-volume book by James Truslow Adams, published in 1932 and 1933, chronicling the history of the United States of America. Its full name is The March of Democracy: A History of the United States. It was published by C. Scribner's Sons.
item	The Mau Mau War in Perspective	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mau_Mau_War_in_Perspective	The Mau Mau War in Perspective is a book about the Mau Mau Uprising by the Hungarian sociologist Frank Furedi, published by James Currey Publishers in 1989 (ISBN 0852550529)[edit]External linksFrank FurediOfficial websiteJames Currey PublishersOfficial websiteRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mau_Mau_War_in_Perspective"			Categories: 1989 books | History books | <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_books" title="Cate
item	The Mayne Inheritance	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayne_Inheritance	The Mayne Inheritance is a non-fiction book written by Queensland author Rosamond Siemon. It was first published in 1997 by University of Queensland Press, and a new edition with updated information was issued by the same publisher in 2003. The book won the Brisbane City Council's One Book One Brisbane competition in 2003.[edit]
item	Metahistory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metahistory	Metahistory is a historiography book by Hayden White first published in 1974.
item	Monumenta Germaniae Historica	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica	The Monumenta Germaniae Historica (frequently abbreviated MGH in bibliographies and lists of sources) is a comprehensive series of carefully edited and published sources for the study of German history (broadly conceived) from the end of the Roman Empire to 1500.
item	Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_League_Attack_on_Sikhs_and_Hindus_in_the_Punjab_1947	Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 is a book by Indian historian S. Gurbachan Singh Talib. The introduction to the reprint was written by Ram Swarup. It was published in 1950 by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC).
item	Muslim Slave System in Medieval India	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Slave_System_in_Medieval_India	Muslim Slave System in Medieval India is a book written by historian K.S. Lal. It was published in 1994. It is a detailed study of the Muslim slave system in medieval India.Contents1 Slave System2 Sex Slavery3 See also4 External links
item	The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory	The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why An Invented Past Won't Give Women A Future is a 2000 book by Cynthia Eller, a professor at Montclair State University.
item	Mythical Past%2C Elusive Future: History and Society in an Anxious Age	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_Past%2C_Elusive_Future:_History_and_Society_in_an_Anxious_Age	Mythical Past, Elusive Future: History and Society in an Anxious Age is a book by the Hungarian sociologist Frank Furedi, published by Pluto Press in 1991 (ISBN 0745305318)Contents1 Contents1.1 Preface1.2 Chapters2 External links
item	Negationism in India - Concealing the Record of Islam	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negationism_in_India_-_Concealing_the_Record_of_Islam	Negationism in India - Concealing the Record of Islam is a book by Koenraad Elst published in 1992. (ISBN 81 85990 01-8) Elst dedicated the book to Boutros Boutros-Ghali, secretary-general of the United Nations.
item	Never at War	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_at_War	Never at War: Why Democracies Will Not Fight One Another is a book by the historian and physicist Spencer R. Weart published by Yale University Press in 1998. It examines political and military conflicts throughout human history and finds no exception to one of the claims made by the controversial democratic peace theory: well-established liberal democracies have never made war on one another. In addition to the democratic peace, Weart argues that there is also an oligarchic peace and provides a new explanation for both the democratic and oligarchic peace. The book is often mentioned in the academic debate and has received both praise and criticism.Contents1 Sources2 Definitions3 Results4 Explanation5 Specific conflicts<a
item	The New Ideology of Imperialism: Renewing the Moral Imperative	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Ideology_of_Imperialism:_Renewing_the_Moral_Imperative	The New Ideology of Imperialism: Renewing the Moral Imperative is a book by the Hungarian sociologist Frank Furedi, published by Pluto Press in 1994 (ISBN 0745308465)[edit]ContentsIntroductionContesting legitimacyIs it nationalism?The problem of imperial identityA presentiment of danger: the preoccupation with white prestigeThe demobilised soldier and the blow to white prestigeAn unspecified threatProblem of controlWhat did they see?The social construction of the Third World terroristElite perspectivesNationalism as passionNationalists as NazisAs maladjustmentThe marginal manA moral condemnationFrom containment to accommodation: the Anglo-American management of African nationalismAssumptions of superiorityThe pragmatism of diplomacyThe management of nationalism, 1948-1960Towards decolonisationA changing division of labourFlattering nationalismA legacy of moral uncertaintiesImperialism on the defensive: the campaign to limit the damageThe imperial ideal in retreatFighting a rearguard actionArguments 
item	A Night to Remember	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_to_Remember	A Night to Remember is a 1955 non-fiction book by Walter Lord and a 1958 film directed by Roy Ward Baker and produced by William MacQuitty, about the sinking of the ocean liner RMS Titanic in 1912. Both the book and film were very successful and are still considered definitive resources about the RMS Titanic.Contents1 Plot introduction2 Film2.1 Cast3 Notes4 Reference5 External link
item	Nihon Shoki	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Shoki	The Nihon Shoki (日本書紀, Nihon Shoki?), sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. It is more elaborate than Kojiki, the oldest, and has proven invaluable to historians as it includes the most complete extant historical record of ancient Japan. Nihon Shoki was finished in 720 under the editorial supervision of Prince Toneri and with the assistance of Ōno Yasumaro. The book is also called the Nihongi (日本紀).Like Kojiki, the Nihon Shoki begins with mythological tales, but continues its account through to contemporary events. It is believed to record accurately the latter reigns of Emperor Tenji, Emperor Temmu, and Empress Jitō, and focuses on the merits of the virtuous rulers</
item	Not by Their Own Will	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_by_Their_Own_Will	Not by Their Own Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR is a historical research book by Pavel Polyan, published by the Memorial society. It is the first comprehensive study of all massive-scale forced migrations within the Soviet Union. The book is based on published materials and archival data made public. It contains a large number of summary tables.
item	Notes on Muscovite Affairs	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_on_Muscovite_Affairs	Notes on Muscovite Affairs (Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii) (1549) was a book in Latin by Baron Sigismund von Herberstein on the geography, history and customs of Muscovy (the 16th century Russian state). The book was the main early source of knowledge about Russia in Western Europe.Contents1 Background2 Historical note on Muscovy and Russia3 Research4 The Book5 Tsar vs Czar6 English Translations7 External links and references
item	O Jerusalem	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Jerusalem	O Jerusalem!, (1972) a book authored by Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins, captures the events and struggles for creation of the state of Israel.[edit]
item	The Occult Roots of Nazism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Occult_Roots_of_Nazism	The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology&#160;: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890-1935 is a book by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke.
item	The Occult: A History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Occult:_A_History	The Occult: A History is a 1971 book (ISBN 0394718135) by English writer, Colin Wilson.
item	Orientalism %28book%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism_%28book%29	Orientalism (1978; 25th-anniversary edition 2003 ISBN 039474067X) is a 328-page study by Edward Said of a mostly British and French tradition, "cultural apparatus," or "style of thought" based on the Orient/Occident distinction. Orientalism has functioned as a "corporate institution for dealing with the Orient," writes Said, and has played a role in Western political involvement in the Middle East. Said argues that the academic discipline of Middle Eastern studies, which long went by the name of "Orientalism," prepared the ground for and then helped sustain Western imperial hegemony over the Middle East through internalization and reproduction of prejudices and stereotypes blinding minds to the complexity of reality.
item	Our Posthuman Future	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Posthuman_Future	Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution is a 2002 book by Francis Fukuyama.
item	The Outline of History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outline_of_History	The goal of H. G. Wells in The Outline of History was stated in the subtitle: "Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind", as well as its other subtitle, The Whole Story of Man. Wells was very dissatisfied with the quality of history textbooks at the end of World War I, and so, between 1918 and 1919 produced a 1,324 page work which was published in serial softcover form in 1919, with the first hardcover edition appearing in 1920. The book met with popular acclaim and massive sales. Nevertheless, its popularity and literary achievements were overshadowed by Wells' other works of science fiction, such as The Invisible Man, The Time Machine, The Island of Dr. Moreau, and his most popular work, The War of the Worlds. Because of this, Wells is now known not as a non-fiction writer or a historian, but as a fiction author.
item	Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant_Wars_of_the_Twentieth_Century	Written in 1969 by Eric Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century, is a comparative view of the peasant revolutions of Mexico, Russia, China, Vietnam, Algeria, and Cuba.This article about a non-fiction book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
item	The Pianist %28memoir%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pianist_%28memoir%29	The Pianist is a memoir written by the Polish musician of Jewish origins Władysław Szpilman. He tells how he survived the German deportations of Jews to extermination camps, the 1943 destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto, and the 1944 Warsaw Uprising during World War II.Contents1 The story1.1 The Ghetto1.2 The Umschlagplatz1.3 Death of a City1.4 Wilm Hosenfeld2 After the War3 Movie4 External links
item	Postwar %28book%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postwar_%28book%29	Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 is a 2005 book by Tony Judt, a historian and Director of New York University's Erich Maria Remarque Institute. The book examines the history of Europe from the end of World War II (1945) to 2005 and has won considerable praise for its breadth and comprehensiveness. 1
item	Prime Obsession	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Obsession	Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics (2003) is a historical book on mathematics by John Derbyshire, detailing the history of the Riemann hypothesis and some of its applications. It is written for a popular audience, so even though it includes college-level mathematics, rigorous proofs are not provided, and much is taken on faith. Much historical background is provided, starting from Carl Friedrich Gauss and continuing well into the twentieth century.
item	Printing and the Mind of Man	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_and_the_Mind_of_Man	Printing and the Mind of Man is a book first published in 1967 and based on an exhibition in 1963.
item	Prithviraj Raso	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Raso	The Prithviraj Raso or Prithvirajaraso is a balladic epic about the life of Prithviraj III Chauhan, a Rajput king who ruled Ajmer and Delhi between 1165 and 1192.Contents1 Perceptual context2 The story related in the epic2.1 Elopement with Samyogita2.2 Mahmud of Ghor2.3 Captivity, revenge and death3 See also4 External links
item	The Problem of Aryan Origins	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Problem_of_Aryan_Origins	The Problem of Aryan Origins is a book by K.D. Sethna. The first edition was published in 1980. A second enlarged version (with five supplements) was published in 1992. (Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1992.ISBN 81-85179-67-0)
item	Quebec%2C The Revolutionary Age 1760-1791	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec%2C_The_Revolutionary_Age_1760-1791	Quebec, The Revolutionary Age 1760-1791 is a book (ISBN 0-7710-6658-9) by Canadian historian Dr. Hilda Neatby published in 1966 in both the French and English languages as part of The Canadian Centenary Series.
item	The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quest_for_the_Origins_of_Vedic_Culture	The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture is a book by Edwin Bryant published at Oxford University Press (ISBN 0195137779).
item	Rajatarangini	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajatarangini	Rajtarangini ("River of Kings"), a book written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, contains an account of the life and history of Kashmir. It is believed that the book was written sometime during 1147–1149 CE. The book generally records the glorious heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rajtarangini describes the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananat Deva of Kashmir.
item	The Rape of Nanking %28book%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Nanking_%28book%29	The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (ISBN 0-465-06835-9) is a 1997 book by the late Iris Chang which presents a history of the 1937-1938 Nanjing Massacre. It is a work of popular history rather than an authoritative book on the subject. According to William C. Kirby, Professor of History at Harvard University, however, "Ms. Chang shows more clearly than any previous account just what (the Japanese) did." It is one of the first major books to introduce the Nanjing Massacre to Western and Eastern audiences alike as it has been published in several languages.Contents1 Inspiration2 Response3 Debate4 External links
item	Red Star Over China	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China	Red Star Over China, a book by Edgar Snow, is an account of the Communist Party of China written when they were an obscure guerrilla army.[edit]
item	The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers	The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000 explores the politics and economics of the Great Powers from 1500 to 1980 and the reason for their decline. It then continues by forecasting the positions of the China, Japan, the European Economic Community (EEC), the Soviet Union and the United States through the turn of the century.Contents1 Summary2 Table of Contents2.1 Maps, Tables and Charts3 Publication Data4 Additional Information
item	The Rise of the West	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_of_the_West	The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community (Chicago, 1963 [1991]) is a popular work by Canadian historian William H. McNeill. It won the National Book Award for history in 1964
item	Russian Fascism: Traditions%2C Tendencies%2C Movements	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Fascism:_Traditions%2C_Tendencies%2C_Movements	Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements is a 2001 book by Stephen D. Shenfield. It is an analysis of fascism, its manifestations in Russian political and cultural history, and fascist tendencies and movements in contemporary Russia. It examines the likelihood that Russia will follow the same path as Weimar Germany.
item	The Secret History of the Mongols	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols	The Secret History of the Mongols is the first literary work of Mongolian culture. It is written for the royal Mongol family some time after Genghis Khan's death in 1227 AD, by an anonymous author, originally in Uyghur script, though the surviving manuscripts all derive from a Chinese transliteration and translation of the 14th century, significantly after the death of Genghis Khan on his conquests and perceptions viewed by the Mongols. The book's origin is Mongolian and like much of the texts during the period, it is somewhat folkic, poetic and not really as factual as some historians would have really wanted.
item	Shake Hands With the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_Hands_With_the_Devil:_The_Failure_of_Humanity_in_Rwanda	Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (ISBN 0786715103 / ISBN 0786714875) is a book by Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire of the Canadian Armed Forces, with help from Major Brent Beardsley. It was first published by Knopf Canada in September 2003.
item	Shoku Nihongi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi	The Shoku Nihongi（続日本紀）is an imperially commissioned history of Japan written in the early Heian period. It is the second of the Rikkoshi (六国史) or "six histories of the nation", coming directly after the Nihon Shoki (日本書紀). It is one of the most important primary historical sources for information about Japan's Nara period.
item	The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silent_War:_Imperialism_and_the_Changing_Perception_of_Race	The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race is a book by the Hungarian sociologist Frank Furedi, published by Pluto Press in 1998 (ISBN 0745313035)Contents1 Contents1.1 Introduction1.2 Chapters2 External links
item	The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorrow_and_the_Terror:_The_Haunting_Legacy_of_the_Air_India_Tragedy	The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy, (1987) is a work of non-fiction which Bharati Mukherjee wrote with her husband Clark Blaise.
item	The Soviet Union Demystified: A Materialist Analysis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soviet_Union_Demystified:_A_Materialist_Analysis	The Soviet Union Demystified: A Materialist Analysis is a book by the Hungarian sociologist Frank Furedi, published by Junius Publications in 1986 (ISBN 0948392053)Contents1 Contents1.1 Introduction1.2 Part 1: The emergence of the Soviet Union1.3 Part 2: The Soviet social formation1.4 Part 3: Class and international relations1.5 Conclusion2 External links
item	Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Names:_Their_Lore_and_Meaning	Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning is a book written by Richard Hinckley Allen. First published in 1899 as Star-Names and Their Meanings, this work assembled the common views about the names of the stars and constellations. It has brief descriptions of the various myths and legends connected with stars, from round the globe and not just the Greek and Roman version.
item	The Story of Civilization	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization	The Story of Civilization by Will and Ariel Durant (ISBN 0-671-21988-X) is an 11 volume set of books. It was written over a lifetime and totals two million words. Sadly, the series is incomplete: it doesn't mention the events after the Age of Napoleon despite the fact that in the first book of the series (Our Oriental Heritage, which covers the history of the East through 1933), Mr. Durant stated that he wanted to include the history of the West through the early 20th century.[edit]
item	The Story of Mankind	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Mankind	The Story of Mankind was written and illustrated by American journalist, professor, and author Hendrik Willem van Loon and published in 1921. In 1922, it was the first book to be awarded the Newbery Medal for an outstanding contribution to children's literature.
item	A Study of History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Study_of_History	A Study of History is the 12-volume magnum opus of British historian Arnold J. Toynbee, finished in 1961. It is the longest written work ever composed in the English language[citation&#160;needed]. In it he traces the birth, growth and decay of some 21 to 23 major civilizations in the world. These are: Egyptian, Andean, Sinic, Minoan, Sumeric, Mayan , Indic, Hittite, Hellenic, Western, Orthodox Christian (Russia), Far Eastern (Korea/Japan), Orthodox Christian (main body), Far Eastern (main body), Iranic, Arabic, Hindu, Mexic, Yucatec, and Babylonic. There are four 'abortive civilisations' (Abortive Far Western Christian, Abortive Far Eastern Christian, Abortive Scandinavian , Abortive Syriac) and five 'arrested civilisations' (Polynesian, Eskimo, Nomadic, Ottoman, Spartan); thirty in all.
item	The Swastika Outside Germany	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swastika_Outside_Germany	The Swastika Outside Germany is a book by Donald M. McKale. It is a history of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei Auslands-Organisation (NSDAP/AO, National Socialist German Workers' Party Foreign Organization), an institution created by the Third Reich as a network of Nazi groups outside Germany.
item	Ten Days that Shook the World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Days_that_Shook_the_World	Ten Days that Shook the World (1919) is a book by American journalist and socialist John Reed, about the October Revolution in Russia 1917 which Reed experienced first-hand. Reed followed many of the prominent Bolshevik leaders, especially Zinoviev and Karl Radek, closely during his time in Russia, and there is no denying that the book sides with the Communists and their standpoints.
item	The Bible Unearthed	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible_Unearthed	The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts is a controversial book about the origin of the Bible. The bold thesis of this book is that there is no archaeological evidence for the existence of Abraham, Patriarchs, Moses, or the Exodus, and that the monarchies of David or Solomon were much smaller than the Bible implies.
item	Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_and_Practice_of_Muslim_State_in_India	Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India is a book by historian K.S. Lal published in 1999. It is a study on Muslim administration in India.
item	The Third Reich and the Arab East	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Reich_and_the_Arab_East	The Third Reich and the Arab East is a 1963 book by Łukasz Hirszowicz. It is a history of the interaction between nations and individuals of the Arab Middle East and the Axis Powers, primarily Nazi Germany.
item	Thirteen Days %28book%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Days_%28book%29	Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis is a non-fiction account of the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, written by Robert F. Kennedy. The book was released in 1969, a year after his assassination.
item	The Twenty Years%27 Crisis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twenty_Years%27_Crisis	The Twenty Years' Crisis was written by Edward Hallett Carr (usually known as E. H. Carr) in 1939. A classic text of International Relations it is often seen as one of the first modern realist texts. The complexities of the text have recently been better understood with a growing literature on Carr including books by Michael Cox and Charles Jones.
item	Twenty-Four Histories	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories	The Twenty-Four Histories (Chinese: 二十四史; Pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade-Giles: Erhshihszu Shih) is a collection of Chinese historical books covering a period of history from 3000 BC to the Ming Dynasty in the 17th century. The whole set contain 3213 volumes and about 40 millions words. It is often considered an authoritative source of traditional Chinese history and culture, and is used for research on literature, art, music, science, military affairs, geography, ethnography and other subjects.Contents1 Books of the Twenty-Four Histories1.1 Inheritance works2 See also3 External links
item	Unos Anales Hist%C3%B3ricos de la Naci%C3%B3n Mexicana	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unos_Anales_Hist%C3%B3ricos_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Mexicana	The Anales de Tlatelolco (Annals of Tlatelolco) is a codex manuscript written in Nahuatl, using Latin characters, by anonymous Aztec authors in 1528 in Tlatelolco, only seven years after the fall of the Aztec Empire. The manuscript provides an authentic insight into the thoughts and outlook of the newly-conquered Aztec culture.
item	Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Update_on_the_Aryan_Invasion_Debate	Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate is a book by Koenraad Elst. The book discusses various aspects of the Indo-Aryan migration debate.
item	Vietnam: The Origins of Revolution	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam:_The_Origins_of_Revolution	Vietnam: The Origins of Revolution is a 1966 book by John T. McAlister, Jr. which argues for an original theory on political revolution in Vietnam. The book, a revised version of the author's doctoral dissertation, chronicles the history of Vietnam from the nascent French colonization in 1885 to the August Revolution in 1946. These events serve as a useful background to the revolution and help support the author's thesis that the political events in the middle of the 20th century in Vietnam were not limited to an anti-colonial revolt, but constituted a pervasive political revolution.[edit]
item	Villehardouin%27s De la Conqu%C3%AAte de Constantinople	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villehardouin%27s_De_la_Conqu%C3%AAte_de_Constantinople	Sources:
item	War in the Age of Intelligent Machines	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_Age_of_Intelligent_Machines	War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991) is a book by Manuel de Landa which traces the history of warfare and of technology. It is influenced in part by Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1978), and also reinterprets the concepts of war machines and machinic phylum, introduced in Deleuze and Guattari's A Thousand Plateaus (1980) — Deleuze &amp; Guattari appreciated Foucault's definition of philosophy as a "tool case" which was to encourage into thinking new ideas. Thus, they prepared themselves the field for a reappropriation of their concepts, that is, a different use in another context of the "same" concept, which they also theorized under the name of "actualization". Manuel de Landa wisely take advantage of this liberty offered by these authors to draw on their concepts and investigate his field of studies with them: history of warfare and technologies.Contents1 A social history of technology and of warfare<li class="toclev
item	We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Wish_to_Inform_You_That_Tomorrow_We_Will_Be_Killed_With_Our_Families	We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (ISBN 0-312-24335-9) is a 1998 non-fiction book about the genocide of 800,000 Tutsis and others in Rwanda in 1994, written by The New Yorker writer Philip Gourevitch.
item	What is History%3F	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_is_History%3F	What is History? is a 1961 nonfiction book by historian Edward Hallet Carr on historiography. It discusses history, facts, the bias of historians, science, morality, individuals and society, and moral judgements in history.
item	A World Lit Only by Fire	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_World_Lit_Only_by_Fire	A World Lit Only by Fire, by William Manchester, is a general synopsis of the medieval times in Europe, dating from 410 AD to 1536 AD. The bulk of the book is comprised of anecdotes detailing the treachery (usually debauchery) and utter chaos that was the Middle Ages. A large portion of this is directly targeted at the scandalous nature of the Roman Catholic Church at that time. The back end of the book is essentially a log of the quest of Magellan and its effect on common knowledge. This book, though quite educational, is not intended for such use, and its design leans toward humor more than study. This article about a history book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "<a 
item	Zhan Guo Ce	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhan_Guo_Ce	Zhàn Guó Cè (Traditional Chinese: 戰國策&#160;;Simplified Chinese: 战国策) was a renowned ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States Period compiled in late Western Han Dynasty by Liu Xiang. It is an important literature in the research of Warring States Period as it accounts the strategies and political views of the school of negotiations and reveals the historical and social characteristics of the period.
item	Current events	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_events	[edit]HighlightsJaroslaw Kaczynski, the twin brother of Polish President Lech Kaczyński is nominated to be the next Prime Minister of Poland.After weeks of political unrest, José Ramos Horta is appointed as the Prime Minister of East Timor by President Xanana Gusmão.Felipe Calderón (pictured) defeats Andrés Manuel 
item	Chronology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology	Chronology is the science of locating events in time. An arrangement of events, from either earliest to latest or the reverse, is also called a chronology or, particularly when involving graphical elements, a timeline. See also Chronicle.Contents1 Definition2 See also2.1 Chronologies2.2 Techniques2.3 Other2.4 Chronology in Wikipedia3 External links4 Further reading
item	Anachronism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anachronism	An anachronism (from the Greek ana, "against," and chronos, "time") is something that is out of its proper time. For example, if a play set during the Roman Republic portrays a person using an electronic computer, the computer is an anachronism.
item	Anno Domini	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini	Anno Domini (Latin: "In the Year of the Lord"), abbreviated as AD or A.D., defines an epoch based on the traditionally-reckoned year of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Similarly, Before Christ, abbreviated as BC or B.C., is used in the English language to denote years before the start of this epoch. Some Non-Christians use the term, AD as a figure of speech but do not imply that Jesus is a Lord or Savior. Others prefer the term, “CE” meaning ”Common Era” or “Christian Era” in place of AD and “BCE”, meaning “Before Christian Era” in place of BC. See, Support and Opposition.
item	Ante Christum Natum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Christum_Natum	Ante Christum Natum, usually abbreviated to A.C.N., a.C.n., or ACN, Latin for Before the Birth of Christ, denotes the years before the birth of Jesus Christ. It is hence equivalent to the far more common B.C. (Before Christ) and B.C.E. (Before Common Era).
item	Blytt-Sernander	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blytt-Sernander	The Blytt-Sernander classification, or sequence, is a series of north European climatic periods or phases based on the study of Danish peat bogs by Axel Blytt (1876) and Rutger Sernander (1908). The classification was incorporated into a sequence of pollen zones later defined by Lennart von Post.Contents1 Description2 Problems2.1 Dating and Calibration2.2 Cross-discipline correlation3 The sequence4 Marker species5 External links
item	Calendar era	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era	A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. For example, the Gregorian calendar numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the Coptic and Ethiopic churches have their own Christian eras, see below). The instant, date, or year from which time is marked is called the epoch of the era. There are many different calendar eras. Some are listed below along with their abbreviations (if any).A.D. (or AD) — for the Latin Anno Domini, meaning in the year of (our) Lord. This is the dominant or Western Christian Era; AD is used in the Gregorian calendar. Anno Salutis, meaning in the year of salvation is identical to the same era. Originally intended to number years from the birth of Jesus, in fact the calculation was a few years off. Traditionally, years preceding AD 1 are numbered using the BC era (see below) to avoid zero or negative numbers. However, the astronomical year numbering convention happily uses zero and negative year numbers in the AD era.Note: AD was also used in the medieval Julian Calendar as well, but the calendars are not identical. To distinguish between them, O.S. and N.S. were often added to the date, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries, when both calendars were in common use. Old St
item	Chronology of Jesus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus	Major events in Jesus' life in the GospelsNativityChildhoodBaptismTemptationSermon on the MountAppointed 12 ApostlesExorcismsTransfigurationMoney ChangersOlivet discourseLast SupperTrialPassionDeathResurrectionGreat CommissionAscensionSecond Comin
item	Chronology of the Ancient Near East	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Ancient_Near_East	The Chronology of the Ancient Near East deals with the notoriously difficult task of assigning dates to various events, rulers and dynasties of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC.The chronology of this region is based on five sets of primary materials. They are, from the most recent to the earliest:The Canon of Kings from Ptolemy.An unbroken series of Neo-Assyrian eponym lists.Babylonian King Lists A and B, the Synchronistic Chronicle, the Assyrian King List, and a number of shorter lists of year names.The First Dynasty of Babylon, though ambiguities and disagreements have led to three different schemes for dates between the 10th and 21st centuries. The most common ("low chronology") sets the eighth year of Ammisaduqa at 1531 BC.The Sumerian King List.Three different dati
item	Conventional Egyptian chronology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_Egyptian_chronology	This is a Conventional Egyptian chronology.Contents1 Introduction1.1 Sources2 Protodynastic Period2.1 Dynasty 0 circa 3100–29203 Early Dynastic Period3.1 1st Dynasty 2920-27703.2 2nd Dynasty 2770-26503.3 Position uncertain4 Old Kingdom4.1 3rd Dynasty 2649-25754.2 4th Dynasty 2575-21344.3 5th Dynasty4.4
item	Egyptian chronology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_chronology	The creation of a reliable Chronology of Ancient Egypt is a task fraught with problems. While the overwhelming majority of Egyptologists agree on the outline and many of the details of a common chronology, disagreements either individually or in groups have resulted in a variety of dates offered for rulers and events. This variation begins with only a few years in the Late Period, gradually growing to a decade at the beginning of the New Kingdom, and eventually to as much as a century by the start of the Old Kingdom. The reader is advised to include this factor of uncertainty with any date offered either in Wikipedia or any history of Ancient Egypt.Contents1 Counting regnal years2 Synchronisms3 The attraction of alternative chronologies4 New chronologies5 Notes6 See also7
item	Epoch %28reference date%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_%28reference_date%29	In chronology, an epoch is an instant chosen as the origin of a particular time scale. The epoch serves as a reference point from which time is measured. Days, hours and other time units are counted from the epoch, so that the date and time of events can be specified. Events that took place earlier can be dated by counting negatively from the epoch. Epochs are generally chosen to be convenient or significant by a consensus of the time scale's initial users.Contents1 Calendars1.1 Asian national eras1.2 Religious eras2 Astronomy3 Computing3.1 Trivia4 External links
item	Era of Martyrs	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_Martyrs	The anno Diocletiani era or the Diocletian era or the Era of Martyrs is a method of numbering years used by Alexandrian Christians during the fourth and fifth centuries. Western Christians were aware of it but did not use it. It was named for the Roman Emperor Diocletian who instigated the last major persecution against Christians in the Empire. As Diocletian began his reign during the Alexandrian year beginning on August 29, 284, year one began on that date. The era was used to number the year in Easter tables produced by the Church of Alexandria. When Dionysius Exiguus continued those tables for additional 95 years, he replaced the anno Diocletiani era with his anno Domini era because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. The anno Domini era became dominant in the Latin West but was not used in the Greek East until modern times.
item	Japanese TD	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_TD	Traditional dating of Japan is dating of pre-historical and early historical events, based on material in Japanese chronicles and legends. Later generations, when writing firstly Japanese legends (such as Nihonshoki and Kojiki) and afterwards history mostly based on those legends, assigned years that have now, after scientific research, been assessed untrustworthy as without credibility.
item	Millennium	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium	A millennium is a period of time, equal to one thousand years (from Latin mille, thousand, and annum, year). The term may implicitly refer to calendar millennia; periods tied numerically to a particular dating system, specifically ones that begin at the starting (initial reference) point of the calendar in question (typically the year 0 or the year 1) or in later years which are whole number multiples of a thousand years after it. This concept is the one primarily discussed in this article.
item	Missing Years %28Hebrew calendar%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_Years_%28Hebrew_calendar%29	The missing years in the Hebrew calendar refer to a discrepancy of some 165 years between the traditional Hebrew dating for the destruction of the First Temple (3338 AM) and the modern secular dating for it (586 BCE) that results if the traditional date is interpreted according to the standard Hebrew calendar (making 3338 AM = 421 BCE).Contents1 Misconceptions regarding the missing years1.1 Two-year difference within the Hebrew calendar1.2 Differences between the standard Hebrew and Gregorian calendars1.3 The missing years and Daniel2 Resolving the discrepancy2.1 Mistakes in the Hebrew or secular dating2.1.1 Missing reign lengths in the Hebrew dating<span class="tocnumbe
item	Older Dryas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Older_Dryas	The Older Dryas was a somewhat variable cold, dry Blytt-Sernander period of North Europe, roughly equivalent to Pollen zone 1c. It is named after an indicator genus, the alpine/tundra plant Dryas, which flourished during the penultimate stadial of the Pleistocene. The Older Dryas period was preceded by the Bølling and followed by the Allerød periods.Contents1 Dates2 Description3 Flora4 Fauna5 Man6 External links
item	Oldest Dryas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_Dryas	The Oldest Dryas was a climatic period, which occurred during the coldest stadial after the Weichselian glaciation in north Europe. In the Alps, the oldest Dryas corresponds to the Gschnitz stadial of the Wurm glaciation. The three “Dryas” periods (younger, older, oldest) are named for a marker species, Dryas octopetala, detected in core samples of glacial ice and peat bogs. The oldest Dryas corresponds to Pollen zone 1a.Contents1 Dating2 Late pleistocene climate sequence3 Flora4 Fauna5 Human prehistory6 External links
item	Pollen zone	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_zone	Pollen zones are a system of subdividing late Pleistocene and early Holocene paleoclimate using the data from pollen cores. The sequence provides a global chronological structure to a wide variety of scientists, such as geologists, climatologisists, geographists and archaeologists, who study the physical and cultural environment of the last 15,000 years.Contents1 History2 Notes on the sequence table3 Sequence table4 External links
item	Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_table_of_the_principal_old_world_prehistoric_cultures	Purpose
item	Seleucid era	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_era	The Seleucid era was a system of numbering years in use by the Seleucid Empire and other countries among the ancient Hellenistic civilizations. The era dates from the return of Seleucus I Nicator to Babylon in 311 BC after his exile in Ptolemaic Egypt, considered by Seleucus and his court to mark the foundation of the Seleucid Empire. The introduction of the new era is mentioned in one of the Babylonian Chronicles, the Chronicle of the Diadochi (BCHP 3; obverse, line 4).
item	Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_tablet_of_Ammisaduqa	The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa recovered from the library at Nineveh, is a 7th century cuneiform tablet that bears ancient records of the rise times of Venus. Several dates for the original observations have been proposed: 1702, 1646, 1582 and 1419 BC. The information copied on the surviving tablet was first compiled during the reign of king Ammisaduqa, grandson of Hammurabi of the First Dynasty of Babylon. The tablet is currently part of the British Museum collections.
item	Year zero	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_zero	A year zero does not exist in the Christian Era and its Gregorian calendar or its anterior Julian calendar.
item	Zero-ists	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-ists	The Zero-ists were a body of people who argued in 1899 – 1900 that the beginning of the Twentieth Century should be celebrated on January 1, 1900, not January 1, 1901.
item	Cultural heritage	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage	Cultural heritage ("national heritage" or just "heritage") is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Often though, what is considered cultural heritage by one generation may be rejected by the next generation, only to be revived by a succeeding generation.
item	Al-Azhar Park	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Park	Al-Azhar Park is a major park in Cairo's Darb al-Ahmar neighborhood in Egypt. It was inaugurated in May 2005.
item	Ancient monument	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_monument	An ancient monument is an early historical structure or monument (e.g., an archaeological site) worthy of preservation and study due to archaeological or heritage interest.[edit]
item	Architectural conservation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_conservation	Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of mankind's built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator. Decisions of when and how to engage in an intervention are critical to the ultimate conservation of the immovable object. Ultimately, the decision is value based: a combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values are normally considered. In some cases, a decision to not intervene may be the most appropriate choice.
item	Commonwealth of Nations	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations	The Commonwealth of Nations, usually known as the Commonwealth, is an association of 53 independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire.It was once known as the British Commonwealth of Nations or British Commonwealth, and some still call it by that name, either for historical reasons or to distinguish it from the other commonwealths around the world. [1][2]. The full name, Commonwealth of Nations, is sufficient to distinguish the Commonwealth from other commonwealths such as the Commonwealth of Independent States or the Commonwealth of Australia.Queen Elizabeth II, who is called the Head of State of 16 of the 53 Commonwealth Realms, is the Head of the Commonwealth, and serves as its symbolic chief executive. This title, however, does not imply any political power over member nations, and does not automatically belong to the British monarc
item	Cultural heritage tourism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage_tourism	Cultural heritage tourism is a branche of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage.
item	Docent	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docent	A docent (the word being derived from the Latin word docere, meaning to teach) is officially defined as a professor or university lecturer, but the term has been expanded to designate the corps of volunteer guides who staff many of the museums and other educational institutions in the world. Docents are educators, trained to further the public's understanding of the cultural and historical collections of the institution. In many cases, docents, in addition to their prescribed function as guides, also conduct research utilizing the institution's facilities.
item	European Heritage Days	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Heritage_Days	European Heritage Days (Journées Européenes du Patrimoine) is a joint initiative of the Council of Europe and the European Union involving all 48 signatory states of the European Cultural Convention under the motto, Europe: a common heritage. The annual programme offers opportunities to visit buildings, monuments and sites, many of which are not normally accessible to the public. It aims to widen access and foster care for architectural and environmental heritage. These events are also known as Doors Open Days in English-speaking countries.
item	European Heritage Open Days	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Heritage_Open_Days	Heritage Open Days is an annual celebration of England's architecture and culture that allows visitors free access to historical landmarks that are either not usually open, or would normally charge an entrance fee. It also includes tours, events and activities related to architecture and culture.
item	Federation of Old Cornwall Societies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Old_Cornwall_Societies	The Federation of Old Cornwall Societies (FOCS) was formed in 1924, with the objective of collecting and maintaining "all those ancient things that make the spirit of Cornwall — its traditions, its old words and ways, and what remains to it of its Celtic language and nationality".Contents1 The FOCS motto2 Members of the Federation3 See also4 External links
item	Heritage interpretation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_interpretation	Heritage interpretation consists of any communication process designed to reveal meanings and relationships of cultural and natural heritage to the public, through first hand involvement with an object, artifact, landscape or site.
item	Heritage tourism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_tourism	Heritage tourism involves visiting historical or industrial sites that may include old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc. The overall purpose is to gain an appreciation of the past.
item	Historic garden conservation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_garden_conservation	Historic garden conservation is a specialised type of historic preservation concerned with gardens. Practitioners tend to come from backgrounds in horticulture, garden design or landscape architecture. To prepare a management plan for a historic garden, such experts require knowledge and skills in design, horticulture, history and management. Specialist educational programmes are available.[edit]
item	Historic preservation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation	Historic preservation is the theory and practice of creatively maintaining the historic built environment and controlling the landscape component of which it is an integral part. The Secretary of the Interior of the U.S. government defines the historic environment as districts, sites, buildings, structures, objects, and landscapes which are significant in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture.
item	ICHIM	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICHIM	The annual International Cultural Heritage Informatics Meeting conference (ICHIM) is organized by Archives &amp; Museums Informatics. It is normally held in Europe, especially Paris, and covers digital culture and heritage.[edit]
item	Jugendstilsenteret	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendstilsenteret	Jugendstilsenteret is a national Art Nouveau Centre located in the former Swan Pharmacy building in central Ålesund, the Art Nouveau town of Norway.
item	National Historic Ships Committee	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Ships_Committee	The National Historic Ships Committee (NHSC) is the co-ordinating body tasked with promoting the preservation of significant ships and vessels which reflect the UK's maritime history. The NHSC provides an overview of all aspects of historic vessel preservation.Contents1 Background2 The National Register of Historic Vessels3 See also4 External links
item	Timbertown	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbertown	Timbertown is a popular attraction, depicting the colonial era of northern New South Wales. It is located at Wauchope in Australia. Timbertown is an interactive museum which has been enjoyed periodic success as a family-friendly tourist attraction.
item	Tombstone tourist	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstone_tourist	A tombstone tourist is one who travels to visit cemeteries and sometimes photographing graves. Tombstone tourists usually are more interested in the historical aspects of graves, or looking for ancestry. Opponents of such tourists consider tombstone tourism as a morbid hobby, but tombstone tourists believe that a lot can be learned from cemeteries.[edit]
item	Fictional world	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_world	A fictional universe is a cohesive imaginary world that serves as the setting or backdrop for one or (more commonly) multiple works of fiction.
item	History of Arda	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arda	The main part of this article relates to a version of Middle-earth's history that is considered canon by many Tolkien fans (see: Middle-earth canon); it may contradict parts of The Silmarillion or other texts. This subject's portrayal in other versions is discussed in the other versions of the legendarium section.The history of J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth is divided into three time periods, known as the Years of the Valar, Years of the Trees and Years of the Sun. A separate, overlapping chronology divides the history into 'Ages of the Children of Iluvatar'. The first such Age began with the making of Arda, but it is counted in years from the Awakening of the Elves during the Years of the Trees and continued for the first six centuries of the Years of the Sun. All the subsequent Ages took place during the Years of the Sun. Most Middle-earth stories take place in the first three Ages of the Children of Iluvatar.Contents1 Music of the Ainur<a href="#Years
item	Historical references in Shadow Hearts	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_references_in_Shadow_Hearts	This is a listing of many of the various historical references found in the games Shadow Hearts and Shadow Hearts: Covenant and Shadow Hearts: From the New World, for those unfamiliar with events of the time (the early 20th century).Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
item	Alltagsgeschichte	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte	Alltagsgeschichte is a form of Microhistory practised in particular by German historians during the 1980s.
item	Big History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History	Big History is a discrete field of historical study that arose in the late 1980s. It examines history on a large scale across long time frames through a multi-disciplinary approach.Contents1 What is Big History?2 Historiography3 See also4 External links5 References
item	Cultural history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history	Cultural history (from the German term Kulturgeschichte), at least in its common definition since the 1970s, often combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. It overlaps in its approaches with the French movements of histoire des mentalités (Philippe Poirrier, 2004) and the so-called new history, and in the U.S. it is closely associated with the field of American studies.
item	Diplomatic history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history	Sometimes referred to as "Rankian History", diplomatic history focuses on politics, politicians and other high rulers and views them as being the driving force of continuity and change in history. It is the study of the conduct of international relations between states or across state boundaries.
item	Gender history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_history	Gender History is a sub-field of History and Gender studies, which looks at the past from the perspective of gender. It is in many ways, an outgrowth of Women's History.Contents1 Impact1.1 Within the Profession1.2 Supplementary History1.3 Gender Theory
item	History of ideas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ideas	The history of ideas, a field of research in history and in related fields, deals with the expression, preservation, and change of human ideas over time. Scholars often consider the history of ideas a sister-discipline to, or a particular approach within, intellectual history. Work in the history of ideas usually involves close research in the history of philosophy and the history of literature. Recently some colleges and universities, such as Pitzer College and the University of Washington, have begun to offer undergraduate degrees in this field.
item	Local history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_history	Local history is the study of the history of a relatively small geographic area; typically a specific settlement, parish or county. Local history came to the fore with the antiquarians of the nineteenth century and was particularly emphasised by the creation of the Victoria County History series in England. Its establishment as a formal academic discipline is usually credited to W. G. Hoskins who also popularised the subject with his book The Making of the English Landscape.Contents1 History of English local history2 Researching local history3 Primary sources for local history4 Secondary sources for local history5 Further reading5.1 Books5.2 Magazines<
item	Microhistory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhistory	Microhistory is a branch of the study of history. First developed in the 1970s microhistory is the study of the past on a very small scale. The most common type of microhistory is the study of a small town or village. Other common studies include looking at individuals of minor importance, or analysing a single painting. As the roots of major events are grounded in the actions of villagers these studies often have much larger ramifications. Microhistory is an important component of the "new history" that has emerged since the 1960s. It is usually done in close collaboration with the social sciences, such as anthropology and sociology.
item	Quantitative history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_history	Quantitative history is an application of statistical methodology developed in social science into the field of history. This type of history is often ignored by historians who conceptualize history as a record of events and view the theoretical and quantitative analysis of these events with skepticism and sometimes disdain.
item	Social history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history	Social history is an area of historical study considered by some to be a social science that attempts to view historical evidence from the point of view of developing social trends. In this view, it may include areas of economic history, legal history and the analysis of other aspects of civil society that show the evolution of social norms, behaviors and mores. It is distinguished from political history, military history and the so-called history of great men. Whereas Social history can be considered 'Grass- roots history' because it deals with the every-day people, the masses and how they shape History rather than the leaders. While proponents of history from below and the French annales school of historians have considered themselves part of social history, it is seen as a much broader movement among historians in the development of historiography. Unlike other approaches, it tries to see itself as a synthetic form of history not limited to the statement of so-called historical fact but willing to analyse historical data in a more systematic manner. A question in social history is whether the masses follow the leaders or whether it is the other way around.
item	Urban History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_History	Urban history is an field of history that attempts examine the historical nature of cities and towns, and the process of urbanisation. The approach tends to be multidisciplinary, crossing boundaries into fields like local history, architectural history, urban sociology and urban geography.
item	Virtual history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_history	Virtual history, also referred to as counterfactual history, is a form of history which attempts to answer "what if" questions. It seeks to explore history and historical processes from the point of view of extrapolating a position in which certain key historical events did not happen or had an outcome which was different to that which did in fact occur. Most historians regard counterfactual history as sometimes entertaining, but not meeting the standards of mainstream historical research due to its speculative nature. It should be noted that virtual history is most emphatically not revisionist history, nor should it be confused with the genre of alternative history fiction.
item	World History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_History	World History is a field of historical study that emerged as a distinct academic field in the 1980s. It examines history from a global perspective.Contents1 Overview2 Precursors3 See also4 External links
item	List of historians	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historians	This is a list of historians.
item	Abraham ben Jacob	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ben_Jacob	Abraham ben Jacob, better known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Yaqub was a 10th century Sephardi Jew, a traveller, merchant and chronicler from Moorish-ruled Ṭurṭūšah in Al-Andalus. Between 965 and 971 he travelled throughout Western and Central Europe. The memoirs and commentaries of this travel were later published in Abu Abdullah al-Bakri's Book of Highways and of Kingdoms. His work is best known as the first reliable description of the Polish state ruled by Mieszko I.
item	Abu Said Gardizi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Said_Gardizi	Abu Said Abdol-Hayy b. Zahhak Gardizi (died approx. 1061), Persian geographer and historian of the early 5th/11th century who wrote the book Zayn –al akhbar. Gardizi's work is very important for the Islamic history of eastern Persia.&#160;This article about a historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.&#160;This biographical article about a person notable in connection with Islam is a stub. You can <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikip
item	Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur	Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (August 24, 1603; Urgench, Khanate of Khiva – 1663; Khiva) was a khan of Khiva and a historian of Chagatai Turkish literature.
item	Aethelweard	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethelweard	Æthelweard (Ethelward), Anglo-Saxon historian, was the great-grandson of Æthelred of Wessex, the brother of Alfred the Great, and ealdorman or earl of the western provinces (i.e. probably of the whole of Wessex).
item	Taner Ak%C3%A7am	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am	Altuğ Taner Akçam (born on October 23, 1953 in Ardahan, Turkey) is a Turkish historian, sociologist and author. He is one of the first Turkish academics to acknowledge and discuss openly the Armenian Genocide by the Ottoman Turkish government in 1915.Contents1 Studies2 Work3 Partial bibliography3.1 Books3.2 Articles4 External links
item	Donald Akenson	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Akenson	Donald Harman Akenson is a historian and author. Akenson received his B.A. from Yale University and his doctorate from Harvard University. He is Professor of History at Queen's University and Beamish Research Professor at the Institute of Irish Studies, University of Liverpool. He has authored many non-fiction books, including more than a dozen about Irish history, and five novels. His book on the Bible, Surpassing Wonder, was short-listed for the 1999 Governor General's Award for nonfiction, and he has won the Grawemeyer Award for God's Peoples and the Trillium Book Award for Conor: The Biography of Conor Cruise O'Brien. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and of the Royal Historical Society (UK).[edit]
item	Shirin Akiner	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin_Akiner	Shirin Akiner is an internationally recognised specialist in Central Asian Studies at London University's School of Oriental and African Studies, SOAS. She has produced many works, particularly on Uzbekistan. Member of Editorial and Advisory Board of Journal of Central Asian and Caucasian Studies.
item	Akram Assem	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akram_Assem	Assem Akram [1](b. 1965) is an historian, and author. He was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, and holds a PhD in history from Sorbonne University, Paris.
item	Alex Mihai Stoenescu	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Mihai_Stoenescu	Alex Mihai Stoenescu is a Romanian historian, writer, and journalist.
item	Alexander Rose %28author%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Rose_%28author%29	Alexander Rose is an author and a historian. He has authored Kings in the North: The House of Percy in British History, a look at the gentry of Northumberland, and Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring, a detailed account of George Washington's personal spies, the Culper Ring.
item	Alexander of Telese	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Telese	Alexander of Telese (Italian: Alessandro Telesino) was the abbot of San Salvatore, near Telese, in southern Italy from before 1127 to before November 1143. He was a chronicler and historian whose most famous work is The Deeds Done by King Roger of Sicily, a largely biographical work coverring the reign of Roger II of Sicily. This work was written at the request and with the patronage of Matilda, a half-sister of Roger and wife of Ranulf II, Count of Alife. It covers only the years after 1127 in detail, ending abruptly in 1136. Though written for the sister of Roger and wife of his chiefest enemy, it was definitely a piece of royalist propaganda. It couples well with the chronicle of his contemporary Falco of Benevento, who opposed Roger in everything.[edit]
item	Thomas G. Alexander	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_G._Alexander	Thomas G. Alexander is an American historian and academic who acts as the Lemuel H. Redd Professor of Western History at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. He is the former director of the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies. Alexander is considered a leader of what has been called the "New Mormon History", whose practitioners attempt to approach their religious and theological subjects with functional objectivity. He is also the author of Utah's official statehood centennial history.
item	Annianus of Alexandria	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annianus_of_Alexandria	Annianus of Alexandria or Annianos was a monk who flourished in Alexandria during the bishopric of Theophilus of Alexandria around the beginning of the fifth century. He criticized the world history of his contemporary monk Panodorus of Alexandria for relying too much on secular sources rather than biblical sources for his dates.
item	George Antonius	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Antonius	George Antonius (1891-1941) was the first historian of Arab nationalism. Born of Lebanese-Egyptian parentage and a Christian Arab, he served in the British Mandate of Palestine. His seminal 1938 book The Arab Awakening was written as Palestine was slipping from Arab control.
item	Alfred Ritter von Arneth	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ritter_von_Arneth	Alfred Ritter von Arneth (July 10, 1819 - July 30, 1897), Austrian historian, born at Vienna, was the son of Joseph Calasanza von Arneth (1791-1863), a well-known historian and archaeologist, who wrote a history of the Austrian Empire (Vienna, 1827) and several works on numismatics.
item	Austin App	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_App	To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup.Please discuss this issue on the talk page, or replace this tag with a more specific message. Editing help is available.This article has been tagged since February 2006.Austin Joseph App (1902-1984) German-American Anti-Semite and Nazi.Nazi war criminals are not the only ones denying the enormity of the tragedy they had perpetrated. The standard euphemism for Holocaust denial has been “historical revision,” a term which, like “anti-Semitism,” is itself a form of denial. One of the early “revisionists” was the German-American “historian” Austin Joseph App, an antisemite and a Nazi.In 1973 App “laid out” eight patently-absurd “axioms”:Emigration, not extermination, was the German Nazi plan for dealing with Germany’s “Jewish problem.No Jews were gassed in any German concentration camps and probably not at Auschwitz either.Jews who disappeared during the years of WWII and have not been accounted for did so in territories under Soviet, rather than German, cont
item	Johannes Aventinus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Aventinus	Johannes Aventinus (1477–1534) was a Bavarian historian and philologist. His real name was Johann Georg Turmair, and "Aventinus" is a latinization of his birthplace, Abensberg. He was in communication with Philipp Melanchthon and Martin Luther. Ludwig I of Bavaria had Aventinus' bust erected in the Walhalla temple.
item	Paul Avrich	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Avrich	Paul Avrich (August 4, 1931-February 16, 2006) was a professor and historian. He taught at Queens College, New York for most of his life and was vital in preserving the history of the anarchist movement in Russia and the USA.[edit]
item	Ernst Badian	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Badian	Ernst Badian (b. 1925) is an Austrian-born classical scholar who served as a professor at Harvard University from 1971 to 1998.
item	Teimuraz Bagrationi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimuraz_Bagrationi	Teimuraz Bagrationi (April 23, 1782-October 25, 1846) was outstanding Georgian historian and philologist, one of the founders of scientific schools of Kartvelology and Rustvelology, Academician of the St.Petersburg Emperor Academy of Sciences (now Russian Academy of Sciences).
item	Thomas A. Bailey	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey	Thomas Andrew Bailey (December 14, 1902 near San Jose, California - July 26, 1983 in Menlo Park, California) was a professor of history at Stanford University and authored many historical tomes, including the widely-used American history textbook, The American Pageant.Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:Thomas A. Bailey &#160;This article about an American writer is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" 
item	Caesar Baronius	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Baronius	Caesar Baronius (October 31, 1538 – June 30, 1607), Italian cardinal and ecclesiastical historian, was born at Sora, and was educated at Veroli and Naples. At Rome he joined the Congregation of the Oratory in 1557 under St. Philip Neri and succeeded him as superior in 1593. Pope Clement VIII, whose confessor he was, made him cardinal in 1596 and librarian of the Vatican.
item	Jacques Barzun	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barzun	Jacques Martin Barzun (born November 30, 1907, Grenoble France) is a leading American historian of ideas and culture. He has also eloquently defended tradition in the practice of higher education and scholarship.[edit]
item	Iraj Bashiri	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraj_Bashiri	Iraj Bashiri is one of the leading scholars in the fields of Central Asian Studies and Iranian Studies. Fluent in English, Persian, Tajik, and Turkic Bashiri has been able to study and translate works otherwise inaccessible to the mostly Russian-speaking Central Asian studies community. Bashiri career focus started on Persia then shifted to the Tajik identity and the relations between Tajiks and the Turkic people of Central Asia, namely the Uzbeks.Contents1 Biography2 Partial List of Published Works3 Resources4 External Links
item	Bat Ye%27or	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_Ye%27or	Bat Ye'or (meaning "daughter of the Nile" in Hebrew; pseudonym of Giselle Littman) is an Egyptian-born British Jewish author and historian specializing in the Middle East, Islam, and non-Muslims in Muslim lands.Contents1 Early life2 Research3 "Eurabia"4 Public appearances5 Controversy6 Bibliography7 Documentaries8 See also9 External links
item	Hanna Batatu	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Batatu	Hanna Batatu (born 1926, Jerusalem – died 24 June 2000, Winsted, Connecticut) was a Palestinian historian specialising in the history of the modern Arab east. His work on Iraq is widely considered the pre-eminent study of modern Iraqi history.
item	Berossus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berossus	Berossus (also Berossos or Berosus; Greek: Βεροσσος) was a Hellenistic Babylonian writer who was active at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.Contents1 Life and work2 History of Babylonia2.1 Transmission and reception2.2 Sources and content2.3 The achievements of History of Babylonia3 References4 External links
item	Mary Frances Berry	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Frances_Berry	Mary Frances Berry is Geraldine R. Segal Professor of American Social Thought and Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania and the former chairwoman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights. She is also the former board chair of Pacifica Radio. She is a past president of the Organization of American Historians, the primary professional organization for historians of the United States.
item	Bipin Chandra	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipin_Chandra	Bipin Chandra is a historian with Delhi University, India.
item	Thomas Birch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Birch	Thomas Birch (November 23, 1705 - January 9, 1766), English historian, son of Joseph Birch, a coffee-mill maker, was born at Clerkenwell.
item	Yve-Alain Bois	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yve-Alain_Bois	Yve-Alain Bois (born 1952) is an historian and critic of modern art. Yve-Alain Bois was born on April 16, 1952 in Constantine, Algeria.
item	Glen Bowersock	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Bowersock	Glen Bowersock (Born January 12, 1936) is a contemporary scholar of the ancient world and the history of ancient Greece, Rome and the Near East.
item	Alan Bray	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bray	Alan Bray was a British historian and gay rights activist. He was born on 13 October 1948 and died on 25 November 2001. He was a Roman Catholic and had a particular interest in Christian attitudes to homosexuality. A series of Alan Bray Memorial Lectures have been instituted in his memory.[edit]
item	Rob Brettle	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Brettle	Rob Brettle (born September 18, 1963), historian of Salvation Army history, and co-founder of the Christian Mission Historical Association, along with Dr Glenn Horridge. He was born in the Crossley Hospital, a Salvation Army-run hospital attached to the Star Hall in Ancoats, Manchester.
item	Rawdon Brown	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawdon_Brown	Rawdon Brown (born 1803; died August 25, 1883 in Venice) was a historical scholar.
item	Bruno the Saxon	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_the_Saxon	Bruno the Saxon (Latin: Bruno Saxonicus) was a historian of the 11th century, author of Historia de Bello Saxonico ("History of the Saxon War"), an account of the war between Saxon noblemen and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. &#160;This article about a European writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.&#160;This article about a historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php
item	Norman Cantor	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cantor	Norman F. Cantor (born in Winnipeg, Canada on November 19, 1929, died in Miami, Florida, United States on September 18, 2004) was a historian who specialized in the medieval period. Known for his accessible writing and engaging narrative style, Cantor's books were among the most widely-read treatments of medieval history in English. His textbook The Civilization of the Middle Ages, first published in 1964, remains one of the all-time bestsellers in the field.
item	Richard Carrier	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carrier	Richard Carrier M.A., M.Phil. (born 1st December 1969) is freelance writer, researcher and translator but is best known for his writings on Internet Infidels (otherwise known as the Secular Web), where he served as Editor-in-Chief for several years. He specializes in the areas of history and philosophy and has published several books and peer reviewed papers in these areas.[1] He also features on the controversial documentary The God Who Wasn't There where he is interviewed about his doubts on the historicity of Jesus.
item	Ch%27oe Namsun	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27oe_Namsun	Ch’oe Namsun (1890-1957) was born into a chungin (middle people) family in Seoul. He was educated in Seoul in the classical Chinese manner, then studied in Japan in 1904 and again in 1906. While there, he was converted to the Japanese style of modernization, and sought to pattern Korea’s modernization after the Japanese approach. He participated in the Patriotic Enlightenment Movement, publishing the first successful Korean modern magazine, Sonyun (Youth), and pioneered new styles of Korean poetry. He drafted the Declaration of Independence for the March First Movement in 1919. Though he wrote the Declaration of Independence, he refused to sign it, fearing reprisals by the Japanese leadership in control at the time. He was arrested by authorities and imprisoned until 1921. He then joined the organization established by the Japanese Governor-General commissioned to compile the history of Korea. He then wrote many pro-Japanese speeches and articles from 1937 until the liberation of Korea in 1945. In 1949, he was arrested by Syngman Rhee’s government for collaboration with the Japanese during the colonial period. His reputation as a Korean historian is controversial due to his early studies on the traditional founder of Korea, Tan’gun, and his later contributions which were heavily influenced by Japanese views. His historical works are characterized by his complex, intricately detailed, and voluminous writing style.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27oe_Namsun"			Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:His
item	Owen Chadwick	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Chadwick	The Reverend William Owen Chadwick, OM, KBE, FBA, FRSE (born 20 May 1916) is a British professor, writer and prominent historian of Christianity. Brother of The Very Reverend Professor Henry Chadwick, also a distinguished historian of the early Church and a former Dean of Christ Church, University of Oxford, and Master of Peterhouse, University of Cambridge, and of the late Sir John Chadwick, British High Commissioner to Australia.
item	Dipesh Chakrabarty	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipesh_Chakrabarty	Dipesh Chakrabarty is a historian of Bengal who has also made contributions to postcolonial theory and subaltern studies.
item	Jung Chang	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang	Jung Chang, (Traditional Chinese: 張戎, Simplified Chinese: 张戎, Wade-Giles: Chang Jung, Hanyu Pinyin: Zhāng Róng), (born "Er-hong Chang" in 1952), is a Chinese-born British writer, best known for her autobiography Wild Swans, which became the biggest grossing non-fiction paperback in publishing history, selling over 10 million copies worldwide, except in mainland China, where it is banned. [1]
item	Ang%C3%A9lico Ch%C3%A1vez	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lico_Ch%C3%A1vez	Fray Angélico Chávez (April 10, 1910 – March 18, 1996) was an American Franciscan priest, historian, author, poet, and painter.
item	Alexander Campbell Cheyne	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_Cheyne	The Rev. Professor Alexander Campbell Cheyne, commonly known as A. C. Cheyne, is renowned as one of the foremost Scottish scholars of Church History, teaching at New College, Edinburgh from 1958 until his retirement in 1986. Among his major publications are The Transfoming of The Kirk (1983) on Church in Scotland during the Victorian Era The Practical and the Pious (1985), on the life and work of Thomas Chalmers, and The Ten Years' Conflict and the Disruption (1993) on the secession of the Free Church of Scotland from the Church of Scotland in 1843. The festschrift Scottish Christianity in the Modern World (2000) was recently compiled in his honour.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_Cheyne"			Categories: Academics | <a href="/
item	Marek Jan Chodakiewicz	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Jan_Chodakiewicz	Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (born in 1962 in Warsaw, Poland) is an American historian specializing in East Central European history of the 19th and 20th century.
item	Fran%C3%A7ois-Timol%C3%A9on de Choisy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Timol%C3%A9on_de_Choisy	François Timoléon, abbé de Choisy (October 2, 1644 – October 2, 1724) was a French author.
item	Clifton E. Marsh	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_E._Marsh	Dr. Clifton E. Marsh (born August 10, 1946 - ) is an American author, sociologist and educator. He has written a number of books that chronicle the history of various people of the African Diaspora.[edit]
item	J. J. Colledge	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge	James J. Colledge was a noted naval historian, author of Ships of the Royal Navy, the standard work on the fighting ships of the British Royal Navy from the 15th century to the 20th century.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge"			Category: Historians																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account									<a style="background-image: url(/images/wiki-en.png);" href="/wiki/Main_Pag
item	Philip Mallory Conley	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Mallory_Conley	Philip "Phil" Mallory Conley (1887–1979) was a West Virginian historian, author and teacher.[edit]
item	Frederick Cooper	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Cooper	Frederick Cooper is an American historian who specializes in colonialization, decolonialization and African history. Cooper received his Ph.D from Yale University in 1974 and is currently professor of history at New York University.
item	Peter Cowie	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cowie	Peter Cowie (born 1939, England) is a film historian and author of more than twenty books on film. He has been well known since 1963 as the founder/publisher and general editor of the annual The International Film Guide, a survey of worldwide film production.
item	Alistair Cameron Crombie	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Cameron_Crombie	Alistair Cameron Crombie (4 November 1915 – 9 February 1996) was an Australian historian of science who began his career as a zoologist. He was noted for his contributions to research on competition between species before turning to history.
item	Patricia Crone	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Crone	Patricia Crone, Ph. D., (born 1945, Denmark) is a scholar, author and historiographer of early Islamic history working at the Institute for Advanced Study. She co-authored the ground-breaking and controversial Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World, a book that researched the early history of Islam.Contents1 Career2 Bibliography2.1 Sole author2.2 Coauthor3 External links
item	Pamela Kyle Crossley	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Kyle_Crossley	Pamela Kyle Crossley is an historian. Crossley was educated in Lima, Ohio, Emmaus, Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College, and Yale University, where she wrote a dissertation under the direction of Jonathan Spence. Since 1993 she has been Professor of History at Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire.
item	Hamid Dabashi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi	Hamid Dabashi is a prominent American intellectual historian, cultural and literary critic and an internationally recognized authority on Iran and Shi'a Islam. He is the Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York.Among his best-known books are his Authority in Islam, Theology of Discontent, Truth and Narrative, Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Staging a Revolution: The Art of Persuasion in the Islamic Republic of Iran and an edited volume, Dreams of a Nation: On Palestinian Cinema. His much anticipated book on Iranian history and politics Iran: A People Interrupted is scheduled for publication in 2006 by the New Press.Contents1 About Dabashi<span class="tocnumbe
item	Donald Davidson %28historian%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davidson_%28historian%29	Donald Davidson is the current historian of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
item	Alexandre Deulofeu	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Deulofeu	Alexandre Deulofeu i Torres (L'Armentera, 1903 – Figueres, 1978) was a Catalan politician and philosopher of history.
item	Faisal Devji	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Devji	Faisal Devji is historian who specializes in studies of Islam, globalization, violence and ethics. His multidisciplinary work grounds empirical historical issues in philosphical questions. He teaches at The New School for Social Research in New York City.
item	Dietrich of Nieheim	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_of_Nieheim	Dietrich of Nieheim (Niem or Nyem) (c. 1345 – March 22, 1418), medieval historian, was born at Nieheim, a small town subject to the see of Paderborn.
item	Djibril Tamsir Niane	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Tamsir_Niane	Djibril Tamsir Niane is a historian, playwright, and short story writer born January 9, 1932 in Conakry, Guinea. His secondary education was in Senegal and his degree from the University of Bordeaux. He is an honorary professor of Howard University and the University of Tokyo. He is noted for introducing the story of Sundiata to the Western world in 1960 by translating the story told to him by griot Djeli Mamoudou Kouyate. He also edited the UNESCO General History of Africa and did other UNESCO projects.
item	Richard Doherty	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Doherty	Richard Doherty is a County Londonderry-born military historian and author, educated at St. Columb's College, where he is one of the very few pro-Union alumni, whose last book (co-authored by David Truesdale) Irish Men and Women in the Second World War, tells a great deal about the Irish neutrality during World War II that is not widely known.
item	David Herbert Donald	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald	David Herbert Donald (born 1920) is the Charles Warren Professor of American History (emeritus in 1991) at Harvard University and the author of well over thirty books, including the definitive biography of American Civil War-era Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner (Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War). He specializes in the Civil War and Reconstruction periods, and in the history of the South.
item	James S. Donnelly%2C Jr.	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Donnelly%2C_Jr.	James S. Donnelly, Jr. Born 1943. Modern British and Irish historian. Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. One of the most prolific and wide-ranging historians of Ireland, he has also been a leading figure in the promotion of Irish studies in North America.
item	James S. Donnelly%2C Jr	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Donnelly%2C_Jr	James S. Donnelly (James S. Donnelly, Jr.) Born 1943. Modern British and Irish historian. Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. One of the most prolific and wide-ranging historians of Ireland, he has also been a leading figure in the promotion of Irish studies in North America.
item	Beshara Doumani	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beshara_Doumani	Beshara Doumani is an associate professor in the Department of History at the University of California, Berkeley specializing in Middle Eastern history. A frequent commentator on Middle East affairs appearing regularly in various media, he is amongst a handful of academics that also serve as public intellectuals in bridging the gap and furthering greater understanding between the Middle East and the West by providing thoughtful and nuanced analysis.
item	John Dreyer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dreyer	John Louis Emil Dreyer (February 13, 1852 – September 14, 1926) was a Danish-Irish astronomer.
item	Johann Gustav Droysen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Droysen	Johann Gustav Droysen (July 6, 1808 - June 10, 1884), was a German historian.
item	Dudo of Saint-Quentin	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudo_of_Saint-Quentin	Dudo, or Dudon was a Norman historian, and dean of Saint-Quentin, where he was born about 965. Sent in 986 by Albert I, Count of Vermandois, on an errand to Richard I, Duke of Normandy, he succeeded in his mission, and, having made a very favorable impression at the Norman court, spent some years in that country. During a second stay in Normandy, Dudo wrote his history of the Normans, a task which Duke Richard had urged him to undertake. Very little else is known about his life, except that he died before 1043.
item	Alfred Duggan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Duggan	Alfred Duggan (1903 - 1964) was an English historian, archeologist and best-selling historical novelist during the 1950s. His novels are known for being grounded on meticulous historical research. He also wrote some excellent popular histories of Ancient Rome and the Middle Ages. Knight With Armour was his first novel, written in 1946. He visited practically every place and battlefield described in the book, because he was also an archeologist, having worked on excavations in Istanbul during the 1930s.[edit]
item	Edda Manga	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_Manga	Edda Manga (1969 - ) is an historian of ideas and essayist connected to the collective of postcolonial critical cultural production Bwana Club[1] and Uppsala University in Sweden.&#160;This article about a historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_Manga"			Categories: Historians | 1969 births | <a href="/wiki/Category:Liv
item	Edward Champlin	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Champlin	Edward Champlin is a Professor of Classics, Cotsen Professor of Humanities, and Master of Butler College at Princeton University. He teaches Roman history, Roman law, and Latin literature and has written several books regarding these subjects. He is also the co-editor of The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edition, volume 10, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69 (1996)[edit]
item	Victor Ehrenberg %28historian%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Ehrenberg_%28historian%29	Victor Ehrenberg (* November 22, 1891, Altona, Hamburg - January 25, 1976, London) was a German historian. He is a nephew of the jurist Victor Ehrenberg.
item	Christopher Ehret	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ehret	Christopher Ehret, Professor of African History at UCLA, is a major figure in African history and African historical linguistics, particularly known for his efforts to correlate linguistic taxonomy and reconstruction with the archaeological record. His historical books include An African Classical Age, in which he argues for a conception of the period from 1000 BC to 400 AD in East Africa as a "classical age" during which a variety of major technologies and social structures took shape. His linguistic works include reconstructions of Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, and on a smaller scale Southern Cushitic. These reconstructions are impeccably Neogrammarian in their insistence on regular sound changes, but have been criticized for frequently postulating surprising semantic shifts.[edit]
item	Geoffrey Rudolph Elton	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Rudolph_Elton	Sir Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (August 17, 1921 – December 3, 1994) was a pre-eminent British historian of the Tudor period.
item	Erchempert	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erchempert	Erchempert (also Herempert, Latin: 'Erchempertus', Italian: Erchemperto) was a monk of Monte Cassino in the final quarter of the ninth century. He chronicled a history of Lombard Benevento, giving especially vivid account of the violence surrounding his monastic retreat in his own day. The work, Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum, stops in the winter of 888-889 suddenly.[edit]
item	Bob Essery	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Essery	Robert J. "Bob" Essery is a British railway modeller and historian with a particular interest in the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and one of its principle constituents, the Midland Railway (MR).
item	Hugo Falcandus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Falcandus	Hugo Falcandus chronicled the reign of William I of Sicily and the minority of his son William II in a highly critical work entitled The History of the Tyrants of Sicily (or Liber de Regno Sicilie). There is some doubt as to whether "Hugo Falcandus" is a real name or a pseudonym. Evelyn James argued that he was Eugenius, ammiratus ammiratorum from 1190.
item	Falco of Benevento	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco_of_Benevento	Falco of Benevento (Italian: Falcone) was a twelfth-century notary and scribe in the papal palace in Benevento, his native city, where he was born to high-standing parents.
item	Constantin Fasolt	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Fasolt	Constantin Fasolt (born 1951), is Professor of Medieval and Early Modern European History at the University of Chicago and specializes in the development and significance of historical thought.
item	John Hattendorf	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hattendorf	John B. Hattendorf is the author, co-author, editor, or co-editor of more than thirty books on British and American maritime history and naval warfare. Since 1984, he has been the Ernest J. King Professor of Maritime History at the United States Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. He has called the sea "a subject that touches on both the greatest moments of the human spirit as well as on the worst, including war."Contents1 Education and Early Life2 Government Career3 Civilian Career4 Awards5 Authorship6 Works
item	Samuel Finer	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Finer	Samuel Edward Finer, 1915-1993, was a political scientist and historian who was instrumental in advancing political studies as an academic subject in the United Kingdom, pioneering the study of UK political institutions. His most notable work is The History of Government from the Earliest Times — a three-volume comparative analysis of all significant government systems.Contents1 Life[1]2 Masterwork3 Works4 See also5 References6 External links
item	Caroline Finkel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Finkel	Caroline Finkel is a historian and writer with a doctorate from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
item	Florus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus	Florus, Roman historian, lived in the time of Trajan and Hadrian.
item	Tenney Frank	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenney_Frank	Tenney Frank (born Clay Center, Kansas, May 19, 1876; died April 3, 1939, in Oxford, England) was a prominent ancient historian and classical scholar.
item	Frederick Hodges	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hodges	Frederick Mansfield Hodges, Ph.D. (Oxon), is a medical historian.[edit]
item	Richard Nelson Frye	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nelson_Frye	Richard Nelson Frye (c. 1920) is an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian at Harvard University. His professional areas of interest are Iranian philology, and the history of Iran and Central Asia before 1000 CE.
item	Berge Furre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berge_Furre	Berge Ragnar Furre (born April 13, 1937 in Sjernarøy, Finnøy municipality, Ryfylke) is a Norwegian politician, historian and theologian.
item	Kirakos Gandzaketsi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirakos_Gandzaketsi	Kirakos Gandzaketsi (1200?-1271) is an Armenian historian of the 13th century. His "History of Armenia" is a summary of events from the 4th to the 12th century, and a detailed description of the events of his own days. The work is also a primary source for the study of the Mongol invasions.&#160;This Armenian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.&#160;This article about a historian is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"
item	Franklin Garrett	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Garrett	Franklin Miller Garrett (September 25, 1906 – March 5, 2000) was the first and only official historian of Atlanta. His massive Atlanta and Environs (1954) remains the best reference for the city's history.Picture of Franklin M. Garrett from September 1985.
item	Timothy Garton Ash	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash	Timothy Garton Ash (born 12 July 1955) is the author of eight books of political writing or ‘history of the present’ which have charted the transformation of Europe over the last quarter-century. He is Professor of European Studies in the University of Oxford, Director of the European Studies Centre at St Antony’s College, Oxford, and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. His essays appear regularly in the New York Review of Books and he writes a weekly column in the Guardian which is widely syndicated in Europe, Asia and the Americas. He also contributes to the New York Times, the Washington Post and the Wall Street Journal.Contents1 Life2 Education3 Awards and honors4 Partial bibliography5 External links</tab
item	Gavan McCormack	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavan_McCormack	Gavan McCormack is an Orientalist specialising in East Asia who is currently a visiting Professor of Social Science at the International Christian University in Tokyo Japan, but has been a long time staff member of the Australian National University.Contents1 Academic Career2 Select Bibliography2.1 Books2.2 Articles and Book Chapters
item	Ron %22Boogiemonster%22 Gerber	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_%22Boogiemonster%22_Gerber	Ron "Boogiemonster" Gerber (born 22 October 1968) is a disc jockey, pop music historian, and engineer.
item	Gislebert of Mons	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gislebert_of_Mons	Gislebert (or Gilbert) of Mons (c. 1150-1225) was the Flemish chronicler whose Chronicon Hanoniense (Chronicle of Hainaut) is an essential eye-witness source for events affecting his parton Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut
item	Peter Benjamin Golden	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden	Peter Benjamin Golden (1941- ) is Professor of History at Rutgers University. He earned his bachelors degree from CUNY Queens College in 1963 and his PhD in History from Columbia University in 1970. He is the author of a wide array of books, articles and other written works on Turkic and Central Asian Studies.[edit]
item	Larry Gonick	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Gonick	Larry Gonick (b. 1946) is a cartoonist best known for The Cartoon History of the Universe, a history of the world in comic book form, which he has been publishing in installments since 1977. He has also written The Cartoon History of the United States, and he has adapted the format for a series of co-written guidebooks on other subjects, beginning with The Cartoon Guide to Genetics in 1983. The diversity of his interests, and the success with which his books have met, have together earned Gonick the distinction of being "the most well-known and respected of cartoonists who have applied their craft to unravelling the mysteries of science" (Drug Discovery Today, March 2005).
item	Gabriel Gorodetsky	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky	Gabriel Gorodetsky (b. 1945) is professor of history at Tel Aviv University. After completing his military service he studied History at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and went on to obtain his Ph.D degree under the supervision of the famous British historian E.H. Carr in Oxford. He served as the Academic Adviser to the IDF's college and is the director of the Cummings Center for Russian Studies at Tel Aviv University. He has been a visiting fellow of St. Antony's College in Oxford in 1979 and in 1993 and of All Souls in Oxford in 2006. He was a visiting fellow of the Wilson Center for Scholars in Washington in 1996 as well as a visiting professor at Munich and Koeln Universities, and at the Central European University in Budapest.[edit]
item	Gottfried von Viterbo	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_von_Viterbo	Gottfried von Viterbo (c. 1125-1202) was a historical researcher.
item	Anthony Grafton	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Grafton	Anthony Grafton (sometimes Anthony T. Grafton) (born 21 May 1950) is an American historian and the current Henry Putnam University Professor at Princeton University. He is noted for his wide learning, and in particular for his studies of the classical tradition from the Renaissance to the eighteenth century, and in the history of historical scholarship.
item	Timofey Granovsky	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timofey_Granovsky	Timofey Nikolayevich Granovsky (March 9, 1813–October 4, 1855) was a founder of mediaeval studies in the Russian Empire.
item	Hanna Holborn Gray	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Holborn_Gray	Hanna Holborn Gray (born 1930), is a historian of political thought in the Renaissance and Reformation, and an emeritus professor at the University of Chicago.
item	Gregory of Tours	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours	St. Gregory of Tours (c. 538 – November 17, 594) was a Gallo-Roman historian and bishop of Tours, which made him the leading prelate of Gaul. He wrote in a clumsy, ungrammatical and barbarized late Latin attempt at a literary style, which is nevertheless full of vitality and many Frankish and Germanic terms. When inspiration fails, he is quick to fall back on the linguistic formulae of doctrine. He is the main contemporary source for Merovingian history. His most notable work was his Decem Libri Historiarum or Ten Books of History, better known as the Historia Francorum ("History of the Franks"), a title given to it by later chroniclers, but he is also known for his credulous accounts of the miracles of saints, especially four books of the miracles of Martin of Tours. St Martin's tomb was a major draw in the 6th century, and Gregory's writings had the practical aspect of promoting this highly organized cultus. Gregory shares the Gaulish appetite for miraculous events—the more incredible, the more thrilling.Contents1 Life2 Works3 Importance</s
item	Erich S. Gruen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_S._Gruen	Erich S. Gruen (born Vienna, Austria, May 1935) is a notable American classicist and ancient historian. He is the Gladys Rehard Wood Professor of History and Classics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1966. He served as president of the American Philological Society in 1992.
item	Ranajit Guha	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranajit_Guha	Ranajit Guha is a historian of South Asia who was greatly influential in the Subalterns Studies group, and edited several early numbers of the group's anthologies. He migrated from India to the UK in the 1960s, and currently lives in Vienna, Austria.This article or section does not cite its references or sources.You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.
item	Alfred von Gutschmid	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Gutschmid	Hermann Alfred Freiherr (Baron) von Gutschmid (July 1, 1835 - March 2, 1887), German historian and Orientalist, was born at Loschwitz near (Dresden).
item	H. F. C. Smith	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._F._C._Smith	H. F. C. Smith was a scholar of West African history and culture. He was particularly interested in Arab influence in Nigeria.
item	Daniel Hal%C3%A9vy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hal%C3%A9vy	Daniel Halévy (1872-1962) was a French historian. He is the son of Ludovic Halévy.[edit]
item	Eric M. Hammel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_M._Hammel	Eric M. Hammel is a popular military historian, with a focus on the military campaigns of the United States Marine Corps, and military action in World War II.[edit]
item	Mohamed Harbi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Harbi	Mohamed Harbi (born 1933) is an Algerian historian who was a member of the FLN during the Algerian War of Independence.
item	Harold D. Hunter	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_D._Hunter	Harold D. Hunter, Ph.D., is a noted scholar and historian within the Pentecostal movement. He serves the International Pentecostal Holiness Church.This article about a Christian theologian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.&#160;This article about a historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org
item	Thom Hatch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Hatch	Thom Hatch is an award-winning American author who specializes in the history of the Plains Indian Wars and the American Civil War.
item	Alexandre Herculano	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano	Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo (1810 - 1877), Portuguese historian, was born in Lisbon of humble stock, his grandfather having been a foreman stonemason in the royal employ.
item	Robert Hessen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hessen	Robert Hessen, a Senior Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, is a historian specializing in American economic and business history. He was, for a time, associated with Ayn Rand and contributed articles to some of her publications.
item	Andrew Hignell	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hignell	Doctor Andrew K Hignell (born 1959) is an archivist, cricket historian, scorer, statistician and a former schoolmaster.
item	Andreas Hillgruber	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber	Andreas Fritz Hillgruber (January 18, 1925-May 8, 1989) was a conservative West German historian. Hillgruber was born in Angerburg, Germany (modern Wegorzewo, Poland) near the then East Prussian city of Königsberg (modern Kaliningrad, Russia). His father was a school teacher. Hillgruber served in the German Army in the years 1943-1945 and spent the years 1945-1948 as a POW in France. After his release, he studied at the University of Göttingen where he received a PhD in 1952. He spent the decade 1954-1964 working as school teacher. In 1960, he married Karin Zieran, with whom he had three children. Hillgruber worked as a professor at the University of Marburg (1965-1968
item	August Hirsch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Hirsch	August Hirsch (October 4, 1817, Danzig - January 28, 1894, Berlin) was a German physician ad medical historian.
item	Marshall Hodgson	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson	Marshall G.S. Hodgson (1922 - 1968), was an Islamic scholar and a world historian at the University of Chicago. He was chairman of the interdisciplinary Committee on Social Thought in Chicago. He was also a practising Quaker (important to note, since his religious outlook informed his views on world history).
item	Hermann Eduard von Holst	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Eduard_von_Holst	Hermann Eduard von Holst (June 1841 - 20 January 1904) was an Estonian born German-American historian.
item	Lennox Honychurch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox_Honychurch	Lennox Honychurch is a Caribbean historian, born on December 27, 1952 in Portsmouth, Dominica. He is well-known for writing 1975's The Dominica Story, the 1980s textbook series The Caribbean People, and the 1991 travel book Dominica: Isle of Adventure.[edit]
item	Dr Glenn Horridge	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Glenn_Horridge	Dr Glenn Horridge is a historian, and co-founder of the Christian Mission Historical Association, with Rob Brettle.
item	Albert Hourani	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hourani	Albert Habib Hourani (March 31, 1915 – January 17, 1993) was a prominent scholar of Middle Eastern history through much of the 20th century.
item	Lindsey Hughes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes	Lindsey Hughes (born 1949) is a historian of Russia.
item	Harold Hyman	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hyman	Harold Hyman is a historian of the American Civil War at Rice University.&#160;This article about a historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hyman"			Categories: Historian stubs | Historians																Views						 Article				 <a href="/w/index.php?titl
item	Isaiah Shachar	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Shachar	Isaiah Shachar (born Yeshayahu Stengel in Haifa on August 6, 1935; died on September 19, 1977) was a Jewish Historian.
item	Jonathan Israel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Israel	Jonathan Irvine Israel (born London, 26 January 1946) is as of 2006 Modern European History Professor in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Township, New Jersey, USA, and a writer on Dutch history, the Age of Enlightenment and European Jewry. He was previously Professor of Dutch History and Institutions at the University of London.[edit]
item	Jackson J. Spielvogel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_J._Spielvogel	Jackson J. Spielvogel is an associate professor emeritus at Pennsylvania State University. His textbooks are commonly used in high school and college Western Civilization classes. Spielvogel holds a Ph.D., from Ohio State University, and specialized in Reformation history under the supervision of Harold J. Grimm.Contents1 Career2 Awards and Honors3 Writings by Spielvogel4 Personal life
item	Joseph Jacobs	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs	Joseph Jacobs (29 August 1854, Australia - 30 January 1916) was a British literary historian.
item	Ayesha Jalal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal	Dr Ayesha Jalal is a Pakistani historian. She is a professor of history at Tufts University and a MacArthur Fellow. The bulk of her work deals with the creation of Muslim identities in modern South Asia.Contents1 Education2 Scholarship3 The Sole Spokesman4 Modern South Asia5 Lawsuit and Controversy6 Family Background7 External links
item	James Franck Bright	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franck_Bright	James Franck Bright (born May 29, 1832 in London; died October 1920) was a British historian and Master of University College, Oxford.
item	Nikoloz Janashia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikoloz_Janashia	Nikoloz (Lasha) Janashia (November 18, 1931-September 7, 1982) was a famous Georgian historian and public benefactor.
item	Jason of Cyrene	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_of_Cyrene	Jason of Cyrene was a Hellenistic Jew who lived about 100 BCE and wrote a history of the times of the Maccabees down to the victory over Nicanor (175-161). This work is said to have been in five books and formed the basis of the present2 Maccabees.[edit]
item	Ivane Javakhishvili	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivane_Javakhishvili	Ivane Javakhishvili (Georgian: ივანე ჯავახიშვილი; April 11, 1876 - November 18, 1940) was a Georgian historian and public benefactor, co-founder of the Tbilisi State University, one of founders of the modern scientific school of history of Georgia and the Caucasus, Academician (Full Member) of the Academy of Sciences of former Soviet Union (Russian Academy of Sciences now), Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor.
item	Jacek J%C4%99druch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_J%C4%99druch	Jacek Jędruch (Warsaw, Poland, 1927 – Athens, Greece, 1995) was a Polish-American nuclear engineer and historian of Polish representative government.
item	Keith Jenkins	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Jenkins	Keith Jenkins is a British proponent of postmodern history. Jenkins has attacked what he sees to be "traditional" approaches to history, suggesting that most writing about the past is nothing more than a literary construct.
item	John D%27Arms	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D%27Arms	John Haughton D'Arms (November 27, 1934 - January 22, 2002) was the Gerald F. Else Professor of Humanities and professor of classical studies and history at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. He also served as president of the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS). He served ACLS until his death in 2002.
item	John Hayward	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hayward	Sir John Hayward (c. 1560 - June 27, 1627), English historian, was born at or near Felixstowe, Suffolk, where he was educated, and afterwards proceeded to Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he took the degrees of B.A., M.A. and LL.D.
item	John Michael Wallace-Hadrill	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michael_Wallace-Hadrill	John Michael Wallace-Hadrill CBE, (September 29, 1916- November 3, 1985)
item	Samuel Johnson %28Nigeria%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_%28Nigeria%29	Samuel Johnson (1846-1901) was an Anglican priest and historian of the Yoruba. Born in the Oyo area, Johnson claimed descent from Alaafin Abiodun of Oyo. He completed his education at the CMS Training Institute and did teaching while the Yoruba wars went on.
item	Alexander Johnston	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Johnston	Alexander Johnston (April 29, 1849 - July 21, 1889) was an American historian.
item	Jon Halliday	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Halliday	Jon Halliday is a Russian historian who was a former Senior Visiting Research Fellow at King's College, University of London.
item	Joy Hakim	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Hakim	Joy Hakim is a history writer who was raised in Rutland, Vermont. She later earned a Bachelor's Degree from Smith College, a Master's Degree and an honorary doctorate from Goucher College. For a while she worked as an editor of the Virginian-Pilot in Norfolk, Virginia. She lives part of the year in Virginia and part of the year in Colorado. Her first published work was the well-received, ten-volume, A History of US, from Oxford University Press. It's "narrative history" intended for young readers (of all ages). She is also the author of The Story of Science, which tells the story of the quest to understand the universe, from Aristotle to Einstein, and on to today's physicists. One of her books, Freedom: A History of US, was turned into a 16-part PBS series, and is available both in book format and on videos Her books have earned her the James Michener Award for Writing by the National Council for Social Studies, two Parents' Choice awards, and good reviews from children. However, she has faced some criticism for being "too multicultural" and trying to make history "fun" for kids.[edit]
item	Julian Cobbing	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Cobbing	Julian Cobbing is an English historian, and professor of History at Rhodes University, known best for his groundbreaking research into Zulu culture of the early 19th century.
item	William Jurgens	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jurgens	Father William Jurgens is a Roman Catholic historian.[edit]
item	Donald Kagan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kagan	Donald Kagan (born 1932) is a Yale historian specializing in ancient Greece, notable for his four-volume history of the Peloponnesian War. He was Dean of Yale College from 1989-1992.
item	Sargis Kakabadze	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargis_Kakabadze	Sargis N. Kakabadze (October 7, 1886-April 2, 1967) was a Georgian historian and philologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor.
item	Kalhana	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalhana	Kalhana (c. 12th century) was the celebrated author of Rajatarangini, Kashmir's history. He wrote his book during 1147-1149. His father Champaka was the minister in the King's court.
item	Kanda Nobuo	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanda_Nobuo	Professor Kanda Nobuo (神田 信夫 Kanda Nobuo; October 2, 1921-December 30, 2003) was a Japanese historian who specialized in early Manchu history.
item	Kemal Karpat	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Karpat	Kemal Karpat is a Turkish historian and professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his LLB from the University of Istanbul, his MA from the University of Washington and his PhD from New York University. He has previous worked for the UN Economics and Social Council and taught at Montana State University and New York University.[edit]
item	Christopher Kasparek	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Kasparek	Christopher Kasparek (born 1945) is a writer and a translator from Polish into English.
item	John William Kaye	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Kaye	Sir John William Kaye (1814 - July 24, 1876) was a British military historian.
item	Geoffrey Keating	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating	Seathrún Céitinn, known in English as Geoffrey Keating, was a 17th century Irish clergyman, poet and historian. He was born in Burgess, Ballylooby, just outside Cahir in County Tipperary in ca. 1569, and died ca. 1644. He is buried in Tubrid Graveyard in the parish of Ballylooby-Duhill.
item	Paul Kennedy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kennedy	Paul Kennedy CBE (born 1945) is an authority on international relations and grand strategy. He has published books on the history of the Royal Navy, Great Power struggles, the Pacific War and many others.
item	Kenneth C. Davis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_C._Davis	Kenneth C. Davis is the author of books such as Don't Know Much About History and Don't Know Much About Geography.
item	Joseph Ki-Zerbo	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ki-Zerbo	Joseph Ki-Zerbo (born June 21, 1922, Toma) is a Burkinabè historian and politician. Educated at the Sorbonne and Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), he spent 1983–1992 in exile. He was the best-known opponent of the revolutionary government of Thomas Sankara, and as a leading exponent of endogenous development.&#160;This article about an African politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wik
item	Klaus Klostermaier	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier	Klaus Klostermaier (born 1933 in Munich, Germany) is a researcher on Hinduism and Indian history and culture. He obtained a PhD in philosophy from the Gregorian University in Rome in 1961, and another in "Ancient Indian History and Culture" from the University of Bombay in 1969. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and (as of 2006) is currently teaching as University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Religion at the University of Manitoba (Canada), where he is also the founder and director of an "Asian Studies Center".[edit]
item	Urda Alice Klueger	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urda_Alice_Klueger	Urda Alice Klueger was born in February, 1952, in Blumenau, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. She is a writer and a historian, well-known for her historical novels.
item	Godefroid Kurth	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godefroid_Kurth	Godefroid Kurth (11 May 1847–4 January 1916) was a celebrated Belgian historian. He is known for his histories of the city of Liège in the Middle Ages and of Belgium, of his Catholic account in Les Origines de la Civilisation Moderne of the formation of modern Europe, and for his defence of the medieval guild system.
item	Brij Lal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brij_Lal	Brij V. Lal is a Fijian historian of Indian descent. He was born in Labasa, on the northern island of Vanua Levu. He was educated at the University of South Pacific, the University of British Columbia and the Australian National University.
item	Fran%C3%A7ois Laurent	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Laurent	François Laurent (8 July 1810 - 11 February 1887) was a Belgian historian and jurisconsult.[edit]
item	Leo of Ostia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_of_Ostia	Leo Marsicanus (meaning of the Marsi) was of noble birth and became a monk in Monte Cassino around 1061. In Monte Cassino, he became a friend of Desiderius of Benevento, later Pope Victor III, and it was to him that Leo dedicated his most famous work as an historian and chronicler: the Chronicon Monasterii Casinensis, usually called the Montecassino Chronicle in English. The chronicler depends largely on Amatus' earlier work, but also on oral traditions and other archives. It was only begun after 1098 and Leo finished it at 1075; it is continued by the monastic librarian Peter the Deacon. In 1101, Pope Paschal II created him cardinal-bishop of Ostia.[edit]
item	Lily Ross Taylor	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Ross_Taylor	Lily Ross Taylor (Born in Alabama, 1886-November 18, 1969) developed an interest in Roman studies at the University of Wisconsin, earning an A.B. in 1906. She then went to Bryn Mawr College as a graduate student in 1906, receiving her Ph.D. in Latin in 1912. Her dissertation advisor was Tenney Frank. From 1912 until 1927, she taught at Vassar, and, in 1917, she became the first female Fellow of the American Academy in Rome.
item	Jerzy Linderski	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Linderski	Jerzy Linderski (b. 1934) is a contemporary scholar of ancient history and Roman religion and law.Professor Jerzy Linderski
item	Mark Lindley	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lindley	Mark Lindley (1937-) is both a noted musicologist and, more recently, a historian of modern India. Born in Washington DC, he studied at Harvard University (A.B.), Juilliard School of Music (M.S.) and Columbia University (D. Phil.). He has taught at various universities, including Columbia University, City University of New York, Washington University, University of London, Oxford University, University of Regensburg, Chinese University of Hong Kong, University of Kerala, Istanbul Technical University, Yildiz Technical University and Bogaziçi University.
item	Liu Yizheng	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yizheng	Liu Yizheng is a famous Chinese modern historian.This Chinese biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yizheng"			Categories: Chinese people stubs | Historians																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History</l
item	Jerry Lodge	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lodge	Jeremy Lodge (born Sutton, Surrey 1935) is a historian, statistician, writer and a retired insurance agent.
item	Ludwig Pastor	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Pastor	Ludwig Pastor, created baron von Campersfelden, (January 31, 1854, Aachen – September 30, 1928, Innsbruck), was the great Catholic historian of the Papacy, who published his Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters in sixteen volumes that appeared from 1886 to a last posthumous volume in 1933. It was translated into English and published as History of the Popes From the Close of the Middle Ages.
item	Geir Lundestad	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Lundestad	Geir Lundestad (born in 1945) is a Norwegian historian and present Director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute and Professor of the University of Oslo. Lundestad was born in Sulitjelma, a mining community in Northern Norway, and raised in Bodø.
item	Mahommed Kasim Ferishta	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahommed_Kasim_Ferishta	Mahommed Kasim Ferishta (ca. 1570-ca. 1611), Persian historian, was born at Astrabad on the shores of the Caspian Sea. While he was still a child his father was summoned away from his native country into Hindustan, where he held high office in the Deccan; and by his influence the young Ferishta received court promotion.
item	Rosie Malek-Yonan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_Malek-Yonan	Rosie Malek-Yonan is an Assyrian author and artist. She is a descendant of one of the oldest and most prominent Assyrian families, tracing her Assyrian roots back nearly eleven centuries. A natural-born artist, she is a classically trained composer, pianist, actor, director, writer and figure skater on the 1980 Winter Olympic Team.
item	Christoph Marcinkowski	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Marcinkowski	Dr. Christoph Marcinkowski (born May 21, 1964 in Berlin, Germany) is a scholar in Islamic, Iranian, and Southeast Asian studies based in Singapore. He is also an editor and journalist. He studied Islamic Studies, Iranian Studies, Political Sciences and Journalism at Freie Universität Berlin, where he graduated in 1993 with a Master's degree. In 1995, Marcinkowski moved to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and worked at the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC), an autonomous institution of the International Islamic University of Malaysia, for nine years. In August 1998, he earned a PhD degree from ISTAC where he subsequently taught as Senior Research Fellow (1999-2002) and Associate Professor of History (2002-2004). Following the ouster of ISTAC founder <a href="/wi
item	Marius Aventicensis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Aventicensis	Marius, bishop of Aventicum (Marius Aventicensis or, popularly, Marius Aventicum) (532–Lausanne December 31, 596) is remembered for his terse chronicle.
item	Santo Mazzarino	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Mazzarino	Santo Mazzarino (born 1916; died 1987) was a leading historian of ancient Rome of twentieth century.
item	Justin McCarthy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_McCarthy	Justin M'Carthy (22 November 1830 - 1912) was an Irish politician, historian and novelist.
item	Grady McWhiney	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady_McWhiney	Grady McWhiney (July 15, 1928 – April 18, 2006) was a historian of the American south and the Civil War. As historian C. David Dalton has pointed out, he was "Controversial. Unconventional. Influential. These are words easily applied to one of the South's most prominent scholars, Grady McWhiney. For over three decades his writings have been discussed and debated but never disregarded." [Journal of Southern History. Volume: 70. Issue: 1. 2004. Page 146.]
item	Michael Crawford %28historian%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crawford_%28historian%29	Michael Crawford, ancient historian and numismatist (1939-), Roman Republic expert
item	Milan Ristovi%C4%87	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Ristovi%C4%87	Milan Ristovic was born in 1953 in Priština, Serbia.
item	Douglas Miller	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Miller	Douglas Hugh Miller (born in Cheshire in 1937) is an English author, biographer, historian, researcher and statistician.
item	Howard Milton	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Milton	Howard Milton (born Gravesend, Kent) is a retired civil servant at the Ministry of Defence. He is a leading cricket historian and statistician for the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians, Kent CCC and The Cricket Society. He is long-serving librarian for the Cricket Society. He received the ACS Statistician of the Year award in 1995.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Milton"			Categories: British civil servants | Historians | Librarians | <a href="/wiki/Category:Statisticians" 
item	Maria Misra	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Misra	Maria Misra is Lecturer in Modern History at Oxford University and a Fellow of Keble College, specialising in the politics, culture and economics of nineteenth- and twentieth-century imperialism and colonialism. Her most recent work was a "History of India since the Mutiny", published by Penguin in 2005.
item	Moses of Chorene	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_of_Chorene	Moses of Chorene (Armenian Մովսէս Խորենացի — Movses Khorenatsi) (5th century AD) is the most significant mediaeval Armenian historian, and one of the outstanding representatives of world historiography, considered to be the "father of Armenian history".
item	Roger Moss	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moss	Roger W. Moss, Jr. (born January 31, 1940 in Zanesville, Ohio, USA) is an historian and historic preservationist in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He has been the executive director of the Athenaeum of Philadelphia for 36 years, and recently received the James Biddle life-time achievement award for his work in historic preservation in Philadelphia.
item	John Lothrop Motley	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley	John Lothrop Motley (April 15, 1814 - May 29, 1877) was an American historian.
item	Muslim historians	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_historians	A Muslim historian is a person that professes Islam and is engaged in the historical aspect of Islamization of knowledge.
item	Akira Nakamura	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Nakamura	Akira Nakamura (中村粲, Nakamura Akira?) is a Japanese historian and scholar of English literature born on Showa 9 (1934) at Tokyo. A representative of Showashi Research Institute.[edit]
item	Norman MacDougall	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_MacDougall	Norman MacDougall is a Scottish historian.
item	Norman Stillman	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Stillman	Norman Arthur Stillman is the Schusterman-Josey Professor and Chair of Judaic History at the University of Oklahoma. He specializes on the intersection of Jewish and Islamic culture and history, and on Oriental and Sephardi Jewry, with special interest in the Jewish communities in North Africa. His major publications are The Jews of Arab Lands: a History And Source Book and Sephardi Religious Responses to Modernity.Contents1 Biography2 Research and activities3 Notes4 Publications5 External links
item	Osmund Bopearachchi	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi	Osmund Bopearachchi is an historian and numismatist who has been specializing in the coinage of the Indo-Greek and Greco-Bactrian kingdoms.
item	Amarna letters	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters	The designation Amarna letters denotes an archive of correspondence, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru. The letters were found at Amarna, the modern name for the capital of the Egyptian New Kingdom primarily from the reign of pharaoh Amenhotep IV, better known as Akhenaten (1369 - 1353 BCE). The Amarna letters are unusual in Egyptological research, being mostly written in Akkadian cuneiform on clay tablets. The known tablets currently total 382 in number, 24 further tablets having been recovered since the Norwegian Assyriologist Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon's landmark edition of the Amarna correspondence, Die El-Amarna Tafeln in two volumes (1907 and 1915).Contents1 The Letters1.1 Chronology2 See also3 Bibliography3.1 Translations<li class
item	ArchiveGrid	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchiveGrid	ArchiveGrid is a database containing nearly a million descriptions of archival collections from all over the world. Historical documents, personal papers, manuscripts and family histories are described and cataloged by librarians and archivists. With ArchiveGrid researchers can learn about the contents of these collections, contact the archives to arrange a visit to examine materials, or order copies.
item	California Green Archives	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Green_Archives	The California Green Archives and special collections was formally established in 2000 to identify, collect, preserve and make available records of the Green movement and Green political party of enduring value to green activists, scholars, writers, historians and journalists, and for the future. The collection began in 1991 when the volunteer Archivist accepted the task of collecting pertinent information from party activities. It has since been expanded to collect any and all product relating to the global Green movement.
item	Chinon Parchment	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinon_Parchment	The Chinon Parchment is a historical document that has recently been made famous by Dr Barbara Frale's claims that it contains text suggesting that Pope Clement V secretly absolved the last Grand Master Jacques de Molay, and the rest of leadership of the Knights Templar, in 1308, from charges brought against them by the Medieval Inquisition, although this is not evident from the text in the document.
item	Dagome iudex	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagome_iudex	Dagome iudex is the name applied to one of the earliest documents relating to Poland, written by Mieszko I and his wife Oda in 991, placing the Polish state and its capital, Gniezno, under the protection of the Apostolic See. The document's name derives from its two opening words.Contents1 Nature and import of the Dagome iudex2 Summary text of the Dagome iudex3 Notes4 See also
item	Domesday Book	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book	Domesday Book (also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester), was the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, executed for William the Conqueror. The survey was similar to a census by a government of today. William needed information about the country he had just conquered so he could administer it. Whilst spending the Christmas of 1085 in Gloucester, William "had deep speech with his counsellors and sent men all over England to each shire ... to find out ... what or how much each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth." One of the main purposes of the survey was to find out who owned what so they could be taxed on it, and the judgment of the assessors was final -- whatever the book said about who owned the property, or what it was worth, was the law, and there was no appeal. It was of course written in Latin, although there were some vernacular words inserted for native terms with no previous Latin equivalent and the text was highly abbreviated. When the book took the name "Domesday" (Middle English spelling of Doomsday) in the 12th century, it was to emphasize its definitiveness and authority (the analogy refers to the Christian notion of a Last Judgment).Contents1 Domes
item	Heiligenstadt Testament	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligenstadt_Testament	The Heiligenstadt Testament is a letter written by Ludwig van Beethoven to his brothers Carl and Johann at Heiligenstadt (today part of Vienna) on 6 October 1802. It reflects his despair over his increasing deafness and his desire to overcome his physical and emotional ailments in order to complete his artistic destiny. Beethoven kept the document hidden among his private papers for the rest of his life, and probably never showed it to anyone. It was discovered in March 1827, after Beethoven's death, by Anton Schindler and Stephan von Breuning, who had it published the following October.
item	Historical document	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_document	Historical documents are documents that contain important information about a person, place, or event. Some important and famous American historical documents include, the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and the Articles of Confederation; some famous world historical documents include, The Magna Carta, the 95 Theses of Martin Luther, and the Gutenberg Bible.
item	Hundred Rolls	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Rolls	The Hundred Rolls are a census of England and parts of what is now Wales taken in the late thirteenth century. Often considered an attempt to produce a second Domesday Book, they are named for the hundreds by which most returns were recorded.
item	H%C3%B6fle Telegram	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_Telegram	The Höfle Telegram (or Hoefle Telegram) is a document discovered in 2000 among recently declassified World War II materials from the Public Record Office in Kew, England. Sent by SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle on January 11, 1943 to SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann in Berlin, it gave death tolls for the Aktion Reinhard camps through December 31, 1942.
item	Instruments of Independence %28Fiji%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_of_Independence_%28Fiji%29	History of Fiji
item	Kinbote document	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinbote_document	The so-called Kinbote-document was found in a leather-bound folder at the Chateau de Aiguille du Midi in Provins.
item	Nostra Aetate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostra_Aetate	Nostra Ætate is the Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions of the Second Vatican Council. Passed by a vote of 2,221 to 88 of the assembled bishops, this declaration was promulgated on October 28, 1965, by Pope Paul VI. The title means "In our Time" in Latin and is from the first line of the declaration as is customary with Roman Catholic documents. (The full text in English of the declaration is available on the Holy See's website. For the original Latin, see here.)[edit]
item	Rusk documents	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_documents	The Rusk documents (Rusk-Yang correspondence) are the official diplomatic correspondence sent by Dean Rusk, the United States Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, to You Chan Yang, the South Korean ambassador to the U.S. The documents show the negotiating position of the U.S. State Department at the time.
item	Sung Document	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_Document	The Sung Document is a work of a Chinese author circa 1178. It states that Muslim sailors reached a region called "Mu-Lan-Pi", which has been claimed to be some part of the Americas (specifically, present-day California.)
item	Thomason Tracts	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomason_Tracts	The Thomason Tracts are a collection of more than 22,000 pamphlets, broadsides, manuscripts, books, and news sheets, most of which were printed and distributed in London from 1640 to 1661. The collection represents a major primary source for the political, religious, military, and social history of England during the final years of the reign of King Charles I, the English Civil War, the Commonwealth, and the English Restoration of King Charles II.Contents1 Compilation and history of the collection2 The Thomason Tracts today3 Resources4 External links
item	Willy and Nicky	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_and_Nicky	The Willy and Nicky correspondence was the telegraphic communication (in English) between Kaiser Wilhelm II and Tsar Nicholas II which took place on 29 July 1914, starting from 1:00 am. The telegrams started with a plea from the Tsar to the Kaiser to try to stop the serious developments that led up to the first world war. An excerpt:
item	Ystoria Mongalorum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystoria_Mongalorum	Ystoria Mongalorum is a report, complied by a Franciscan Friar and papal envoy of Pope Innocent IV named Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, of his trip to the Mongol Empire. Written in the 1240s, it is the oldest European account of the Mongols and Carpini was the first European to try and chronical Mongol history.
item	Ancient world maps	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_world_maps	Ancient world maps cover depictions of the world from Classical times to the Age of Discovery and the emergence of modern Geography.Contents1 Ptolemy world map2 Beatus Mappa Mundi (1050 CE)3 Al-Idrisi Mappa Mundi (1154 CE)4 Vinland world map5 Hereford Mappa Mundi (1300)6 Kangnido world map (1402)7 De Virga world map (1411-1415)8 Fra Mauro world map (1459)9 Cantino world map (1502)10 See also<span class=
item	Caverio map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverio_map	The Caverio Map (aka, Caveri Map, Canerio Map) was drawn by the Nicolay de Caveri in 1505.
item	Here be dragons	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_be_dragons	"Here be dragons" is a phrase used on modern maps to denote dangerous or unexplored territories, in imitation of the infrequent medieval practice of putting sea serpents and other mythological creatures in blank areas.
item	Piri Reis map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis_map	The Piri Reis map was discovered in 1929 while Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey was being converted into a museum. It is the extant western third of a world map drawn on gazelle skin. The surviving portion primarily details the western coast of Africa and the eastern coast of South America. The map was drawn in 1513 by Piri Reis, a famous admiral of the Turkish fleet, and presented to the Sultan in 1517. Piri Reis stated that the map was based on about twenty charts and mappaemundi. According to Piri these maps included eight Ptolemaic maps, an Arabic map of India, four newly drawn Portuguese maps of their recent discoveries, and a map by Columbus of the western lands. The Piri Reis map is currently located in the Library of the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, Turkey, but is not usually on display to the public.
item	Tabula Peutingeriana	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana	The Tabula Peutingeriana (Peutinger table) is an itinerarium showing the road network in the Roman Empire. The original map (only copies have survived) dates from the 4th century. It covers Europe, parts of Asia (India) and North-Africa. The map is named after Konrad Peutinger, a German 15-16th century humanist.[edit]
item	Zeno map	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_map	The Zeno map refers to a map of the North Atlantic first published in 1558 in Venice by Nicolo Zeno, a descendant of a person by the same name, Nicolo Zeno, of the Zeno brothers.
item	Image:1729.jpg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1729.jpg	DescriptionCopper-engraved map, no publisher or date, London, ca 1770.Sourceen:Image:1729.jpg, [1]DateAuthorlast upload en:User:AnonMoosPermissionPDOther versionsnone
item	Image:1947-UN-Partition-Plan-1949-Armistice-Comparison.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1947-UN-Partition-Plan-1949-Armistice-Comparison.png	Summary
item	Image:476eur.jpg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:476eur.jpg	476eur.jpg‎  (72KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)[edit]
item	Image:Age of Caliphs.gif	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Age_of_Caliphs.gif	Age_of_Caliphs.gif‎  (72KB, MIME type: image/gif)[edit]
item	Image:Antioch 1912.jpg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Antioch_1912.jpg	Map of Antioch from 1912This file has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide.Note: This tag is obsolete! Please use instead:{{PD-old}} (for works out of copyright where the author has been dead for over 100 years),{{PD-art}} (for photos of old paintings),{{PD-ineligible}} (for trivial work),{{PD-USGov}} (for work by the U.S. government),{{PD-US}} (for work that is public domain for the U.S. only),{{PD-self}} (if the uploader releases the rights),{{<a href="/wiki/Template:PD-user"
item	Image:Byzantium1025.jpg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Byzantium1025.jpg	Byzantium1025.jpg‎  (22KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)[edit]
item	Image:Byzantium1400.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Byzantium1400.png	Byzantium1400.png‎  (20KB, MIME type: image/png) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. The description on its description page there is shown below.GFDL: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Byzan
item	Image:Byzantium550.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Byzantium550.png	Byzantium550.png‎  (32KB, MIME type: image/png) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. The description on its description page there is shown below.
item	Image:Byzantium717AD.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Byzantium717AD.png	Byzantium717AD.png‎  (26KB, MIME type: image/png)[edit]
item	Image:Califate 750.jpg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Califate_750.jpg	Middle East and Europe - The Caliphate in 750 (293K) "The Califate in 750."From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926. taken from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.htmlCourtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at AustinThis image is a copy of http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html, a map from the map collection [1] of the Perry-Castañeda Library (PCL) of the University of Texas at Austin. According to [2] it is in the public domain.
item	Image:Carthage location.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Carthage_location.png	Carthage_location.png‎  (10KB, MIME type: image/png)
item	Image:Caucasus03.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Caucasus03.png	Caucasus03.png‎  (180KB, MIME type: image/png)
item	Image:ColonialAfrica.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ColonialAfrica.png	ColonialAfrica.png‎  (9KB, MIME type: image/png)
item	Image:Early-Historical-Israel-Dan-Beersheba-Judea.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Early-Historical-Israel-Dan-Beersheba-Judea.png	eo: La bildo estas kopiita de wikipedia:en. La originala priskribo estas:[edit]SummaryIn this graphic about early historical Israel, the pink area is a rough approximate map of the near-maximum boundaries of the lands that were inhabited by Israelites or under direct central royal administration during the United Monarchy period of ancient history (according to the Bible) -- excluding states (such as Damascus, Geshur, Ammon, Moab, Edom, and the Philistine city-states) which sometimes acknowledged some degree of Israelite suzerainty or overlordship, but were never integral or directly-administered parts of the unified Israelite kingdom of David or Solomon. This is basically what is referred to by the Biblical phrase "from Dan to Beersheba" (which occurs nine times in the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament -- at Judges 20:1, 1 Samuel 3:20, 2 Samuel 3:10, 2 Samuel 17:11, 2 Samuel 24:2, 2 Samuel 24:15, 1 Kings 4:25, 1 Chronicles 21:2, and 2 Chronicles 30:5). So the passage 1 Kings 4:24-25 (1 Kings 5:4-5 in Jewish verse numbering) describes Solomon's larger empire with the phrase "from Tiphsah to Gaza", these being the northeasternmost and southwesternmost noteworthy cities that recognized some allegiance to Solomon (Tiphsah was in northern Syria, at the bend in the Upper Euphrates) — but the actual land "where Judah and Israel dwelt in safety" was described as being "from Dan to Beersheba". This map was taken from a variety of sources, the single most important source probably being the Administrative Districts of Solomon's Kingdom Map, map no. 113 on page 86 of the MacMillan Bible Atlas (3rd edition, 1993) by
item	Image:Edom.PNG	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Edom.PNG	Summary
item	Image:First century palestine.gif	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:First_century_palestine.gif	Summary
item	Image:Hereti map 950.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hereti_map_950.png	Hereti_map_950.png‎  (294KB, MIME type: image/png)
item	Image:Huns empire.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Huns_empire.png	Huns_empire.png‎  (16KB, MIME type: image/png) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. The description on its description page there is shown below.
item	Image:Iudaea province.svg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Iudaea_province.svg	Iudaea_province.svg‎  (24KB, MIME type: image/svg)[edit]
item	Image:Langs N.Amer.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Langs_N.Amer.png	This is a featured picture, which means that community consensus has identified it as one of the finest images on the English Wikipedia, adding significantly to its accompanying article. If you have a different image of similar quality, be sure to upload it using the proper free license tag, add it to a relevant article, and nominate it.
item	Image:Levant 800.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Levant_800.png	Levant_800.png‎  (20KB, MIME type: image/png) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. The description on its description page there is shown below.
item	Image:LocationRomanEmpire.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationRomanEmpire.png	LocationRomanEmpire.png‎  (8KB, MIME type: image/png) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. The description on its description page there is shown below.[edit]
item	Image:Manuel%27sEmpire.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Manuel%27sEmpire.png	Manuel&#39;sEmpire.png‎  (41KB, MIME type: image/png)
item	Image:Map of Imperial Rome by William R Shepherd %28died 1934%29.jpg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Map_of_Imperial_Rome_by_William_R_Shepherd_%28died_1934%29.jpg	A map of Imperial Rome in AD 350 superimposed on a map of 20th century Rome taken from William R Shepherd's Historical Atlas.This file has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide.Note: This tag is obsolete! Please use instead:{{PD-old}} (for works out of copyright where the author has been dead for over 100 years),{{PD-art}} (for photos of old paintings),{{PD-ineligible}} (for trivial work),{{PD-USGov}} (for work by the U.S. government),{{PD-US}} (for work that is public domain for the U.S. only),{{<a href="/wiki/Template:PD-self" title="Templa
item	Image:Map-alexander-empire.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Map-alexander-empire.png	Map of empire of Alexander the Great
item	Image:Ottoman 1683.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ottoman_1683.png	Ottoman_1683.png‎  (13KB, MIME type: image/png)
item	Image:Part of Tabula Peutingeriana.jpg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana.jpg	Part of Tabula Peutingerianakonrad miller´s facsimile from 1887Image with permissions from this source: Bibliotheca Augustana(The original-map is possible with copyrights by the museum in Vienna!)This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired.This applies to the United States, Canada, the European Union and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 70 years.عربية | Български | Dansk | Deutsch | <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-old" title="Template:PD-o
item	Image:Radhanites.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Radhanites.png	Summary
item	Image:Roman Empire.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Roman_Empire.png	Roman_Empire.png‎  (8KB, MIME type: image/png) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. The description on its description page there is shown below.
item	Image:Roman empire 395.jpg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Roman_empire_395.jpg	Description: Das römische Reich zum Zeitpunkt des Todes Theodosius' I. 395 n. Chr.Source: German Wikipedia, original upload 13. Okt 2004 by Benowar (enhanced by wolpertinger). There from Shepherd, William R.: Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1923.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Maps of the history of EuropeBCEMiddle Neolithic&#160;· Late Neolithic&#160;· 220CE60&#160;· 395&#160;· <a href="h
item	Image:USSR Republics Numbered Alphabetically.png	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png	[edit]SummaryUSSR Republics, numbered alphabetically.Created by User:Aris Katsaris, based on Image:Soviet Union Map.png, in mimicry of the concept of en:Image:Soviet republics.jpg.[edit]LicensingGFDL: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/USSR_R
item	Meta-level	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-level	Meta (Greek: "about," "beyond"), is a common English prefix, used to indicate a concept which is an abstraction from another concept, used to analyze the latter. For example "metaphysics" refers to things beyond physics, and "meta language" refers to a type of language or system which describes language.
item	Historiography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography	Historiography has a number of related meanings. It can refer to the history of historical study, its methodology and practices (the history of history). It can also refer to a specific a body of historical writing (for example, "medieval historiography during the 1960s" means "medieval history written during the 1960s"). Historiography can also be taken to mean historical theory or the study of historical writing and memory. As a meta-level analysis of descriptions of the past, this third conception can relate to the first two in that the analysis usually focuses on the narratives, interpretations, worldview, use of evidence, or method of presentation of other historians.Contents1 Defining historiography2 Basic issues studied in historiography3 The History of Written History3.1 "Western World"3.1.1 Foundation of Important Historical Journ
item	Academic history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_history	An academic history can mean a large, multivolume work such as the Cambridge Modern History, written collaboratively under some central editorial control.
item	Adana massacre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_massacre	The Adana massacre occurred in the city of Adana, in the Ottoman Empire, in April 1909.
item	Afrocentricity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocentricity	Afrocentricity is an academic approach to data that places Africa and the experiences of diasporic peoples of African ancestry in the center of academic inquiry. Adherents of Afrocentricity argue that scholarship dealing with diasporal peoples should be properly "centered" in order to reflect the agency of diasporal peoples, and in order to situate those peoples within a specific space and time, and in order to better reflect "the truth." The concept of "centering" refers to the dual process of placing black diasporan life in the center of academic inquiry as a research topic, and acknowledging the central influence of African processes on that topic. It should be differentiated from Afrocentrism in that the latter refers to an ideology/philosophy that has its basis in scholarship but is not itself driven by scholarship. (A similar distinction exists between Postmodernity and Postmodernism.)
item	Afrocentrism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocentrism	Afrocentrism holds that Eurocentrism has led to the neglect or denial of the contributions of Africa's original peoples and focused instead on a generally European-centered model of world civilization and history. Therefore, Afrocentrism aims to shift the focus from a European-centered history to an Africa-centered history. More broadly, Afrocentrism is concerned with distinguishing the influence of Arab, European, and Asian peoples from indigenous African achievements. Many Afrocentrists consider the African identity of African-Americans to be more important than their American nationality.
item	Annales School	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_School	The Annales School is a school of historical writing named after the French scholarly journal Annales d'histoire économique et sociale (later called Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations, then renamed in 1994 as Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales) where it was first expounded. Annales school history is best known for incorporating social scientific methods into history.
item	Anti-Japanese demonstrations%2C 2005	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japanese_demonstrations%2C_2005	The Anti-Japanese demonstrations of 2005 are demonstrations that happened in Spring, 2005 in China and Korea to protest against a Japanese history textbook called "Atarashii Rekishi Kyokasho" (新しい歴史教科書) or "New History Textbook" which downplays or "whitewashes" the nature of Japan's military aggression in the Sino-Japanese War, in Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910, and in World War II.
item	Archontology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archontology	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since April 2006.
item	Marc Bloch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bloch	Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch (July 6, 1886 - June 16, 1944) was a French historian of medieval France in the period between the First and Second World Wars, and a founder of the Annales School.Marc BlochContents1 Biography2 Legacy3 References4 Works5 Bibliography6 External links
item	Catalan negationism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_negationism	Catalan negationism refers to a tendency on the part of some historians to deny or downplay the history of Catalonia as a nation with a strong means of self-government. The topic is controversial in some parts of Spain and Catalonia, as it has been used primarily as a propaganda tool to support or discredit political confrontation from political parties.Contents1 Antecedents2 Negationism3 Catalan Negationism Nowadays4 See also5 External links
item	Chinese historiography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_historiography	Chinese historiography refers to the study of methods and assumptions made in studying Chinese history.Contents1 Narratives and Interpretations of Chinese history1.1 Dynastic Cycle1.2 Marxist Interpretations of Chinese history1.3 Three Stages of Revolution1.4 Ethnic Inclusiveness1.5 Anti-Imperialist Narratives1.6 Modernist Interpretations of Chinese history1.7 Hydraulic Theory1.8 Convergence Theory1.9 European conflict interp
item	Chronological snobbery	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological_snobbery	Chronological snobbery is the logical fallacy that the thinking, art, or science of an earlier time is inherently inferior when compared to that of the present. It occurs when someone makes the presumption that since civilization has advanced in certain (usually scientific) areas, people of earlier time periods must have been on the whole less intelligent in all areas. "If they used to think the sun revolved around the Earth, why should we even listen to what they have to say about the problem of evil?"[edit]
item	Contemporaneous corroboration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporaneous_corroboration	Contemporaneous corroboration is an historical method used by historians to establish facts beyond their limited lifespan. It is used to locate, identify and examine testimony of primary source witnesses. It is similar to methods used by police and lawyers based upon Mosaic Law, "by the testimony of two witnesses a matter is established." Literally it means, "at the same time the story is told by multiple witness."
item	Corporate liberalism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_liberalism	Corporate Liberalism is a thesis in US historiography. It's principle text is James Weinstein's The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State. Other historians who advocate similar theories of US history include Gabriel Kolko and Martin Sklar.
item	Cyclic history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_history	Cyclic History is a theory which dictates that the major forces that motivate human actions return in a cycle.
item	De Administrando Imperio	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio	De Administrando Imperio is the commonly used title of a scholarly work from ca. 950 by Byzantine emperor Constantine VII. Its name is translated as On the Administration of the Empire. Its original title was "Pros ton idion yion Romanon" ("To Our Own Son Romanus", Greek: "Προς τον ίδιον υιόν Ρωμανόν") and was meant to be an internal and foreign policy manual for the use of his son and successor, the Emperor Romanus II. It contains advice on running the ethnically-mixed empire as well as how to fight external enemies.Wikisource has original text related to this article:De Administrando ImperioThis was initially only one of the many writings of Constantine Porphyrogenitos, but it later attained considerable importance as a source for the earlier history of Europe. For example, it describes the arrival of the Serbs and Croats to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans"
item	Dershowitz-Finkelstein affair	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dershowitz-Finkelstein_affair	Shortly after the publication of the book The Case for Israel, Norman Finkelstein accused its author, Alan Dershowitz of "fraud, falsification, plagiarism and nonsense", claiming that Dershowitz had plagiarized Joan Peters' discredited book From Time Immemorial. Finkelstein expanded his findings in a book entitled Beyond Chutzpah. He has also charged that Dershowitz is not the true author of his book. Dershowitz has denied the charges, and has been exonerated of the plagiarism charges by Harvard, as discussed at the end of this article.Contents1 Finkelstein's Criticisms of Dershowitz2 Dershowitz's Response3 Responses and opinions4 Others on the Controversy5 The $10,000 challenge6 Other accusations and replies<a href="#Some_similarities_between_Dershowitz.27s_and_Peters.27_refere
item	Diplomatics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatics	Diplomatics is forensic palaeography.
item	Edward Hallett Carr	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hallett_Carr	Edward Hallett Carr (28 June 1892 – 5 November 1982) was a British historian, international relations theorist, and fierce opponent of empiricism within historiography.
item	Epigraphy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy	Epigraphy (Greek, επιγραφή - "written upon") is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs engraved into stone or other permanent materials, or cast in metal, the science of classifying them as to cultural context and date, elucidating them and assessing what conclusions can be deduced from them. The study of ancient handwriting, usually in ink, is a separate field, Paleography.
item	Fredegar	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredegar	Fredegar (died ca. 660), was a chronicler best known for his Chronicle of Fredegar, a major primary source for Western European events of the 7th century. In the 7th century many institutions of the Middle Ages had their roots. Fredegar's chronicle is a universal history (world chronicle), beginning with the Creation. Fredegar reaches his own times in book iv, where historians' interest picks up, but merely provides a simple timeline, which ends in 642. Other hands, the "continuators," have extended the timeline into the 8th century. To judge from their systemic bias, they appear to have been working to please Childebrand, the half-brother of Charles Martel.[edit]
item	Functionalism versus intentionalism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_versus_intentionalism	Functionalism versus intentionalism is a historiographical debate about the origins of the Holocaust as well as most aspects of the Third Reich, such as foreign policy. The debate on the origins of the Holocaust centers on essentially two questions:Was there a master plan on the part of Adolf Hitler to launch the Holocaust? Intentionalists argue that there was such a plan, while functionalists argue there was not.Did the initiative for the Holocaust come from above with orders from Adolf Hitler or from below within the ranks of the German bureaucracy? Intentionalists argue that the initiative came from above, while functionalists contend it came from lower ranks within the bureaucracy.The terms were coined in a 1981 essay by the British Marxist historian Timothy Mason. Notable functionalists have included Raul Hilberg, Christopher Browning, Hans Mommsen, Martin Broszat and Zygmunt Bauman. Notable intentionalists have included Andreas Hillgruber, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Klaus Hildebrand, Eberhard 
item	Geistesgeschichte	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geistesgeschichte	Geistesgeschichte (f. German Geist, ‘spirit’ (here connoting the metaphysical realm, in contradistinction to the material), and Geschichte, ‘history’, ‘science’), a concept in the history of ideas denoting the branch of study concerned with the undercurrents of cultural manifestations, within the history of a people, that are peculiar to a specific timeframe. It is a largely untranslatable term sometimes used synonymously with Problemgeschichte. The branch of study it denotes is often seen as having been inspired by the type of work done by Wilhelm Dilthey and his followers.[edit]
item	Golden Age %28metaphor%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_%28metaphor%29	A golden age is a period in a field of endeavour where great tasks were accomplished. The term originated from early Greek and Roman poets who used to refer to a time when mankind lived in a utopia and was pure (see Golden Age).Contents1 Disambiguation2 Golden Age in society3 Technology4 Genre5 Senior citizen
item	Golden age	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age	The term Golden age stems from Greek mythology and Roman poets. It refers to a time in the beginnings of humanity which was perceived as an ideal state, or utopia, when mankind was pure and immortal. In literary works, the Golden Age usually ends with a devastating event, which brings about the Fall of Man (see Ages of Man). An analogous idea can be found in the religious and philosophical traditions of the Far East. Similar beliefs, which are in most aspects comparable to that in the Golden Age existed also in the Middle East. Some Utopianist beliefs, both political and religious, hold that the Golden Age will return.Contents1 History1.1 Greek and Roman antiquity2 Mythology3 Christianity4 See also
item	Great man theory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_man_theory	The Great man theory is a theory held by some that aims to explain history by the impact of "Great men", or heroes: highly influential individuals, either from personal charisma, genius intellects, or great political impact.
item	Herstory	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herstory	Herstory is a term which originated as a neologism. In feminist discourse, it is used to refer to history ("his story") from a feminist and/or lesbian perspective, emphasising the role of women or told from a woman's point of view. The word can be considered an example of folk etymology, a linguistic term for the modification of a word or phrase based on an analogy or a false etymology which is popularly believed to be true (see also faux amis). In this case, the word history (from the Greek historia, meaning "a learning or knowing by inquiry") is etymologically unrelated to the possessive pronoun his.[edit]
item	Historia Compostelana	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Compostelana	The anonymous Historia Compostelana is based on the relation of events by a writer in the immediate circle of Diego Gelmírez, second bishop (1100-1120) then first archbishop (1120–1140) of Compostela, one of the major figures of the Middle Ages in Galicia. The narrative of the Historia Compostelana spans the years 1100 – 1139, the years of Gelmírez' tenure, in three books. Its twofold central agenda is to extol the Archbishop's doings, while establishing the foundation and rights of Santiago de Compostela, including its founding legend, which provided apostolic connections with Saint James the Great. The bishopric had been transferred from Iria Flavia to Compostela as recently as 1095.
item	Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiae_Ecclesiasticae_Tripartitae_Epitome	Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome, the abridged history (in twelve books) of the early Christian Church known as the Tripartite History, was the standard manual of Church history in Medieval Europe.
item	Historian%27s fallacy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy	The historian's fallacy is a logical fallacy that occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision. It is not to be confused with presentism, a mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas (such as moral standards) are projected into the past.
item	Historic recurrence	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_recurrence	Historic recurrence is the repetition of similar events in history.[citation&#160;needed] In the extreme, the concept hypothetically assumes the form of the Doctrine of Eternal Recurrence that was described by Heinrich Heine and Friedrich Nietzsche.[citation&#160;needed]
item	Historical method	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_method	The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. The question of the nature, and indeed the possibility, of sound historical method is raised in the philosophy of history, as a question of epistemology. The following summarizes the guidelines commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis.Contents1 External Criticism: Authenticity and Provenance1.1 Higher Criticism1.2 Lower Criticism2 Internal Criticism: Historical Reliability2.1 Eyewitness Evidence2.2 Oral Tradition3 Synthesis: Histo
item	Historical revisionism %28negationism%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism_%28negationism%29	Historical revisionism is the attempt to change commonly held ideas about the past. In its legitimate form (see historical revisionism) it is the reexamination of historical facts, with an eye towards updating historical narratives with newly discovered, more accurate, or less biased information, acknowledging that history of an event, as it has been traditionally told, may not be entirely accurate.
item	Historical subject	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_subject	Historical subject is in itself an oxymoron. If, in philosophy, a subject deigns a non-historical presence, an eternal substance, then how could the subject be historicized without keeping this ahistorical, essential core of this subject on which change glides over?
item	Historical thinking	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_thinking	Historical thinking is defined by many education resources as a set of reasoning skills that students of history should learn as a result of studying history. Sometimes called historical reasoning skills, historical thinking skills are frequently described in contrast to history content such as names, dates, and places. This dichotomous presentation is often misinterpreted as a claim for superiority of one form of knowing over the other. In fact, the distinction is generally made to underscore the importance of developing thinking skills that can be applied when individuals encounter any history content. Most educators agree that together, history content--or facts about the past--and historical thinking skills enable students to interpret, analyze and use information about past events.[edit]
item	Historicity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity	Historicity refers to the historical authenticity of a person, event, or place. Particularly in the field of Biblical studies, beginning in the 19th century with the German academics, there has been a movement of scholars and academics who question the historical genuineness of such figures as Adam and Jesus, and events such as the Flood. In fact, this critical attitude towards Biblical sources is an extension of historical criticism, which began, in the West, during the Renaissance as scholars started to question and then reject the more fabulous reports contained in Classical histories.
item	Historikerstreit	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historikerstreit	To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup.Please discuss this issue on the talk page, or replace this tag with a more specific message. Editing help is available.This article has been tagged since June 2006.The Historikersteit (historians' dispute) was an intellectual and political controversy in West Germany about the way the Holocaust should be treated in history. It took place between 1986-1989, and pitted left-wing intellectuals against right-wing intellectuals. The debate attracted much media attention in West Germany with its participants frequently giving television interviews and writing co-op pieces in newspapers.Contents1 Origins2 Participants<span class=
item	Historiography and Historiophoty	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_and_Historiophoty	Historiography and Historiophoty is the name of an essay by literary theorist of history Hayden White first published in 1988 in The American Historical Review. In the essay Hayden coins the term Historiophoty to describe the representation of history and our thought about it in visual images and filmic discourse. Hayden says historiophoty "..is in contrast to Historiography which is the representation of history in verbal images and written discourse,".
item	Historiography of World War II	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II	World War II was the greatest conflict man has ever known; and ever since its conclusion vast amounts of time and effort have been poured into chronicling and interpreting it. Unsurpisingly, disagreements have arisen over what interpretation is 'correct', and this article attempts to chronicle them below:[edit]
item	Historiography of science	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_science	The historiography of science is the historical study of the history of science (which often overlaps the history of technology, the history of medicine, and the history of mathematics). It is generally found in an academic context as part of the discipline of the history of science and technology, history and philosophy of science, science studies, and other allied disciplines. The historiography of science is a meta-level analysis of the history of science itself — whereas the history of science is concerned with scientific events, the historiography of science is concerned with the descriptions of scientific events over time.Since the mid-19th century, ideas about the history of science and technology have been tied to important philosophical and practical questions, such as whether scientific conclusions should be regarded as progressing towards truth, and whether freedom is important for scientific research. Put broadly, the field as a whole examines the entire spectrum of human experience relating to science and technology, and how our understanding of that experience has changed over time. Historiography of science is a much more recent discipline than history of science, although 
item	History from below	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_from_below	History from below is a level of historical narrative which was developed as a result of the Annales School and popularised in the 1960s. This form of social history focuses on the perspectives of ordinary individuals within society as well as individuals and regions that were not previously considered historically important. This includes women and the working class, as well as regions such as India or Africa.
item	History of English local history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_English_local_history	The history of English local history begins with the incidental material in the writings of Bede and runs through early modern antiquarianism, and twentieth century academicism to contemporary pluralist synthesis of specialisms.Contents1 Early local historical material2 County histories3 Antiquarians and professionals4 Synthesis5 References
item	Holocaust denial	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial	Holocaust denial (commonly called Holocaust revisionism by its supporters) is the belief that the Holocaust did not occur as it is described by mainstream historiography. Key elements of this belief are the explicit or implicit rejection that, in the Holocaust:The Nazi government had a policy of deliberately targeting Jews, people of Jewish ancestry, and the Roma (also known as Gypsies) for extermination as a people;Over five million Jews[1] were systematically killed by the Nazis and their allies.Tools of efficient mass extermination, such as gas chambers, were used in extermination camps to kill Jews.
item	Ibadan School	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan_School	The Ibadan School was the first, and for many years the dominant, school in the study of the history of Nigeria. It originated at the University of Ibadan in the 1950s and remained dominant until the 1970s. The University of Ibadan was the first university to open in Nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of Nigeria's other universities, spreading the Ibadan historiography. Its scholars also wrote the textbooks that were used at all levels of the Nigerian education system for many years. The school's output is often considered to be most clearly embodied in the Ibadan History Series.
item	Jacques Le Goff	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff	Jacques Le Goff (born January 1st, 1924 in Toulon) is a French historian specializing in the Middle Ages, particularly the 12th and 13th centuries.
item	Japanese history textbook controversies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies	The Japanese history textbook controversies is a series of controversies over government-approved history textbooks used in the secondary education (junior high schools and high schools) of Japan. The controversies primarily concern the constitutionality of the government authorization system itself and the textbook descriptions of the wars and imperialism conducted by Imperial Japan during the first half of the 20th century. The Japanese history textbook controversies has been an issue of much debate both domestically and internationally.Contents1 Textbook authorization system of Japan2 The beginning of school textbook screening (1947)3 "Ureubeki Kyokasho" issue (1955)4 F-ko purge (1956)5 Ienaga v. Japan (1965 - 1997)<s
item	Japanese war crimes	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes	The term Japanese war crimes refers to events which occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. Other names, such as Asian Holocaust and Japanese War Atrocities, are also used for these war crimes and other incidents. Many of these events are subject to controversy among historians and people of different nationalities.Historians and the governments of many countries officially hold the military of the Empire of Japan, namely the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy, responsible for the deaths and forced labour of many millions of civilians and prisoners of war (POWs) during the 20th century.Contents1 Definitions1.1 Japanese definitions1.1.1 Japanese government position1.2 International definitions2 Background
item	Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie	Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (born 1929) is a noted French historian whose work is mainly focused upon Languedoc in the ancien regime, focusing on the history of the peasantry. He is a noted pioneer in the fields of history from below and microhistory.
item	Liber Historiae Francorum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Historiae_Francorum	Liber historiae Francorum ("The book of the history of the Franks") is a primary source for writing the history of the early Franks and the Merovingians, and a major example of Carolingian historiography, recently explored by Rosamond McKitterick (History and Memory in the Carolingian World). As a widely-read narrative, it helped inculcate a sense of cultural solidarity among the readership for whom it was intended, and whose biases it caters to and whose political agenda it promotes.
item	List of historians by area of study	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study	This is a list of historians categorized by their area of study. See also List of historians.Contents1 By time period1.1 Ancient history1.2 Medieval history2 By nation or geographical area2.1 North America2.1.1 History of Canada2.1.2 History of the Caribbean2.1.3 History of the United States2.2 Europe2.2.1 History of Europe2.2.2 History of England and Britain2.2
item	Lucien Febvre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Febvre	Lucien Febvre (July 22, 1878 - Saint-Amour, Jura, 1956) was a French historian best known for the role he played in establishing the Annales School of history.
item	Marxist historiography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_historiography	Marxist or historical materialist historiography is an influential school of historiography. The chief tenets of Marxist historiography are the centrality of social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes.
item	Mediatization	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatization	Mediatization, defined broadly, is the annexation of one monarchy by another monarchy in such a way that the ruler of the annexed state keeps his or her noble title, and sometimes a measure of power. Thus, for example, when a sovereign county is annexed to a larger principality, its reigning count might find himself subordinated to a prince, but would nevertheless remain a count, rather than be stripped of his title.
item	Modernity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity	Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being "Modern". Since the term "Modern" is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be taken in context.
item	Muqaddimah	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah	The Muqaddimah, or the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun (Arabic: مقدّمة ابن خلدون), records an early Muslim view of 'universal history'. Many modern thinkers view it as one of the first works of sociology. The Arab historian Ibn Khaldun wrote the work in 1377 as the preface or first book of his planned world history, the kitab al-ibar (lit. Book of Advice), but already in his lifetime it became regarded as an independent work.[edit]
item	Narrative history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_history	Narrative history is the practice of writing history in a story-based form. It can be divided into two subgenres: the traditional narrative and the modern narrative.
item	The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarian_Democracy	The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy is a book by historian J. L. Talmon which critiques Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophy of union between individual and state as effective totalitarianism with only the illusion of democracy.Indeed, from the vantage point of the mid-twentieth century the history of the last hundred and fifty years looks like a systematic preparation for the headlong collision between empirical and liberal democracy on the one hand, and totalitarian Messianic democracy on the other, in which the world crisis of to-day consists. - J. L. Talmon[edit]
item	Parallel History Project	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_History_Project	The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP)is a website reference compilation and analysis nexus sparked by the progressive increase in the declassification of NATO and Soviet bloc documents related to Cold War activities, as viewed by both sides.
item	Postmodernity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernity	Postmodernity (also called post-modernity or the postmodern condition) is a term used to describe the social and cultural implications of postmodernism. The term is used by philosophers, social scientists, art critics and social critics to refer to aspects of contemporary art, culture, economics and social conditions that are the result of the unique features of late 20th century and early 21st century life. These features include globalization, consumerism, the fragmentation of authority, and the commoditization of knowledge (see "Modernity").Contents1 Postmodernism and postmodernity2 Uses of the term3 Descriptions3.1 Philosophy and critical theory3.2 Traits3.3 Social sciences<a href="#As_a_stylistic_approach"
item	Predecessor state	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predecessor_state	A predecessor state is an established state in international law that is succeeded by a new state or states.[edit]
item	Premodernity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premodernity	In an historical context, Premodernity is the period in Western civilization that came after Ancient history and before Modernity, which is usually recognized to have begun in the mid-1400s, marked by the invention of movable type and the printing press. Premodernity is thought to have begun about 500; thus it spans almost 1000 years. As such it runs parallel to the Middle Ages.[edit]
item	Presentism %28literary and historical analysis%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentism_%28literary_and_historical_analysis%29	Presentism is a mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas and perspectives are anachronistically introduced into depictions or interpretations of the past. Most modern historians seek to avoid presentism in their work because they believe it creates a distorted understanding of their subject matter.
item	Primary source	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_source	In historical scholarship, a primary source is a document or other source of information that was created at or near the time being studied, often by the people being studied. In this sense primary does not mean superior. It refers to creation by the primary players, and is distinguished from a secondary source, which is a historical work, like a scholarly book or article, built up from primary sources.Contents1 Types of primary sources2 Using primary sources3 See also4 Notes5 References6 External links
item	Progress %28philosophy%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_%28philosophy%29	Historical progress has been a main object of philosophy of history. However, in particular following the Holocaust, the idea and possibility of social progress, which was a main idea of the Enlightenment philosophy, has been more and more put to question. One philosopher who did this was Theodor Adorno. Despite this, the possibility of social progress continues to be, whether by personal choice or by ideology, an ideal shared by many.
item	Prosopography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopography	Prosopography is an important methodological tool within historical research, its goal being the collection of all known information about individuals within a given period, often in the form of a register or database (frequently also known as a "Prosopography", e.g. The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire).[edit]
item	Pulitzer Prize for History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History	The Pulitzer Prize for History has been awarded since 1917 for a distinguished book upon the history of the United States.1917: With Americans of Past and Present Days by Jean Jules Jusserand1918: A History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 by James Ford Rhodes1919: no award given1920: The War with Mexico by Justin H. Smith1921: The Victory at Sea by William Sowden Sims and Burton J. Hendrick1922: The Founding of New England by James Truslow Adams1923: The Supreme Court in United States History by Charles Warren1924: The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation by Charles Howard McIlwain<
item	Puritan choir	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan_choir	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since June 2006.
item	Historical revisionism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism	Historical revisionism has both a legitimate academic use, and a pejorative meaning. Within the academic field of history, it is the legitimate reexamination of historical facts, with an eye towards updating histories with newly discovered, more accurate, or less biased information. The implication is that history as it has been traditionally told may not be entirely accurate.
item	Revisionism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionism	Revisionism is a word which has several meanings. One of its first (neutral) uses was the revision of Marx's doctrine by Eduard Bernstein and Karl Kautsky in the late 19th century. Historical revisionism is often viewed as a legitimate effort by historians to broaden the awareness of certain historical events by re-examining conventional wisdom. However, the term has also been used in a pejorative sense, indicating an attempt to rewrite history by downgrading or simply ignoring essential facts, as in for example Holocaust denial (see historical revisionism (negationism)). The term is also used neutrally in describing fiction which alters or comments on a previous fictional work or genre.Contents1 Revisionism in the Socialist movement2 Marxist definition of revisionism3 Historical revisionism4 Territorial revisionism<li clas
item	Scepter of Judah	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scepter_of_Judah	The Scepter of Judah (Hebrew: Shebet Yehuda) was a text produced by the Sephardi historian Solomon Ibn Verga. It first appeared in Turkey in 1553.
item	Second modernity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_modernity	Second modernity is a phrase coined by the German sociologist Ulrich Beck, and is his word for the period after modernity. Beck has also contributed with a number of other new words in German sociology, for example "risk society".
item	Secondary source	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_source	Secondary sources is a term used in historical scholarship to refer to works of history written as synthetic accounts, based on primary sources and usually the consultation of other secondary sources. Most scholarly, historical monographs published today are secondary sources. Ideal secondary sources are usually characterized as both reporting events in the past as well as performing the function of generalization, analysis, synthesis, interpretation, and/or evaluation of the events.
item	Sigillography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigillography	Sigillography (sometimes referred to under its Greek name of Sphragistics) is one of the auxiliary sciences of history. It refers to the study of seals attached to documents as a source of historical information. It concentrates on the legal and social meaning of seals, as well as evolution of their look. As such, it is closely related to heraldry.
item	Silver age	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_age	A silver age is a name often given to a particular period within a history, typically as a lesser and later successor to a golden age, the metal silver generally being valuable, but less than gold.
item	Sonderweg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderweg	Sonderweg, (literally: sonder= 'special', weg= 'path') is a theory in historiography that considers the German-speaking lands, or the country Germany, to have followed its own, unique course through its evolution and history, separate from other European countries: therefore, a route of development which is 'special' or an 'alternative'. In particular, proponents of the Sonderweg view of German history argue that the way German history developed over the centuries virtually ensured that Nazi Germany was bound to occur. In their view, German mentalities, the structure of society and institutional developments led an "abnormal" course of history in Germany in comparison with the other nations of the West, who had a "normal" development of their histories.
item	Source text	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_text	A source text is text (usually written but sometimes oral) from which information or ideas are derived.
item	Successor state	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_state	A successor state is a state that takes over some or all of the territory and assets from a previously well-established state (the predecessor state). As a term of international law, this concept is discussed under the succession of states theory.
item	Teleology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology	Teleology (telos: end, purpose) is the philosophical study of design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in nature or human creations.Contents1 Contrasted with philosophical naturalism2 Extrinsic and intrinsic finality3 Classical Greek teleology4 American Philosophy5 Modern/postmodern philosophy6 Science7 Technology8 See also9 References10 Further reading
item	Tertiary source	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_source	Where a primary source presents material from a first-hand witness to a phenomenon, and a secondary source provides commentary, analysis and criticism of primary sources, a tertiary source is a selection and compilation of primary and secondary sources. While the distinction between primary source and secondary source is essential in historiography, the distinction between these sources of evidence and tertiary sources is more peripheral, and is more relevant to the practice of scholarship than to the content.
item	Totalitarian democracy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy	Totalitarian democracy is a term made famous by Israeli historian J. L. Talmon to refer to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right to vote, have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the government. The phrase had previously been used by Bertrand de Jouvenel and E.H. Carr.Contents1 Criticism of Rousseau's ideas2 Differences in democratic philosophy2.1 Fundamental requirements2.2 Cold War and socio-economic illustrations3 Modern contexts and Western powers<a href="#See_al
item	Translatio studii	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translatio_studii	Translatio studii is the geographic movement of learning. In the Renaissance and later, historians saw the metaphorical light of learning as moving much as the light of the sun did: westward. According to this notion, the first center of learning was Eden, followed by Jerusalem, and Babylon. From there, the light of learning moved westward to Athens, and then west to Rome. After Rome, learning moved west to Paris. From thence, enlightenment moved west to Amsterdam and London. The metaphor of "translatio studii" went out of fashion in the 18th century, but such English Renaissance authors as George Herbert were already predicting that learning would move next to America. The metaphor of the "dawning of reason" was also part of the metaphor of "enlightenment."
item	Tudor myth	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_myth	The Tudor myth is the tradition in English history, historiography and literature that presents the period of the 15th century, including the Wars of the Roses, in England as a dark age of anarchy and bloodshed. It served the political purpose of promoting the Tudor period of the 16th century as a golden age of peace, law and order, and prosperity. (See Henry VII of England, Henry VIII of England, Edward VI of England, Lady Jane Grey, Mary I of England, and Elizabeth I of England).
item	Universal history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_history	Universal history is basic to the Western tradition of historiography, especially the Judeo-Christian wellspring of that tradition. Simply stated, universal history is the presentation of the history of mankind as a whole, as a coherent unit.Contents1 Examples2 Popular conceptions and universal history3 Historiography4 See also
item	Whig history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_history	Whig history is a pejorative name given to a view of history that interprets history as a story of progress toward the present. The phrase was coined by the British historian Herbert Butterfield in 1931, in his small but influential book The Whig Interpretation of History. It takes its name from the British Whigs, advocates of the power of Parliament, who opposed the Tories, advocates of the power of the King and the aristocracy. The term has been applied in historical disciplines outside of British history (the history of science, for example) to criticize any goal-directed, hero-based, and transhistorical narratives.[edit]
item	Whiggishness	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiggishness	Whiggishness is a generic term of description for some approaches, in the fields of politics and historiography, which accept or adapt attitudes of the Whig politicians in the past of the United Kingdom. It is therefore not Whiggism, the party-political philosophy of the Whigs, but an identification in contemporary thought with an older strand. Whiggishness in general terms makes much of progress, a reform agenda, constitutional government, and personal freedoms. Its antithesis can be seen in certain kinds of cultural pessimism.
item	Albion %28history journal%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_%28history_journal%29	Albion is a journal of history published at Appalachian State University. The journal is published four times a year and has been in continuous publication since 1969. It publishes articles on aspects of British history of any period.[edit]
item	American Historical Review	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Review	The American Historical Review (AHR) is the official publication of the American Historical Association (AHA), a body of academics, professors, teachers, students, historians, curators and others, founded in 1884 "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical documents and artifacts, and the dissemination of historical research." The AHR and AHA are for those interested in all periods and facets of history, not (as some might assume, given the name) only or even primarily for those with a professional interest in American History.
item	Annual Register	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Register	The Annual Register (originally subtitled "A View of the History, Politicks and Literature of the Year ...") is a chronicle of British and world history published annually since 1758. It was founded by Edmund Burke (who was its editor for many years) and Robert Dodsley and has had many different publishers since.
item	Arthuriana	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthuriana	Arthuriana is a quarterly journal published by the International Arthurian Society - North American Branch. The four annual issues are published in February, May, October, December.[edit]
item	Book History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_History	Book History is an annual published by the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing (SHARP). Book History is devoted to every aspect of the history of the book, broadly defined as the history of the creation, dissemination, and reception of script and print. It publishes research on the social, economic, and cultural history of authorship, editing, printing, the book arts, publishing, the book trade, periodicals, newspapers, ephemera, copyright, censorship, literary agents, libraries, literary criticism, canon formation, literacy, literary education, reading habits, and reader response.[edit]
item	Centaurus %28journal%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurus_%28journal%29	Centaurus, a scientific journal devoted to the history of mathematics, science, and technology.
item	Central Asia Monitor	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia_Monitor	Central Asia Monitor was in publication from 1992-2001. The journal focused on historical and current events in the five former Soviet Republics of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Its founder and editor-in-chief was Valery Chalidze. The bi-monthly journal was published out of Fair Haven, Vermont and its now defunct url was www.chalidze.com/cam.htm. Its ISSN was 1062-2314.
item	Chung-Hsing Historiography	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung-Hsing_Historiography	Chung Hsing Historiography ((Traditional Chinese: 中興史學; Simplified Chinese: 中兴史学) is a journal of Graduate School of History of National Chung Hsing University at Taiwan.[edit]
item	Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Studies_in_the_Physical_and_Biological_Sciences	Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences is an academic journal published by the Office for History of Science and Technology at University of California, Berkeley devoted to the study of the intellectual and social history of the physical sciences (including physics, chemistry, and astronomy) and the biological sciences (including biology, biophysics, and genetics), from the 17th century to the modern era.From 1969 through 1985 its title was only Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, the "Biological" was added from Volume 16 onwards to encourage more disciplinary variety in submissions.Its early volumes included seminal articles by Thomas Kuhn, John L. Heilbron, and Paul Forman. It publishes biannually today and is regularly cited.[edit]External linksHSPS website at the Un
item	Historische Zeitschrift	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historische_Zeitschrift	Historische Zeitschrift, founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel is considered to be the first and for a time the foremost historical journal. The creation of this journal inspired Gabriel Monod to found the French Revue historique in 1876. In 1886 the English Historical Review was founded and in 1895 the American Historical Review was founded.&#160;This history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.&#160;This magazine or <a href="/w
item	History Journal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Journal	A history journal is an academic serial publication designed to present new scholarship on a historical subject, usually a subfield of history, with articles generally being subjected to peer review. For example, Eidola deals with the history of art in ancient times; Le Cygne covers the poetry of Marie de France.
item	History Workshop Journal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Workshop_Journal	The History Workshop is a movement founded by Raphael Samuel. Its main role was to promote the field of historiography known variously as History from below, the history of everyday life, or simply the people's history. Samuel defined the movement as being "the belief that history is or ought to be a collaborative enterprise, one in which the researcher, the archivist, the curator and the teacher, the 'do-it-yourself' enthusiast and the local historian, the family history societies and the individual archaeologist, should all be regarded as equally engaged."[citation&#160;needed] It was founded at Ruskin College, Oxford (the trade union collage for mature students) in 1966.&#160;This magazine or journal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Workshop_Journal"			<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spe
item	Iranian Studies Journal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Studies_Journal	The Iranian Studies Journal is a peer-reviewed quarterly journal devoted to Iranian and Persianate history, literature, and society published by The International Society for Iranian Studies (ISIS). The magazine is published 4 times a year on January, March, September, and December and has been published since 1967. The magazine has had a great reviews for having informative content and continues to grow with Homa Katouzian as the editor from St Antony's College in Oxford, UK.[edit]
item	Isis %28journal%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_%28journal%29	Isis is an academic journal published by the University of Chicago devoted to the history of science, history of medicine, and the history of technology, as well as their cultural influences, featuring both original research articles as well as extensive book reviews and review essays. It was founded in 1912 by George Sarton and is the official publication of the History of Science Society, the primary professional society for the discipline of the history of science and technology. It is the oldest English-language journal devoted to the subject, and is published quarterly. Publication is partly supported by an endowment from the Dibner Fund.The Current Bibliography (formerly the Cumulative Bibliography) of the history of science is published annually as a fifth volume of Isis. This is a bibliography of recent publications in the history of science and related fields, including books, book reviews, and journal articles. Following the retirement of editor John Neu in 1999, the bibliography office moved to the University of Oklahoma.It appears to have been located in Philadelphia in a previous incarnation. The current editorial office is located at York University in <a href="/wiki
item	Journal of American History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_American_History	The Journal of American History (sometimes abbreviated as JAH), is the official journal of the Organization of American Historians. It was first published in 1914 as the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, the official journal of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association. After the publication of its fiftieth volume, the recognition of a shift in the direction of the membership and its scholarship led to the name change.The JAH is headquartered in Bloomington, Indiana and is published quarterly, in March, June, September, and December, printed by Capital City Press of Montpelier, Vermont. The Editor is Edward Linenthal.Contents1 List of Editors1.1 As the Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association1.2 As the Mississippi Valley Historical Review1.3 As the Journal of American History
item	Journal of Ancient History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Ancient_History	The Journal of Ancient History (Russian: "Вестник древней истории") is a Russian bulletin founded in 1937. It publishes articles mainly on Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and recent archeological digs. It comes out four times a year. Circulation: over 3,000 copies (1971).
item	Journal of Central Asian and Caucasian Studies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Central_Asian_and_Caucasian_Studies	J.C.A.C.S. or O.A.K.A.
item	Journal of Hellenic Studies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Hellenic_Studies	The Journal of Hellenic Studies or JHS is a bound journal containing archaeological articles regarding Hellenic Studies and reviews of recent books of importance to Hellenic studies. It is published annually, from 1880 to the current day, by the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.[edit]
item	Journal of Joan of Arc Studies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Joan_of_Arc_Studies	The Journal of Joan of Arc Studies is a quarterly journal, provided in print, CD, and online formats, and in both English and French. The four annual issues are published in March, June, September, and December.[edit]
item	Kailash %28journal%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash_%28journal%29	Kailash is a scholarly journal, first published in 1973. Its full name is Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies. It focuses on the history and anthropology of the Himalayan region. Printed on traditional rice paper in Kathmandu, Nepal, it is difficult to acquire and only a handful of university libraries have assembled a complete set. Some articles are available in PDF or HTML format from the link below.[edit]
item	Le Cygne	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cygne	Le Cygne is a scholarly journal, published once a year, in April, by the International Marie de France Society.[edit]
item	Problems of Communism %28journal%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problems_of_Communism_%28journal%29	Problems of Communism was a professional journal during the Cold War which predicted the collapse of the USSR.[1] It changed its name to Problems of Post-Communism in 1992 and still publishes bi-monthly today. It is published by M.E. Sharpe.[edit]
item	Scandia %28journal%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandia_%28journal%29	Scandia: tidskrift för historisk forskning (usually referred to as just Scandia) is an academic journal for history which has been published since 1928, when it was founded by the Swedish historian Lauritz Weibull (1873-1960), professor at the University of Lund. The journal, which has a Scandinavian scope, has always been affiliated with the Department of History at the University of Lund.
item	Speculum %28journal%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_%28journal%29	Speculum is a quarterly journal published by the Medieval Academy of America. The four annual issues are published in January, April, July, and October.[edit]
item	The Journal of Negro History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_History	The Journal of Negro History was founded in 1916 as a quarterly research journal. It was published by the Association for the Study of African American Life and History founded in 1915 by Carter G. Woodson and Jesse E. Moorland. In 2002, the Journal of Negro History became The Journal of African American History.[edit]External linkOnline access to early content of this journal&#160;This United States history article is a stub. You can <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Find_or_fix_a_stub" title="Wikipedia:Find or fix a
item	The Phalanx	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phalanx	The Phalanx; or Journal of Social Science is a Fourierist journal published in New York City, edited by Albert Brisbane and Osborne Macdaniel from 1843 to 1845.&#160;This history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phalanx"			Categories: History stubs | <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_so
item	Human migration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration	Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one locality to another (migration), often over long distances or in large groups. Humans are known to have extensively migrated throughout history. This can be compared with the periodic migratory behaviour of groups of animals such as some birds and fishes. This article concentrates on the historical human migrations.
item	1.5 generation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.5_generation	The term 1.5 generation or 1.5G refers to people who immigrate to a new country before their early teens. They earn the label the "1.5 generation" because they bring with them characteristics from their home country but continue their assimilation and socialization in the new country. Their identity is thus a combination of new and old culture and tradition.
item	Aliyah	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah	Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה, "ascent" or "going up") is a term widely used to mean Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel). The opposite action, Jewish emigration away from Israel, is called Yerida ("descent"). When someone reads the Torah prayers before and after the reading, they are making aliyah, or "going up" (spiritually and literally, as usually the bimah is raised.)Aliyah 1948-2000: by numbers and by source.<a href="/wiki/Image:Israel-coa-medium.png" cl
item	Allochtoon	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allochtoon	Allochtoon (plural: allochtonen) is a Dutch word (derived from Greek ἀλλο (allo), other, and χθον (khthon) earth/land ), literally meaning "originating from another country". It is defined as the opposite of the word autochtoon (in English, "autochthonous" or "autochtone"; derived from Greek αυτο (auto), self) literally meaning "originating from this country".
item	Anti-Chinese legislation in Canada	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_legislation_in_Canada	A number of pieces of 'anti-Chinese legislation' existed in Canada in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
item	Anti-immigration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-immigration	Anti-immigration may be used to describe individuals, groups or movements which oppose significant levels of immigration into their countries. Anti-immigrant may refer to those who are opposed to specific migrant groups, or as a pejorative for those who are anti-immigration. The terms often have negative connotations in a political context, particularly in the West, where politicians generally avoid giving explicit support to anti-immigration platforms or describing their policies as "anti-immigrant". Nevertheless, opinion polls demonstrate that many people across the developed world are uncomfortable with, if not outright opposed to, immigration. It is often used as a smoke-screen, behind which racist and bigoted opinions can be aired. Similarly, many other people support immigration.Contents1 Major anti-immigration arguments2 Counter arguments3 Continental European anti-immigration movements4 Opposition to immigration in the United Kingdom<span class="tocnum
item	Anti-nationalism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nationalism	Anti-nationalism is the idea that nationalism is dangerous in one form or another, and sometimes, though less often, the idea that all nationalism is completely dangerous and wrong. Anti-nationalism is, to varying degrees, the antithesis of nationalism.Contents1 Anti-Nationalism as Humanitarianism2 Anti-Nationalism in the Mainstream-Left3 Anti-Nationalism That Opposes All Nationalism4 Islamic Anti-Nationalism5 Academic Anti-Nationalists (of the Humanist strain)6 Articles on Islam &amp; Nationalism7 See also
item	Approved Destination Status	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approved_Destination_Status	The Approved Destination Status (ADS) is a program developed by the Chinese government to establish a well-managed, orderly and controlled system of travel abroad for a greater number of its citizens. It is based on a bilateral agreement whereby a foreign government allows Chinese tourists to travel to its territory.
item	Basque diaspora	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_diaspora	The Basque diaspora is a name given to describe the dispersion of the Basque people throughout the world. The Basques do not have an independent country to call their own, being divided between the Spanish and French states. Many Basques have left the Basque Country for other parts of the globe for economical or political reasons, including Argentina, Chile, Mexico and the United States.Contents1 Basques in Argentina2 Basques in Mexico3 Basques in the United States4 See also5 Notes and references6 External links
item	Benefit tourism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_tourism	Benefit tourism is the name given to the perceived threat that after May 1, 2004, huge masses of citizens from the European Union's ten new member countries would move to the previous fifteen member states to benefit from their generous social welfare systems rather than to work.
item	Boat people	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_people	Boat people is a term (usually) referring to impoverished illegal immigrants or asylum seekers, who arrive en masse in old or crudely-made boats. The term came into common use during the 1970s, with the mass departure of Vietnamese refugees from communist-controlled Vietnam, following the Vietnam War.
item	Brain drain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_drain	A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals ("human capital") for other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflict, lack of opportunity and/or health hazards where they are living. It parallels the term "capital flight" which refers to financial capital which is no longer invested in the country where its owner lives and earned it. Investment in higher education is lost when the trained individual leaves, usually not to return. Also whatever social capital the individual has been a part of is reduced by their departure. Spokesmen for the Royal Society of London first coined the expression “brain drain” to describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to the United States and Canada in the early 1950s.Contents1 History1.1 Nazism and the United States Brain Gain2 Brain drain today3 <span 
item	Peter Brimelow	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brimelow	Peter Brimelow (born 1947) is a British-American financial journalist and author. Brimelow has been the editor of many publications, including Forbes, the Financial Post, and the National Review. Outside financial circles, he is best known for his controversial writings on immigration policy.
item	Chinese Immigration Act of 1885	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885	The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 placed a Head Tax on all Chinese immigrants coming to Canada, forcing them to pay a fifty dollar fee to enter the country. In 1900, the fee was raised to one hundred dollars (a substantial amount of money at that time). In 1903, the amount was raised to five hundred dollars, the equivalency of two years' wages, which was a small fortune to the Chinese immigrants as well as other Canadians at the time. Later, another law was passed, declaring that only one Chinese immigrant could come to Canada for every fifty tons (50.8 tonnes) of the ship they were travelling on, for that one voyage. That meant that only ten immigrants could come to Canada on a ship weighing five hundred tons (508 tonnes).
item	The Chinese Immigration Act%2C 1923	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chinese_Immigration_Act%2C_1923	The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, known in the Chinese-Canadian community as the Chinese Exclusion Act, was an act passed by the federal government of Canada, banning most forms of Chinese immigration to Canada. Some people feel that racialist immigration policies are discriminatory while the subject remains controversial.
item	Christian emigration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_emigration	Christian emigration is the migration of Christian people from countries that have a high percentage and majority of non-Christians. Areas that have been particularly affected by Christian emigration include the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent and the Far East. Today, the majority of Middle Eastern people in the United States are Christian.Contents1 Christian emigration from the Middle East2 Christian emigration from the Indian Subcontinent3 Christian emigration from communist states4 See also5 External links
item	Citizenship	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship	Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now usually a state) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. It is largely coterminous with nationality, although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen (i.e., be legally subject to a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it); it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a state; for example, a citizen of a Commonwealth country resident in the United Kingdom is entitled to full political rights.See nationality for further discussion of the properties of national citizenship and how it can be acquired.Citizenship often also implies working towards the betterment of one's community through participation, volunteer work, and efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, schools in England provide lessons in citizenship; in Wales the model used is Personal and Social Education.Citizenship as explained above is the political rights of an individual within a society. Thus, you can have a citizenship from one country and be a national of another country. One example might be as follows: A Cuban-American might be considered a national of Cuba due to his bei
item	Citizenship of the European Union	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union	Citizenship of the Union was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992.According to Article 17 of the Treaty of Rome (as amended) [1], to hold the "Citizenship of the Union" one must first hold the "nationality of a Member State". In the case of Micheletti v Delagacion del Gobierno en Cantabria (C-396/90) [1992] ECR I-4239 [2], it was established that "it is for each member state, having due regard to Community law, to lay down the conditions for the acquisition and loss of nationality". According to the same case, dual nationality with only one nationality of a member state is sufficient to fulfil the requirements for "Citizenship of the Union".EU citizenship offers certain rights and privileges within the EU; in many areas EU citizens have the same or similar rights as native citizens in member states. Such rights granted to EU citizens include:the right of free movement and residence throughout the Union and the right to apply to work in any pos
item	Common Travel Area	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Travel_Area	The Common Travel Area or, informally the passport free zone, refers to the fact that citizens of the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies (the Isle of Man and the Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey) may travel between their countries without a passport. There is no formal agreement between Ireland and UK regarding the common travel area, although the Common Travel Area is provided for in the Immigration Act, 1971 (UK). Passports have never been required in the zone (except during wartime).
item	Cosmopolitanism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitanism	Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single moral community. This is contrasted with ideologies of patriotism and nationalism. Cosmopolitanism may or may not entail some sort of world government or it may simply refer to more inclusive moral, economic, and/or political relationships between nations or individuals of different nations.Contents1 Philosophical cosmopolitanism2 Political and sociological cosmopolitanism3 Cosmopolitanism in practice4 Critique of cosmopolitanism5 See also6 External links7 Resources
item	Diaspora	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora	The term diaspora (Ancient Greek διασπορά, "a scattering or sowing of seeds") is used (without capitalization) to refer to any people or ethnic population forced or induced to leave their traditional ethnic homelands; being dispersed throughout other parts of the world, and the ensuing developments in their dispersal and culture.
item	Displaced person	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaced_person	A displaced person (sometimes abbreviated DP) is person who has been forced to leave his or her native place, a phenomenon known as forced migration.Contents1 Origin of term2 International law aspects3 See also4 External links
item	Emigration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration	Emigration is the act and the phenomenon of leaving one's native country to settle abroad. It is the same as immigration but from the perspective of the country of origin. Human movement before the establishment of state boundaries or within one state, is termed migration. There are many reasons why people might choose to emigrate. Some for political or economic reasons. Some might have found a spouse while visiting another country and emigrate to be with them. Many older people living in rich nations with cold climates will choose to move to warmer climates when they retire.
item	European Convention on Nationality	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Nationality	The European Convention on Nationality (E.T.S. No. 166, done at Strasbourg, 6 November 1997) is a comprehensive convention dealing with the law of nationality.
item	Expatriate	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate	An expatriate (in abbreviated form, expat) is someone temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of their upbringing or legal residence. The word comes from the Latin ex (out of) and patria (country), and is sometimes misspelled (either unintentionally or intentionally) as ex-patriot or short x-pat, due to its pronunciation.
item	Foreign born	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_born	Foreign born (also non-native) is a term used to describe a person born outside of their country of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but are also frequently naturalized citizens of a country.
item	Foreign worker	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_worker	See also expatriate.A foreign worker (also: "guest worker" or "economic migrant"), is a person who works in a country other than the one of which he or she is a citizen. Foreign workers are often in other countries for a much more prefered job for him or her.The term migrant worker is also sometimes used as a synonym for foreign worker, but this term may have a broader meaning as was also used in the past for nomadic agricultural workers who were not from another country - for example, people from Oklahoma working in California during the Depression.Contents1 Types of foreign workers2 Controversy3 See also4 References5 External Links
item	Foreign-born Japanese	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign-born_Japanese	A foreign-born Japanese is a person who was originally born outside Japan and later acquired Japanese citizenship. This category encompasses persons of both Japanese and non-Japanese descent. The former subcategory is considered because of intricacies of national and international laws regarding the citizenship of newborn persons.
item	Free migration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_migration	Free migration or open immigration is the belief that people should be able to migrate to whatever country they choose, free of substantial barriers. Although the two are not the same issue, free immigration is similar in spirit to the concept of free trade, and both are advocated by free market economists on the grounds that economics is not a zero-sum game and that free markets are, in their opinion, the best way to create a fairer and balanced economic system, thereby increasing the overall economic benefits to all concerned parties. Paradoxically, many libertarians, socialists, and anarchists advocate open immigration, notwithstanding other noteworthy differences among these three political ideologies.
item	Head tax %28Canada%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_tax_%28Canada%29	The Chinese head tax was a fixed fee charged for each Chinese person entering Canada. The head tax was first levied after the Canadian Government passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885. The act was replaced by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, where it excluded Chinese immigration altogether. It was meant to discourage Chinese from entering Canada after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.Contents1 History2 Impact of the head tax3 Movement for redress4 See also5 External links
item	Hong Kong returnee	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_returnee	PeoplesIndigenous inhabitantsNative locals (Puntis)New immigrantsReturneesChineseCantoneseHakkaHokkienShanghaineseTaiwaneseTeochewOther NationalitiesAmericansBritonsFilipinosIndonesians<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_people_in_Hong_Kong&amp;action=edit" cla
item	Illegal emigration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_emigration	Illegal emigration may occur in countries where emigration is not allowed, or is restricted. One may sneak over the border oneself, or be smuggled by others. Also one may legally go abroad, and refuse to return.
item	Illegal immigration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration	Illegal immigration refers to a immigration of people across national borders —in violation of the immigration laws of the country of destination. In politics, the term implies a larger social problem with consequences in other areas of government, such as economy, social welfare, education, and healthcareand costs of government services.For nationalists (also called "nativists") or voters illegal immigration connotes a perceived threat to traditional culture as well as having societal costs that exceed the possilbe benefits.Contents1 Terminology2 Causes of immigration flux3 Classification4 Methods5 Legal and political statu
item	Immigration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration	Immigration is the act of relocating to another country or region. An immigrant is a person who intends to stay long-term (often forever), in contrast to a casual visitor or traveler.
item	Indefinite leave to remain	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain	Indefinite leave to remain (ILR), is an immigration status granted to a person who does not hold right of abode in the United Kingdom, but who has been admitted to the UK without any time limit on his stay and who is free to take up employment or study, without restriction. When indefinite leave is granted to persons outside the United Kingdom it is known as indefinite leave to enter (ILE).A person who has indefinite leave to remain, Right of abode, or is an Irish citizen, has settled status if resident in the United Kingdom.Settled status is central to British nationality law, as the most usual route to naturalisation or registration as a British citizen requires that the applicant be settled in the UK. Settled status is also important where a child of non-British citizen parents is born in the UK, as unless at least one parent has settled status the child will not automatically be a British citizen.Contents1 Benefits of indefinite leave to remain1.1 Naturalisation and registration<span class="toc
item	International Organization for Migration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration	The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization. It was initially established in 1951 as the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) to help resettle people displaced by World War II. Its mission has broadened over the years and it now helps with migration and migration issues across the world. It is not a United Nations agency but it does maintain a close working relationship with many United Nations bodies.[edit]
item	Internationalism %28politics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_%28politics%29	Internationalism is a political movement which advocates a greater economic and political cooperation between nations for the benefit of all. Partisans of this movement, such as supporters of the World Federalist Movement, claim that nations should cooperate because their long-term mutual interests are of greater value than their individual short-term needs.
item	Irish diaspora	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_diaspora	The Irish diaspora consists of Irish emigrants and their descendants in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Bermuda, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, South Africa and states of the Caribbean and continental Europe. The diaspora, maximally interpreted, contains over 80 million people, which is over fourteen times the population of the island of Ireland itself (5.6 million in 2002).
item	Istrian exodus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istrian_exodus	The expression Istrian exodus or Istrian-dalmatian exodus is used to indicate the diaspora of ethnic Italians from Istria, Fiume and Zara lands, who were under Italian rule since World War I according to the Treaty of Rapallo of 1920 and were assigned to Yugoslavia by the Paris Peace Treaty of February 10, 1947.
item	Jewish Colonization Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Colonization_Association	History
item	Jus sanguinis	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinis	Jus sanguinis (Latin for "right of blood") is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born to a parent who is a national or citizen of that state. It contrasts with jus soli (Latin for "right of soil"). At the end of the 19th century, the French-German debate on nationality saw Ernest Renan oppose the German conception of an "objective nationality", based on "blood", "race" or even, as in Fichte's case, "language". Renan's republican conception explains France's early adoption of jus soli. Many nations have a mixture of lex sanguinis and lex soli, including the United States, Canada, Israel, Germany (as of recently), Greece, Britain, Ireland, and others.Contents1 Lex sanguinis2 Europe
item	Jus soli	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_soli	Jus soli (Latin for "right of the territory"), or birthright citizenship, is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born in the territory of the related state. At the turn of the 19th century, nation-states commonly divided themselves between those granting nationality on the grounds of jus soli (France, for example) and those granting it on the grounds of jus sanguinis ("right of blood") (Germany, for example). However, most European countries chose the German conception of an "objective nationality", based on "blood", "race" or language (as in Fichte's classical definition of a nation), opposing themselves to republican Ernest Renan's "subjective nationality", based on an every-day plebiscite of one's appartenance to his Fatherland. This non-essentialist conception of nationality allowed the implementation of jus soli, against the essentialist jus sanguinis. However, today's massive increase of refugees (which immediately followed World War I, as did Agamben underlined in <a h
item	List of slogans and chants supporting immigration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_slogans_and_chants_supporting_immigration	Short slogans and chants supporting immigration, or opposing restrictions on it and related policies of Bush and the United States government, are commonly heard or seen on signs at protests in favor of immigrant rights. Most of the examples on this page come from the large 2006 U.S. immigrant rights protests. Since, in the U.S., the majority of undocumented immigrants are from Spanish-speaking countries, many of these chants were first written in Spanish, and have a clear rhythm in that language but not in English.Contents1 Chants1.1 Power of the people1.2 Legality1.3 War on Terror1.4 Counter-protesters<sp
item	Mail-order bride	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail-order_bride	Mail-order bride is a label applied to a woman who lists herself in a catalog or marriage agency that publishes her intent to marry a foreign man. Although the label is widely used, it has derogatory connotations and may be offensive. Mail-order brides hail from dozens of developing countries and a few from developed ones. Ukraine, Russia, Colombia and the Philippines have particularly large numbers of mail-order brides [1].Men who list themselves in such publications may be referred to as mail-order husbands. This term is less common and generally implies a man who seeks a mail-order bride. However, a small percentage of mail-order husbands have intentions similar to mail-order brides, i.e. to marry and move to a more favorable environment.Contents1 Marriage success statistics2 Immigration issues by country2.1 United States2.2 Canada2.3 Taiwan<a href="#Com
item	Models of migration to the New World	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_New_World	The question of when humans first entered the Americas (the "New World") and how they arrived has been debated for centuries, and will probably continue to be for many more years to come in the anthropological community. A number of theories have been proposed over the years that explain the migration into the Americas, but as new data is recovered, these theories are continually restructured. The following is a basic look at two of the more popular models of migration to the New World.Contents1 Two Theories of Migration2 Understanding the Debate3 Land Bridge theory3.1 Synopsis3.2 Clovis Culture3.3 Problems with Clovis migration models4 Watercraft Migration theories4.1 Pacific coastal model<li class="to
item	Multiculturalism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism	Multiculturalism is a public policy approach for managing cultural diversity in a multiethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country's borders.
item	Multiple citizenship	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship	Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality, is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen under the laws of more than one state.
item	National Institute of Migration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Migration	The National Institute of Migration (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Migración (INM)) is a unit of the government of Mexico dependent on the Secretariat of the Interior that controls and supervises migration in the country.Contents1 Offices2 Paisano program3 Immigration statistics3.1 20043.2 Guatemala immigrants4 External links
item	Nationalism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism	Nationalism is a form of identity that holds that (ethnically or culturally defined) nations are the "fundamental units" for human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is "the only legitimate basis for the state", and that "each nation is entitled to its own state." Nationalism also refers to the specific ideologies of various nationalist movements, which make cultural and political claims on behalf of specific nations.Contents1 Principles of Nationalism2 Background and problems2.1 Issues in nationalism theory3 Historical evolution of nationalism3.1 Prior to 19003.2 20th Century nationalism3.3 Language and Nationalism<
item	Nationality	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality	In law, culture and the politics thereof, nationality refers to a relationship between a person and their nation, or in legal terms, a country, typically connotative of a place to whom a person has (or is claimed to "owe") their origin, familiarity, association, affiliation, culture, fidelity, and loyalty. The nationals of a country generally possess the right of abode in the territory of the country whose nationality they hold, though there are some exceptions (e.g., British Nationality Law).Nationality must be distinguished from citizenship: citizens have rights to participate in the political life of the state of which they are a citizen, such as by voting or standing for election; while nationals need not have these rights, though normally they do. Nationality can generally be acquired by jus soli, jus sanguinis or naturalisation. Traditionally under <a hre
item	New Zealand head tax	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_head_tax	New Zealand imposed a poll tax on Chinese immigrants during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The poll tax was effectively lifted in the 1930s following the invasion of China by Japan, and was finally repealed in 1944. An official apology to the Chinese community of New Zealand was afforded by Prime Minister Helen Clark in 2004.Contents1 History2 Impact of the head tax3 Movement for redress4 See also
item	Nordic Heritage Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Heritage_Museum	The Nordic Heritage Museum is a museum in the Ballard neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, USA.
item	Palestinian immigration %28Israel%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_immigration_%28Israel%29	To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup.Please discuss this issue on the talk page, or replace this tag with a more specific message. Editing help is available.This article has been tagged since June 2005.Palestinian immigrations into Israel were numerous border-crossings by Palestinians considered illegal by the Israeli authorities, during the first years of Israeli statehood. Most of the people in question were refugees attempting to return to their homes inside the new Israeli state. Between 30,000 and 90,000 Palestinian refugees returned to Israel as a result. They wanted to return to what were their homes prior to the Arab-Israeli War, looking for their lost loved ones, harvesting crops from fields that were confiscated, and to reclaim property other than land. There were also Bedouins to whom the concept of newly established borders were foreign.During the 1949–1956 period the motivation was social or economic concerns (1). Between 2,700 and 5,000 Palestinians were killed in the period 1949–<a href="/wiki/195
item	People smuggling	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_smuggling	People smuggling is a term which is used to describe the illegal and organised smuggling of people across international boundaries, usually for financial gain. Interpol, in a recent communication, described people smuggling as follows:Above: Over a thousand men, smuggled into Oman, return to Pakistan by boat after they were arrested and imprisoned. Thousands of South Asians are smuggled into the Middle East; but they are arrested and deported back each year - Pic by Ansar Burney TrustPeople smuggling has become the preferred trade of a growing number of criminal networks world-wide which are showing an increasing sophistication in regard to mo
item	Permanent residency	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residency	Permanent residency refers to a person's status such that the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within the country despite not having citizenship. A person with such status is known as a permanent resident.Contents1 Countries with permanent residency systems2 Rights of permanent residents3 Obligations of permanent residents4 Loss of status5 Access to citizenship6 Automatic entitlement7 Proof of permanent residency8 See also
item	Pied-noir	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied-noir	Pied-noir (plural: pieds-noirs) is a term for the former population of European descent of North Africa, especially Algeria, which was divided into three French departments until its 1962 independence. It also includes the Algerian Jewish population as well, some of whose ancestors had fled Spain after the Reconquista. Literally Pied-noir means "black foot" in French. Supposedly, one way the colonists could be distinguished from the indigenous Algerians was by the black boots that the French wore. According to most scholars, however, the term is of unknown origin. One of the most famous pieds-noirs was Albert Camus.Contents1 History2 Exodus3 In France4 Famous Pieds-Noirs5 See also
item	Plantations of Ireland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland	Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland involved the seizure of land owned by the native Irish and granting of it to colonists ("planters") from Britain. This process began under the reign of Henry VIII and continued under Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I, and Cromwell.
item	Pre-Siberian American Aborigines	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Siberian_American_Aborigines	The name American Aborigines has been proposed by some archaeologists and anthropologists for hypothetical peoples who lived in South America long before hunter-gatherer migrants from Siberia (who are believed to be the ancestors of today's Amerindians) crossed the Bering Land Bridge.
item	Primary immigration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_immigration	Primary immigration is a term which describes the movement of the earner of a family, or a young unattached single man, from one country to another, usually to improve their economic condition. Once the primary immigrant is established in the new country, they will often send for their family to come and join them (perhaps many years later). This is known as secondary immigration. Most countries tend to restrict the categories of people allowed to be primary immigrants, but allow the reunification of families of people already legally resident.&#160;This geographical term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_immigration"			<di
item	Reconcilee	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconcilee	Reconcilee is a neologism for Czech word upravenec (pl. upravenci) which denotes an émigré from Communist Czechoslovakia who "reconciliated" his or her relationship towards Communist régime.Contents1 The origins2 Categories3 Controversy4 Reference
item	Redemptioner	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptioner	A redemptioner is an immigrant, generally from the 18th or early 19th century, who gained passage to America (most often Pennsylvania) by selling himself as an indentured servant. Redemptioners differed from indentured servants in that they had the right, upon arriving at their destination port, to seek prospective employers and negotiate the terms of their own employment. Indentured servants' contracts, on the other hand, were frequently sold without their consent. While indentured servants typically traveled alone, redemptioners often traveled in family groups; their right to negotiate terms of employment sometimes allowed entire families to find employment in the same household or at least in the same neighborhood. Many redemptioners were ethnic Germans who originated in the Palatinate of the Rhine.&#160;This United States history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w
item	Remittances	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittances	Remittances are transfers of money by foreign workers to their home countries. The World Bank estimates that migrants officially sent home more than $223 billion to their families in developing countries in 2005 – a figure more than twice the level of international aid. Remittances are playing an increasing larger role in the economies of many nations. In Latin America and the Caribbean remittances play an important role in the economy of the region. In the region, remittances have overtaken the combined sum of Foreign direct investment and official development aid in terms of dollar value. Remittances also account for more than 10% of GDP in six Latin American and Caribbean countries and exceed the dollar flows of the largest export in almost every country in the region.
item	Repatriation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation	Repatriation (from late Latin repatriare - to restore someone to his homeland) is a term used to describe the process of return of refugees or soldiers to their homes, most notably following a war. It may also refer to the process of converting a foreign currency into the currency of one's own country.Contents1 Refugee repatriation, post-WWII repatriation2 Immigrant repatriation3 Repatriation of Currency4 Repatriation of body parts5 Cultural Repatriation6 See also7 External links
item	Right of abode	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_abode	The right of abode refers to an individual's freedom from immigration control in a particular country. A person who has the right of abode in a country does not need permission from the government to enter the country and can live and work there without restriction.
item	Right of return	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_return	The term Right of return reflects a belief that members of an ethnic or national group have a right to immigration and naturalization into the country that they, the country, or both consider to be that group's homeland, without prior personal citizenship in that country. This belief is sometimes reflected in special consideration in a country's immigration laws which facilitate or encourage the reunion of a diaspora or dispersed ethnic population.Contents1 Background2 Armenia3 Bulgaria4 Czech Republic5 Finland6 Germany7 Greece8 India9 Ireland<a href="#Isra
item	Rural exodus	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_exodus	Rural exodus is a term used to describe the migratory patterns that normally occur in a region following the mechanisation of agriculture. In such a situation, there tends to be a movement of peoples from rural areas into urban areas. This is related to the fact that with mechanization (or any other change in the method of production which increases productivity) fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of agricultural output to market.
item	Rural-urban migration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural-urban_migration	Rural-urban migration is the migration of people from rural areas into cities. The movement of people from rural communities into cities is considered to be the main cause of urban growth, especially in developing countries. Or so it was thought up until quite recently, but now, urban population growth is mostly due to the birth rate. Rural migrants are attracted by the possibilities that cities can offer, but often settle in shanty towns and experience extreme poverty. In the 1980's, this was attempted to be tackled with the urban bias theory which was promoted by Michael Litpon who wrote: "…the most important class conflict in the poor countries of the world today is not between labour and capital. Nor is it between foreign and national interests. It is between rural classes and urban classes. The rural sector contains most of the poverty and most of the low-cost sources of potential advance; but the urban sector contains most of the articulateness, organization and power. So the urban classes have been able to win most of the rounds of the struggle with the countryside…” (Varshney, 1993, p.5)
item	Seasonal human migration	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_human_migration	Seasonal human migration is very common in agricultural cycles. It includes migrations such as moving sheep or cattle to higher elevations during summer to escape heat and find more forage. Human labor often moves with fruit harvest, or to other crops that require manual picking.
item	Settler	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler	Settlers are (a) in prehistory, people who have migrated to different geographic regions or (b) in recent history, people who have migrated from the land of their birth to live permanently in colonies, sometimes which are controlled militarily by their home country.
item	Snowbird %28people%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowbird_%28people%29	The term Snowbird is used to describe Canadians and people from the Northern or Midwestern United States who spend a large portion of winter in warmer locales such as Arizona, Florida, or elsewhere along the Sunbelt region of the southern United States, areas of the Caribbean and even as far away as Australia and New Zealand. It is also used for those who migrate to Victoria, British Columbia, Canada for the winter. Victoria has an annual "blossom count" in mid-February to prove their warm winter status. Residents of northern Europe also flock to the warmer areas in the United States, establishing second communities of seasonal residents.
item	Swabian children	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_children	The Swabian children (German: Schwabenkinder) were peasant children taken from poor families in the Alps of Austria (especially Vorarlberg, Tyrol and South Tyrol) and Switzerland to work on German farms. They were taken in Spring and brought to the child markets in Germany, mainly in upper Swabia, where they would be purchased by farmers for the season. The use of Swabian children as workers was most popular in the 19th century.
item	Transculturation	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transculturation	Transculturation is a term coined by Fernando Ortiz in 1947 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures. In simple terms, it reflects the natural tendency of people (in general) to resolve conflicts over time, rather than exacerbating them. In the modern context, both conflicts and resolutions are amplified by communication and transportation technology —the ancient tendency of cultures drifting or remaining apart has been replaced by stronger forces for bringing societies together. Where tranculturation impacts ethnicity and ethnic issues the term "ethnoconvergence" is sometimes used.
item	Transhumance	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance	Transhumance is a term that has two accepted usages:A seter in Gudbrandsdal, Norway. It is above the tree line in the mountains and is used for summer pasture.Older sources use the term transhumance for vertical seasonal livestock movement, typically to higher pastures in summer and to the lower valleys in winter. The herders have a permanent home, typically in the valley. Only the herds and a subset people necessary to tend them travel. This is termed fixed transhumance below.Some recent studies consider nomadism, where livestock move to follow grazing over considerable distances following set seasonal patterns (with the whole family of herders living in temporary shelters which move with the herds all
item	Transmigration program	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmigration_program	The transmigration program (transmigrasi in Indonesia) was an initiative by the government of Indonesia to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the Indonesian archipelago. This meant moving people from the islands of Java, Bali, and Madura to areas including Papua, Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
item	United States Permanent Resident Card	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Card	A United States Permanent Resident Card, known popularly as Green Card, is an identification card for a permanent resident of the United States of America who does not have U.S. citizenship. It is proof that the holder has permission to permanently reside and take employment in the U.S. Its former official title was Alien Registration Receipt Card, and it is now officially called a Permanent Resident Card, also referred to as form I-551.
item	Visa %28document%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_%28document%29	A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit. "the document having been seen") is a document issued by a country giving a certain individual permission to formally request entrance to the country during a given period of time and for certain purposes (see below for caveats and exceptions). Most countries require possession of a valid visa as a condition of entry for foreigners, though there exist exemption schemes (see passport for examples of such schemes). Visas are typically stamped or attached into the recipient's passport, or are sometimes issued as separate pieces of paper.
item	Visa Express	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Express	The Visa Express program was a U.S. State Department program that allowed residents of Saudi Arabia to enter the U.S. without proving their identities. It became controversial when some of the 9/11 hijackers used this program to gain entry into the country, and the program was eventually shut down.
item	White African	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_African	White African people are descendants of Europeans who settled in the continent of Africa under colonial rule. (Known in Shona as the Mukiwa, and in Nguni languages as abeLungu) These individuals are mostly of Dutch, British, French, Portuguese, and other European ancestry. The African country with the largest White African population is South Africa, at approximately 5 million. Although white Africans no longer rule various African nations, many have remained as permanent residents and may dominate the economy and ownership of land in specific regions or countries.Contents1 Dutch people in Africa2 British people in Africa3 French people in Africa4 Portuguese people in Africa5 Other White African Groups<span class="tocnumber"
item	White flight	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight	White flight is a colloquial term for the demographic trend of white people, generally but not always upper and middle class, moving from increasingly and predominantly non-white areas, often from urban cores to nearby suburbs or even to new locales entirely (e.g., from the Rust Belt to the Sun Belt). In areas of some of the largest cities in the United States, however, the trend reversed itself in the 1990s to a limited extent (see gentrification).Contents1 White flight in the United States1.1 History1.2 Schools and Busing1.3 White flight in recent decades1.4 White flight in Southern California2 <spa
item	Yacht people	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_people	Yacht people is a slang term for the wealthy residents of Hong Kong who fled the city in the 1980s and 1990s, prior to the city's return to communist China in 1997. The term is a deliberate contrast to the poor "boat people" who fled southeast Asia (most notably Vietnam) in the 1970s. The most popular destination for the yacht people was Vancouver, Canada.
item	Image:Berlin Wall.jpg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Berlin_Wall.jpg	Berlin_Wall.jpg‎  (43KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)This picture/multimedia file is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Image:Berlin Wall graffiti&amp;death strip.jpg.Note: if the file on the Commons has the same name use {{NowCommonsThis}} or {{NCT}}
item	American Heritage %28magazine%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_%28magazine%29	American Heritage is a magazine dedicated to the history of the United States.
item	American Heritage of Invention and Technology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_of_Invention_and_Technology	American Heritage of Invention and Technology is a quarterly magazine dedicated to the history of technological progress. It is a spinoff of American Heritage magazine. It started in the summer of 1985 and printed three issues a year until 1992 when it became quarterly.[edit]
item	BBC History %28magazine%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_History_%28magazine%29	BBC History is a magazine devoted to history enthusiasts of all levels of knowledge and interest. Being a British publication, the magazine is particularly strong on British history, but its remit is worldwide. It has a strong get-out-and-see ethos but remains concentrated on high editorial standards and academically rigorous yet highly accessible features.Contents1 About BBC History2 A Brief History3 Content4 Advisory Board5 External links
item	L%27Histoire	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Histoire	L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French magazine dedicated to historical studies, recognized by peers as the most important historical popular magazine (as opposed to specifics university journals or less scientific popular historical magazines).
item	Military Heritage	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Heritage	Military Heritage is a glossy, bi-monthly history magazine published by Sovereign Media. It was founded by Carl A. Gnam, Jr., who also serves as the editorial director. The current magazine editor (as of 2005) is Roy Morris Jr.
item	Saskatchewan History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_History	Saskatchewan History is a magazine dedicated to exploring the history of the province of Saskatchewan. Published since 1948 by the Saskatchewan Archives Board, the magazine publishes both scholarly and light-reading articles. Topics of the magazine have included: ethnicity and race, Métis and First Nations history, immigration, businesses and organizations, history of the fur trade, women's history and events that have shaped Saskatchewan's past. Contributors to the magazine have included many prominent prairie and social historians.
item	True West Magazine	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_West_Magazine	True West Magazine (alternate title: True West) is an American magazine that contains glossy articles and covers; reporting about events that happened in the "Old West" era.[edit]
item	Afghan Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Museum	The Afghan Museum is a museum in Hamburg, Germany, storing Afghan history. It is a private museum and was opened in 1998. It was founded by Nek Mohamed, who was born in Afghanistan. The museum is located in a century old warehouse in "Speicher-stadt".[edit]
item	African Window	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Window	The African Window is the national cultural history museum (NCHM) of South Africa. It is situated in Pretoria, Gauteng. The NCHM was amalgamated with the Pretoria-based Transvaal Museum for Natural History and the South African National Museum for Military History (situated in Johannesburg) on 1 April 1999 to form the Northern Flagship Institution. The Institution is managed by a chief executive officer and a board, which replaced the three separate previous museum boards. The museum currently resides in the old Mint building, which was re-built and opened on 1 March 1997.
item	Alta Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Museum	The Alta Museum is located in Alta, northern Norway. It presents exhibitions on local culture and historic industries. Most importantly, these include exhibits concerning the nearby prehistoric rock carvings that form a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located at the early settlement of Finnmark and dating from around 11,000 years ago.
item	American Legation%2C Tangier	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legation%2C_Tangier	The American Legation, located at 8 Zankat America (Rue d'Amerique) in the medina of Tangier, commemorates the historic cultural and diplomatic relations between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco.
item	American Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum	The American Museum in Britain is based at Claverton Manor, a 19th century manor house in Bath.
item	Amersham Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersham_Museum	Amersham Museum is a small local museum based in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England.
item	Amherst Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_Museum	Amherst Museum is a historic house museum located in Amherst, NY. The Museum is dedicated to preserving the history the Town of Amherst, the Village of Williamsville and the Niagara Frontier. A 35-acre site, the Museum includes 12 historic buildings moved from their original site including homes, one-room schoolhouses, a barbershop, and a church; a main exhibit building; a collections storage facility; the Niederlander Research Library; and, the Country Store.
item	Anchorage Museum of History and Art	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage_Museum_of_History_and_Art	The Anchorage Museum of History and Art is a museum located in downtown Anchorage in the U.S. state of Alaska. The museum began as a public-private partnership to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Alaska purchase. It opened in 1968 with an exhibition of 60 borrowed Alaska paintings, and a collection of 2,500 historic and ethnographic objects loaned from the local historical society, and has been enlarged several times since.[edit]
item	Archaeological Museum of Asturias	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Asturias	The Archaeological Museum of Asturias is housed in the 16th century Benedictine monastery of Saint Vicente in Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. Its funds include collections of the Iron Age, the Roman period, and of Romanesque and Gothic times. The museum also includes sections of Asturian Ethnography, Heraldry, Medieval and Modern Epigraphy, Spanish Numismatics, a European Medal Section, and Armor.
item	Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater_Kent_Museum_of_Philadelphia	Philadelphia's city history museum, the Atwater Kent Museum (also known as the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia) was created in 1938 when Philadelphia Mayor S. Davis Wilson and Frances Wistar, president of the Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks, convinced inventor and radio pioneer A. Atwater Kent to purchase the historic Franklin Institute building and create a history museum for the City of Philadelphia.The museum building was designed by notable architect John Haviland and built 1824–26 for the Franklin Institute, founded in 1823 by Samuel Vaughn Merrick. The Atwater Kent Museum now houses more than 80,000 objects related to Philadelphia City History including an estimated 10,000 artifacts from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania art and artifact collection.[edit]Notable factsThe Museum houses a collection of 321 Saturday Evening Post covers illustrated by Norman R
item	Bonanzaville%2C USA	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanzaville%2C_USA	Bonanzaville, USA is a history museum complex in West Fargo, North Dakota. Bonanzaville, the museum of the Cass County Historical Society, is made up of forty-seven buildings on twelve acres, many of them are historic and from the region. These buildings have been moved to the museum grounds and now form a village setting. Most of the buildings have a special theme. Displays include a prairie church, a general store, a fire station, a jail, and a schoolhouse. There are also several newer buildings which have been constructed on the grounds including an aircraft museum and an automobile museum. Bonanzaville has several hundred thousand artifacts in their collections and on display.
item	Bowers Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowers_Museum	The Bowers Museum is a museum in Santa Ana, in Orange County. It has existed for nearly 70 years, although its purpose and collections have considerably changed over that time. It is one of only 750 museums in America accredited by the American Association of Museums, and is the only museum in the United States to partner with the British Museum. Currently, it has on display permanent collections of Central American native artifacts and paintings of local, Californian scenes. It also has a large temporary exhibition space, a courtyard, a children's museum section, and a restaurant.
item	Bramah Tea and Coffee Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramah_Tea_and_Coffee_Museum	The Bramah Tea and Coffee Museum, London, England is the world's first museum completely devoted to the history of tea and coffee. It covers 400 year of commercial and social history of two important commodities in the world, since their arrival in Europe from Africa and the Far East.
item	British Empire and Commonwealth Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Museum	The British Empire and Commonwealth Museum is a museum in Bristol, United Kingdom which explores the history of the British Empire and the impact that British colonial rule had on the rest of the world. The museum opened in 2002 in Bristol's historic old railway station, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
item	Bytown Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytown_Museum	The Bytown Museum is a small museum in Ottawa located on the lower locks of the Rideau Canal at the Ottawa River just below Parliament Hill.
item	California State Indian Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Indian_Museum	The California State Indian Museum is a history museum in Sacramento, California that is operated under the California state parks system.[edit]
item	Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Museum_Center_at_Union_Terminal	Exerior view of the Cincinnati Museum CenterCincinnati Museum CenterThe Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal is a converted railroad terminal that houses museums, theaters, and a library.Contents1 History1.1 Train terminal1.2 <span class="
item	Conspiracy Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_Museum	The Conspiracy Museum is a private exhibition, funded by a retired architect who calls himself an assassinologist, seizes on the public's enduring skepticism about the Kennedy assassination and government in general. The museum embraces all things conspiratorial and strings them together.
item	Cuming Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuming_Museum	The Cuming Museum in Walworth Road, within the London Borough of Southwark, London, England, houses the collection of the Cuming family and is also a museum of Southwark's history.
item	Dover Museum%2C England	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Museum%2C_England	Dover Museum is a museum in Dover, Kent, in south-east England. Its collections, displayed on three floors include:Dover Bronze Age Boat gallery;Temporary exhibition gallery;Local history of Dover town, Dover District Council area (including Deal and Walmer, which do not yet have their own town museum, only the Deal Maritime Museum), Cinque Ports and Dover Castle from prehistoric and Roman Dover to the modern era.[edit]
item	Dublin Writers Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Writers_Museum	The Dublin Writers Museum was opened in November 1991 at No 18, Parnell Square. The museum occupies an original eighteenth-century house, which accommodates the museum rooms, library, gallery and administration area. The annexe behind it has a coffee shop and bookshop on the ground floor and exhibition and lecture rooms on the floors above. The Irish Writers' Centre, next door in No 19, contains the meeting rooms and offices of the Irish Writers' Union, the Society of Irish Playwrights, the Irish Children's Book Trust and the Translators' Association of Ireland. The basement beneath both houses is occupied by the Chapter One restaurant.
item	East Slovak Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slovak_Museum	The East Slovak Museum (Slovak: Východoslovenské múzeum) in Košice, Slovakia, is one of the oldest Slovak museums; it was founded in 1872.
item	Evansville Museum of Arts%2C History and Science	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville_Museum_of_Arts%2C_History_and_Science	The Evansville Museum of Arts, History &amp; Science is a general-interest museum located on the riverfront in downtown Evansville, Indiana. Founded in 1904, it is one of Southern Indiana's most established and significant cultural centers.
item	The Evolution of Education Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Education_Museum	The Evolution of Education Museum is situated on Highway #2 South in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada.
item	The Five Civilized Tribes Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Civilized_Tribes_Museum	The Five Civilized Tribes Museum, located in Muskogee, Oklahoma, USA, is housed in the historic Union Indian Agency building. The Agency building, constructed in 1875 by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, was used for the offices and residence of the Indian Agency Superintendent and his family. Business was done downstairs, and the Superintendent and his family’s living quarters were upstairs. The building itself is listed on the National Register of Historic PlacesThe building has also been a school and orphanage for the Creek Freedmen, a residence, and after World War I it began a new life as “The Chateau” where area residents came to listen and dance to live bands. After World War II, the building fell into disrepair; however, through the efforts of the Da-Co-Tah Club, a group of local women of Native American descent, the building was preserved and opened its doors as the Five Civilized Tribes Museum on April 26, 1966.The museum holds an extensive collection of traditional art produced by artists of Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek) and Seminole descent, such as Solomon McCombs, Fred Beaver, Willard Stone, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ber
item	Flag House %26 Star-Spangled Banner Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_House_%26_Star-Spangled_Banner_Museum	The Flag House &amp; Star-Spangled Banner Museum is the 1793 home of Mary Pickersgill where she sewed the Star-Spangled Banner, the flag that flew over Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812, in the summer of 1813. The museum contains furniture and antiques from the period as well as items from the Pickersgill family. The museum also has exhibits on the War of 1812 and the Battle of Baltimore. Located in the Little Italy section of Baltimore, Maryland.[edit]
item	Greenwich Visitor Centre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Visitor_Centre	The Greenwich Visitor Centre in Greenwich in south east London provides an introduction to the history and attractions in the Greenwich World Heritage Site. It is located in the Pepys Buildings near to the Cutty Sark and Greenwich Hospital. Admission is free.
item	Guildhall Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_Museum	The ancient guildhall of St Mary's Guild in Boston, Lincolnshire, England was built around 1450. After the Dissolution, it became the town hall where William Brewster and his followers (the Separatists, later to be known as the Pilgrim Fathers) were taken following their arrest.[edit]
item	Gyeongju National Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongju_National_Museum	The Gyeongju National Museum is a museum in Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Its holdings are largely devoted to relics of the Silla kingdom, of which Gyeongju was the capital. It was founded by private citizens in 1915, and was taken over by the then-Japanese government in 1926.The museum is located immediately adjacent to the royal tomb complex, in an area which also includes the Gyerim forest, Cheomseongdae observatory, Banwolseong palace, and Anapji Pond.Notable relics preserved there include the Emille Bell, which is said to ring with the sound of a child who was sacrificed for its construction. There are several Silla crowns in the museum's collection. The museum also holds many artifacts excavated from Anapji Pond. Many holdings are displayed outdoors, a common practice in Korean museums.[edit]See alsoList of Korea-related topicsList of museums
item	Hagen Westphalian Open-Air Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Westphalian_Open-Air_Museum	The Hagen Westphalian Open-Air Museum (Westfälisches Freilichtmuseum Hagen) lies in the Hagen neighbourhood of Eilpe in the Mäckingerbach valley in the eastern Ruhr area. The governing body is the Westfalen-Lippe Regional Authority.
item	Harrison County Historical Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County_Historical_Museum	Harrison County Historical Museum is a historical museum in Marshall, Texas dedicated to the history of Harrison County, Texas. The museum houses twenty-two rooms of exhibits ranging in topic from the Native American Caddo culture to the history of the HBCU Wiley College. The museum has historically been located in the Old Courthouse on Whetstone Square, but has been temporarily located in the Ginocchio since 2001 awaiting the completion of a restoration project of the Old Courthouse. The museum house thousands of artifacts and also has an extensive photographic and text archive partially maintained by a genealogical society. Notable pieces housed in the museum include; an Inaugural ball gown worn by Lady Bird Johnson and an accompanying suit worn by Lyndon Johnson, the Emmy Bill Moyers won for his documentary Marshall, Texas: Marshall, Texas, and <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George F
item	The Hecht museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hecht_museum	The Reuben and Edith Hecht Museum was established in 1984 under the auspices of the University of Haifa, at the initiative of the late Dr. Reuben Hecht, who donated his private collection to the University.[edit]
item	Hexham Old Gaol	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexham_Old_Gaol	The Hexham Old Gaol is in the town of Hexham, Northumberland, United Kingdom. It is reputed to be the oldest purpose-built jail in England.
item	Historical Museum Basel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Museum_Basel	The Historical Museum Basel is one of the largest and most important museums of its kind in Switzerland. The main part of the museum is located in the Barfüsserkirche (literally:Naked Feet Church) in the center of Basel.
item	Historical Society Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Society_Museum	The Historical Society Museum is operated by the Prince Albert Historical Society in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada. It and exhibits the history of the area.
item	History Park at Kelley Park	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park	History Park at Kelley Park (or just History Park) in San Jose, California, USA is designed as an indoor/outdoor museum, arranged to appear as a small US town might have in the early 1900s. Since its inauguration in 1971, 29 historic buildings and other landmarks have either been moved from their original San Jose locations or are represented by replicas.
item	Homestead Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Museum	The Homestead Museum is a historical landmark of the Workman and Temple Family located in City of Industry, California in the San Gabriel Valley region.
item	Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence	The Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence (Traditional Chinese: 香港海防博物館) is a museum in Hong Kong, located Lei Yue Mun near Shau Kei Wan on the Hong Kong Island.
item	Hong Kong Museum of History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History	The Hong Kong Museum of History (Traditional Chinese: 香港歷史博物館) is a museum which preserves Hong Kong's historical and cultural heritage.
item	James Joyce Centre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce_Centre	The James Joyce Centre is based in a restored 18th century Georgian townhouse, dating from a time when the north inner city of Dublin was at the height of its grandeur. On permanent exhibit is the door to number 7 Eccles Street - home to Leopold Bloom, possibly the most famous address in all literature - and furniture from the apartment of Paul Leon in Paris where Joyce wrote much of Finnegans Wake. Temporary exhibitions interpret and illuminate various aspects of Joyce's life and work.
item	The Journey Museum and Gardens	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journey_Museum_and_Gardens	The Journey Museum and Gardens (7 acres) is a historical museum, with gardens, located at 222 New York Street, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA in the historic Black Hills. It is open daily except for major holidays; an admission fee is charged for museum entry.
item	Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Cheng_Uk_Han_Tomb_Museum	The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum (李鄭屋古墓) is composed of an ancient brick tomb and of an exhibition hall adjacent to it. It is located at 41 Tonkin Street, in Sham Shui Po District, in the northwestern part of the Kowloon Peninsula of Hong Kong.Contents1 The tomb2 Discovery and preservation3 The museum3.1 Exhibition Hall4 Traffic5 Surrounding6 See also7 External links8 Further reading
item	Lexington History Center	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_History_Center	The Lexington History Center in downtown Lexington, Kentucky is the home of the Lexington History Museum, and the Lexington Public Safety Museum. A third museum that will trace the early history of Bluegrass region pharmacies is being established. The building was the Fayette County Courthouse from 1901 to 2001.&#160;This article about a United States building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_History_Center"			<div
item	London Fire Brigade Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade_Museum	The London Fire Brigade Museum covers the history of firefighting since 1666 (the date of the Great Fire of London). The museum houses old fire appliances and other equipment. It is also possible to see fire brigade recruits training.
item	Louvre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre	The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre) in Paris, France, is the largest museum in the world. Built as a fortified royal palace for Philip Augustus in the centre of Paris and in the axis of the Champs-Élysées, parts of it were first opened to the public as a museum on November 8, 1793, during the French Revolution. The central courtyard, occupied by the Louvre Pyramid built in 1989, serves as the main entrance to the museum.
item	Luxor Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Museum	Luxor Museum is located in the Egyptian city of Luxor (ancient Thebes). It stands on the corniche, overlooking the River Nile, in the central part of the city.
item	Macao Science and Culture Centre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macao_Science_and_Culture_Centre	The Macao Science and Culture Centre (in Portuguese, Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, CCCM) is based in Lisbon, Portugal.Contents1 Overview2 Opening hours2.1 Museum2.2 Library and Information Services3 Address4 Reference5 External links
item	Manitoba Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Museum	The Manitoba Museum, previously the Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature is the largest museum in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
item	Meadowlands Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Museum	The Meadowlands Museum is a museum located in Rutherford, New Jersey. It was established in 1961 as a repository for artifacts relating to the history of Rutherford and the New Jersey Meadowlands region.[edit]
item	Miho Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miho_Museum	The Miho Museum (Miho Museum) is located near the town of Shigaraki-no-Sato in the Shiga Prefecture of Japan, northeast of Kyoto. The museum was the dream of Mihoko Koyama (after whom it is named), the heiress to the Toyobo textile business, and one of the richest women in Japan. In 1970 Koyama founded the Shinji Shumeikai spiritual movement (see Shumei) which is now said to have some 300,000 members worldwide. Furthermore, in the 1990's Koyama commissioned the museum to be built close to the Shumei temple in the Shiga mountains.[edit]
item	Milestones Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestones_Museum	Milestones Museum is a museum located in Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK. It is made-up of a network of streets that have been recreated on those found in Victorian and 1930s Hampshire.
item	Mummification Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification_Museum	The Mummification Museum is located in the Egyptian city of Luxor. It stands on the corniche, in front of the Mina Palace Hotel, to the north of Luxor Temple, overlooking the River Nile.
item	MuseuMAfricA	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuseuMAfricA	MuseuMAfricA (formerly known as the Africana Museum) is a history and cultural history museum in Johannesburg, South Africa.Contents1 History2 Location3 Collections4 References
item	Museum of American Finance	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_American_Finance	The Museum of American Financial History now named Museum of American Finance, founded in 1988 located in New York City, USA, is the nation's only independent public museum dedicated to celebrating the spirit of entrepreneurship and the democratic free market tradition which has made New York the financial capital of the world. The Museum was chartered as an educational institution. Today, financial education is at the core of the Museum’s mission and its public programs and services.
item	Museum of Funeral Customs	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Funeral_Customs	The Museum of Funeral Customs is located at 144 Monument Ave. in Springfield, Illinois, USA. It features exhibits dealing with American funerary and mourning customs. The museum is near Oak Ridge Cemetery, the site of Abraham Lincoln's tomb.
item	Museum of History and Industry	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_History_and_Industry	The Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI) is a museum in the Montlake neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, USA, dedicated to the history of Seattle and the Puget Sound region. It opened February 15, 1952.
item	Museum of London	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London	The Museum of London documents the history of London from the Palaeolithic to the present day. The museum is located in a 1970s building close to the Barbican Centre, approximately 10 minutes' walk north of St Paul's Cathedral and admission is free. It is operated by the Corporation of London and was opened in the 1970s, utilising collections previously held by the Corporation at the Guildhall and also items from other collections.
item	Museum of Macau	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Macau	The Museum of Macao (Portuguese: Museu de Macau) is on the hill of the Fortaleza do Monte, a 16th century fort in Macau. The museum presents the history of the city and territory of Macau.
item	Mus%C3%A9e de l%27Arm%C3%A9e	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e	The Musée de L'Armée is a museum at Les Invalides in Paris, France. Originally built as a hospital and home for disabled soldiers by Louis XIV, it now houses the Tomb of Napoleon and the museum of the Army of France. The museum's collections cover the time period from antiquity until the 20th century.
item	Mus%C3%A9e des Arts D%C3%A9coratifs	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs	Musée des Arts Décoratifs is a museum at 107 rue de Rivoli in Paris, France in the Pavillon de Marsan of the Louvre. It was founded in 1905 by the Union des Arts Decoratifs and displays furniture, interior design, altarpieces, religious paintings, objets d'arts, tapestries, wallpaper, ceramics, glassware, plus toys from the Middle Ages to the present day.[edit]
item	National Constitution Center	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Constitution_Center	The National Constitution Center is a 160,000 square foot museum that opened on July 4, 2003 in the historic district of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and designed by American architect Henry N. Cobb.The mission of the Center, as established in the Constitution Heritage Act of 1988 (16 U.S.C. 407aa et seq.), is to disseminate information about the United States Constitution on a nonpartisan basis in order to increase the awareness and understanding of the Constitution among the American people.The US Constitution was debated and signed in Independence Hall, a historic building about a quarter mile from the Center. The National Constitution Center is located within Independence National Historical Park.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/National_Constitution_Center-flags.jpg/180px-National_Constitution_Center-flags.jpg" alt="Flags displayed in the lobby of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" width="180" height="213" longdesc="/wiki/Image:National
item	National Folk Museum of Korea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Folk_Museum_of_Korea	The National Folk Museum of Korea was established in 1945 as the National Museum of Ethnology. It is situated on the grounds of the Gyeongbokgung (Gyeongbok Palace) in Seoul, South Korea, and uses replicas of historical objects to illustrate the folk history of the Korean people.
item	National Museum %28Prague%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_%28Prague%29	National museum is a Czech institution intended to systematically establish, prepare and publicly exhibit natural scientific and historical collections. It was founded 1818 in Prague. At present the National Museum shelters almost 14 million of items from the area of natural history, history, arts, music and librarianship, located in tens of buildings.[edit]
item	National Museum of American History	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History	The National Museum of American History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall. It opened in 1964 as the Museum of History and Technology and adopted its current name in 1980.
item	National Museum of Denmark	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark	The National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen is Denmark’s central museum of cultural history, comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures, alike.
item	National Museum of Iraq	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq	The National Museum of Iraq is located in Baghdad, Iraq.Contents1 Foundation2 Collections3 Recent history4 Damage and losses during 2003 war5 Attempts to recover lost items6 Recent work7 External links8 News and editorials
item	National Museum of Ireland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland	The National Museum of Ireland (NMI) is the main museum in Ireland. It has three centres in Dublin and Mayo, with a strong emphasis on Irish art, culture and natural history.
item	National Museum of Korea	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea	The National Museum of Korea is the flagship museum of Korean history and art in South Korea and is the cultural organization that represents Korea. It was first established in 1945. In October of 2005, the museum opened in a new building in Yongsan Family Park in Seoul, South Korea. The museum contains over 150,000 pieces in its collection with 11,000 on display at one time. It is the sixth-largest museum in the world, covering 307,227 square feet .
item	National Palace Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_Museum	The National Palace Museum (Chinese: 國立故宮博物院; pinyin: Gúolì Gùgōng Bówùyùan) is an art gallery and museum in Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China containing artifacts of ancient China. It should not be confused with the Palace Museum (note the absence of the word "National"), which is the Forbidden City in Beijing. Both institutions derive from the same original institution, which was split in two as a result of the Chinese Civil War. The National Palace Museum holds the largest collection of Chinese artifacts and artwork in the world.[edit]
item	National Transport Museum of Ireland	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transport_Museum_of_Ireland	The National Transport Museum of Ireland is based in the grounds of the Howth Castle. The museum is located in the Heritage Depot, Howth Demesne, Howth, Ireland. On 1st September 2001, the collection, increasing at an annual average rate of five, totalled 170 (average age 46 years). Sixty out of the 100 vehicles currently in Howth are on display, and others can be inspected by prior arrangement. The oldest items date from 1883, the newest 1984. It features lorries, trucks, fire engines and tractors. Also exhibited is the restored Hill of Howth No.9 Tram.[edit]
item	National Underground Railroad Freedom Center	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center	For the facility at the World Trade Center in New York which was proposed and withdrawn see International Freedom Center
item	New England Civil War Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Civil_War_Museum	The New England Civil War Museum was established in March of 1994. It is housed in the Memorial Building in Rockville, Connecticut. The hall is comprised of the Grand Hall, an outer room and a kitchen. This GAR hall is still fully intact with all of its relics (the most identified collection in Connecticut), including prints, paintings, lithographs, photos, and original papers. The museum has a wonderful collection of Civil War items and is an outstanding repository of information relating to the Grand Army of the Republic.
item	North American Black Historical Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Black_Historical_Museum	The Nazery AME Church National Historic Site and North American Black Historical Museum are located in Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada.
item	Ohio Village	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Village	Ohio Village is a living history museum in Columbus, Ohio operated by the non-profit Ohio Historical Society.
item	Oklahoma History Center	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_History_Center	The Oklahoma History Center is a history museum located in Oklahoma City. The museum, which opened in November of 2005, preserves the history of Oklahoma from prehistoric Native American tribes to the present day.[edit]
item	Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhandle-Plains_Historical_Museum	Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum is a history museum on the campus of West Texas A&amp;M University in Canyon, Texas, U.S.A., a town south of Amarillo. The museum's contents are owned and controlled by the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society, while West Texas A&amp;M University and the Texas A&amp;M University Board of Regents maintains and provides the facilities. Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum claims to be the largest history museum in the state of Texas with 70,000 visitors annually and more than three million artifacts.The south entrance of the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum.
item	Patterson Homestead	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson_Homestead	The Patterson Homestead is a historic house museum located in Dayton, Ohio, USA. It was built in 1810 by American Revolutionary War veteran Colonel Robert Patterson.
item	Pearse Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearse_Museum	The Pearse Museum is dedicated to the memory of Patrick Pearse, educationalist and nationalist who was executed for his part in the 1916 Rising.
item	People%27s History Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_History_Museum	The People's History Museum in Manchester is the United Kingdom's national centre for the collection, conservation, interpretation and study of material relating to the history of working people in the UK.People's History Museum
item	Archaeology Museum Piatra Neam%C5%A3	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_Museum_Piatra_Neam%C5%A3	The History &amp; Archaeology Museum in Piatra Neamţ, Romania was founded at the beginning of the 20th century by Constantin Matasă, minister and amateur archaeologist.
item	Porta San Paolo	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo	The Porta San Paolo is one of the southern gates in the 3rd century Aurelian Walls of Rome. The Ostiense Museum is housed within in the gatehouse. Just to the west is the Pyramid of Cestius, an Egyptian-style pyramid, and beyond that is the Protestant Cemetery.[edit]
item	Portuguese Historical Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Historical_Museum	The Portuguese Historical Museum in San Jose, California, USA opened in 1997, and is a replica of the first permanent império (religious and cultural buildings primarily in the Azores) built in San Jose circa 1915. It is one of the featured attractions within History Park at Kelley Park.
item	Prince of Wales Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Museum	The Chatrapati Shivaji Museum (Prince of Wales Museum), Bombay, India, was set up in the early years of the 20th century by some prominent citizens of Bombay with the help of the government, to commemorate the visit of the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. It is located in the heart of South Bombay near the Gateway of India.
item	Richard III Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_Museum	The Richard III Museum is located in the tallest of the four gatehouses, Monk Bar, in the historical city walls of York, England. It is a museum with a difference because its main exhibit puts Richard III on trial for the crime of murdering the Princes in the Tower. It asks if it Tudor black propaganda or whether he was really guilty.
item	River and Rowing Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_and_Rowing_Museum	The River and Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, is located on a site at Mill Meadows by the River Thames. It has three main themes represented by major permanent galleries, the non-tidal River Thames, the international sport of rowing and the local town of Henley-on-Thames.
item	Rotary Museum of Police and Corrections	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Museum_of_Police_and_Corrections	The Rotary Museum of Police and Corrections is a museum that offers a multifaceted look at the history of law enforcement in early Prince Albert and Saskatchewan, Canada.
item	Royal Cornwall Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Cornwall_Museum	The Royal Cornwall Museum in the city of Truro, England, is the oldest museum in the county of Cornwall and the leading museum of Cornish culture. Its exhibits include minerals, an unwrapped mummy and objects relating to Cornwall’s unique culture. It belongs to the Royal Institution of Cornwall which was founded in 1818 for "the promotion of knowledge in natural history, ethnology and the fine and industrial arts, especially in relation to Cornwall."
item	Royal Ontario Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum	The Royal Ontario Museum, commonly known as the ROM (rhyming with Tom), is a world-renowned museum located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and is the fifth largest in North America.Contents1 History2 Building2.1 Original building2.2 First expansion2.3 Second expansion2.4 Third expansion3 Permanent galleries3.1 Natural history galleries3.2 World culture galleries3.3 Forthcoming galleries<li class="toclevel-
item	Royal Palace Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_Museum	The Royal Palace (official name "Haw Kham") in Luang Prabang, Laos was built in 1904 during the French colonial era for King Sisavang Vong and his family. The site for the palace was chosen so that official visitors to Luang Prabang could disembark from their river voyages directly below the palace and be received there. After the death of King Sisavang Vong, the crown Prince Savang Vatthana and his family were the last to occupy the grounds. In 1975, the monarchy was overthrown by the communists and the Royal Family were taken to re-education camps. The palace was then converted into a museum.[edit]
item	Sammy Miller Motorcycle museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Miller_Motorcycle_museum	The Sammy Miller Motorcycle Museum was set up in 1964, after the former championship winning trials rider Sammy Miller set up a parts business in New Milton, Hampshire
item	Sendai City Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai_City_Museum	The Sendai City Museum is the main museum of Sendai, Japan.
item	Shaanxi History Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi_History_Museum	The Shaanxi History Museum is a museum located in Xi'an, China, housing over 300,000 items (murals, paintings, pottery, coins; bronze, gold, and silver objects). The modern museum was built between 1983 and 2001 and its appearance recalls the architectural style of the Tang dynasty.
item	Shanghai Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Museum	The Shanghai Museum (Chinese:上海博物館) is a museum of ancient Chinese art, situated on the People's Square in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, People's Republic of China.Contents1 History2 Current building3 Collections4 External links
item	Sovereign Hill	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Hill	Sovereign Hill is a popular attraction, depicting Ballarat's first ten years after the discovery of gold, in 1851. It is located at Ballarat, Victoria within Australia. First officially opened on 29 November 1970 on a 25 hectare site liked to the richest alluvial goldrush in the world. Sovereign Hill is an interactive museum which has been proven to be popular with children and adults alike.
item	State Historical Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Historical_Museum	The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history wedged between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers in the millions.
item	Storyeum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyeum	Storyeum is unofficially, but claimed to be, Vancouver's newest tourist attraction [1], located at 142 Water Street, Vancouver. Storyeum is located in the largely touristy area of the Gastown neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Storyeum offers up a live, interactive, educational, re-creation of British Columbia's history through special effects, actors and actresses in a 65 minute show.Contents1 History2 Facts3 The show4 External links
item	Studebaker National Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studebaker_National_Museum	The Studebaker National Museum is a museum in South Bend, Indiana, USA that displays a variety of automobiles, wagons, carriages, and military vehicles related to the Studebaker Corporation and other aspects of American history.Museum lobby.Contents1 Layout2 The collection3 Location4 Trivia5 See also<li class="tocle
item	Swedish Museum of National Antiquities	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities	Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (known in Swedish as Historiska museet or, more formally, Statens historiska museum) is a museum located in Stockholm, Sweden that is responsible for Swedish cultural history and art from the Stone Age to the 16th century. The museum is known for its so called Gold Room where a lot of gold objects is kept as part of the exhibition. It's also the place to go if your interested in the Vikings.
item	Thames Valley Police Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police_Museum	The Thames Valley Police Museum is located at the White House, Sulhamstead in Berkshire, England. The site was formerly the headquarters of the Berkshire Constabulary, and is now the training centre for the Thames Valley Police. The museum is open only by appointment.
item	Tokyo National Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum	Established 1872, the Tokyo National Museum (東京国立博物館, Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan?), or TNM, is the oldest and largest museum in Japan. The museum collects, houses, and preserves a comprehensive collection of art works and archaeological objects from Japan and other Asian countries. The museum holds over 110,000 articles, which includes 87 Japanese National Treasure holdings and 610 Important Cultural Property holdings (as of July, 2005). The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection.
item	Western Reserve Historical Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Reserve_Historical_Society	The Western Reserve Historical Society (WRHS) is located in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Its mission is to promote and preserve the history of the Western Reserve region of northeast Ohio.
item	White Tower of Thessaloniki	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tower_of_Thessaloniki	The White Tower of Thessaloniki (in Greek: Λευκός Πύργος Lefkos Pyrgos, in Turkish: Beyaz Kule) is a monument and museum on the waterfront of the city of Thessaloniki, capital of the region of Macedonia in northern Greece. It has been adopted as the symbol of the city, and also as a symbol of Greek sovereignty over Macedonia.Contents1 History1.1 Macedonia dispute2 References3 Notes
item	Windham Textile and History Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham_Textile_and_History_Museum	The Windham Textile and History Museum is a museum in Willimantic, Connecticut, in the New England region of the United States. Its main focus is the American Thread Company's now-closed Willimantic mill; it is located in a building previously owned by the company.[edit]
item	Yokohama Curry Museum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_Curry_Museum	The Yokohama Curry Museum (横濱カレーミュージアム, Yokohama Karē Myūjiamu?), in the port city of Yokohama, Japan, is a restaurant and historic museum of the different styles of curry in Japan. Several different types of curry are available from a selection or restaurants, ranging from a full meal to a quick taste option.
item	Onomastic	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomastic	Onomastics or onomatology is the study of proper names of all kinds and the origins of names. The word is derived from the Greek word ὄνομα (onoma), meaning name. Toponymy or toponomastics, the study of place names, is one of the principal branches of onomastics. Anthroponomastics is the study of personal names.
item	Apfelbaum %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelbaum_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational information about Apfelbaum, Apfel, Äpfel:
item	Apt %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apt_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about Apt, Apter:Apt Pupil (1982), is a novella by Stephen KingAbt is the German and Dutch word for the regular clerical titel of Abbot.LastnamesJerome III "Jay" Apt, Ph.D. (born 1949), an American astronautSolomon Konstantinovich Apt (born 1921, Kharkov), Ukrainian literature studierPlacenamesArrondissement of AptApt, Vaucluse, also Jewish community (Jewish Encyclopedia)Polish town Opatów is called "Apta, Apt, Apte" in Yiddish, and was original place of Apte dynasty (cf.Abraham Joshua Heschel). See also List of Hasidic d
item	Arnstein %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnstein_%28onomastics%29	ArnsteinContents1 See also2 Arnsteiner3 Arenstein4 Hornstein4.1 Horenstein, Gorenshteyn5 Ornstein5.1 Orenstein6 See also//This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.Place names</
item	Basch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basch	BaschContents1 Basche2 Baschmann, Baschman, Bashman3 Baschwitz, Baswitz4 See also//Last namesAbraham Basch (1800-1841, Berlin), German poet and teacher; born at Posen ([1])Gyula Basch (1859-), Hungarian painter ([2])Árpád Basch (1873-), Hungarian painter (<a href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=369&am
item	Baum %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baum_%28onomastics%29	If you have just labeled this page as needing translation, please add{{ subst:Needtrans| pg=Baum| Language=unknown| Comments= }}&#160;~~~~to the bottom of this section of Pages needing translation into English.
item	Bernard Bloch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Bloch	Bernard Bloch, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., (1907, New York City, NY - 1965) was an American linguist.
item	Blei %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blei_%28onomastics%29	//
item	Bondi %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondi_%28onomastics%29	Bondi, and Bondy could refer to:Bondi is a Lunfardo word for a Colectivo in Buenos AiresBondi Burger is the name of the flagship burger served at Oporto (restaurant), one of North Bondi's food iconsBondi blue ([bóndai -]), named after Bondi BeachJhinder Bondi"Leaving Bondi"Das Kabinett des Professor BondiPlace namesBondi Beach, New South Wales ([bóndai])Bondi, New South Wales ([bóndai])Bondi Junction, New South Wales ([bóndai])Bondi Junction railway station, Sydney ([bóndai])Bondy, FranceThis list is incomplete; you can help by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bondi_%28onomastics%2
item	Brod %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brod_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational information aout the words brod-, brot.
item	Bronfman	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronfman	Supposed forms/mannmanbrennerBrofBrofmannBrofmanBroffBroffmannBroffmanBrąfBrąfmanBrafBrafmannBrafmanBraffBraffmannBraffmanBronfBronfmannBronfman<t
item	Brunswik %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswik_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informations abou the words and place- &amp; human names that forms: Brunswik, Brunswiek, Brunsvík, Braunschweig.. etc.
item	Buche %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buche_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about the words and last names formas that Buch-, Buchen-.
item	Buchs %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchs_%28onomastics%29	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since June 2006.Look up Buchsbaum inWiktionary, the free dictionary.Look up Büchse inWiktionary, the free dictionary.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common
item	Ehre %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehre_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informatins about the word Ehr-, Ehren- (Ejren, Eiren, Eren).
item	Eich%2C Eichel %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eich%2C_Eichel_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about the word Eich, Eiche, Eichel..
item	Ettlinger%2C Ottolenghi %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettlinger%2C_Ottolenghi_%28onomastics%29	//Ettlinger, Ottolengo, Ottolenghi is Jewish pedigrees from Ettlingen, Baden, Germany.This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.[edit]EttlingenFür Ettlingen, see de:Für EttlingenNearby (some are little far) Cities &amp; Towns of Ettlingen areKarlsruhe - Bretten (cf.Brettler) - Weingarten - Maulbronn - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flehingen&amp;action=edit" class="new" 
item	Falk %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falk_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational information about the words and last names that formas Falk-, Falke-.
item	Family name etymology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name_etymology	This is a collection of family name etymologies. For German names, see German family name etymology.Aaronovitch, Aronowitz, etc. son of Aaron. Ashkenazi Jewish surname.Abbott, Abbot, Abbett,: Commonly believed to have been derived from the Syriac term "abba," or Aramaic "aba," both meaning "father."Anders(s)on: son of Anders/Andrew. Scandinavian and English surname.Baxter (English) "baker", especially a female baker.Boyer: when German, can be a modification of "Bauer," farmer.Balshemnik, Balshemennik, Bolshemennikov: from Baal Shem: Wizard. A Jewish surname from Belarus.Blevins: Welsh. Means "little wolf." Related to Blethyn.Crum - from the German Krumm, meaning Bent. Scottish and northern Irish: reduced form of McCrum. Scottish: reduced form of Macilchrum, an Americanized form of Gaelic Mac Gille Chruim ‘son of the servant of the cripple’. Americanized spelling of German Krumm or of Dutch and Jewish Krom.Cummins, Comyn or Comines - a village in former Flanders believed to have a Celtic, or Gaulish, origin. Possible ori
item	Fr%C3%A4nkel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4nkel	Fränkel, Frank(e)l (פרנקל) is a Jewish family of scholars and Talmudists, the earliest known member of which was Koppel Fränkel (1650), the richest Viennese Jew of his time.
item	German family name etymology	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_family_name_etymology	In etymology, German family names were introduced during the late Middle Ages in the German language area. Usually, such family names are derived from nicknames. They are generally classified into four groups, based on the origin of a nickname: given names, job designations, bodily attributes, and geographical references (including references to named buildings). Also, many family names display characteristic features of the dialect of the region they originated in.Given names often turned into family names when people were identified by their father's name. For example, the first name Ahrend developed into the family name Ahrends by adding a genitive s-ending, as in Ahrend's son.Examples: Ahrends, Burkhard, Wulff, Friedrich, Benz. With many of the early city records written in latin, occasionally the latin genitive plural -i was used such as in Jakobi or Alberti or (written as -'y') in Mendelssohn Bartholdy
item	Grau %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_%28onomastics%29	GrauGerman language word Grau means grayGrau is a Catalan wordin der Bibliothekswissenschaft Publikationen, die nicht über den Buchhandel vertrieben werden. Siehe: "Graue Literatur" (Non-conventional literature)die deutsche Partei Die Grauen (Graue Panther)die Abkürzung für die Hauptverwaltung für Raketen und Artillerie „GRAU“ des russischen VerteidigungsministeriumsTyrolean grey cheese (Grau Käse)Pas de la Casa-Grau RoigBAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81)Grau and Abelar, see AbelarGrau, Friulian name of the Grado, ItalyGrau as lastnamesAlbin GrauDoris GrauHerbert Grau (1916-1973), Austrian pioneer in adult education (<a href="http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.g/g676092.htm" class="exter
item	Gr%C3%BCn %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCn_%28onomastics%29	The onomastics on homonymous, ambiguous word form - Grün, Gruen, Grünn, Grin, Green, etc.Contents1 Grün1.1 Place names1.2 Surnames1.3 Other names1.4 Grüning, Gruening2 Grünbach (Gruenbach), Grünebach, Greenbach3 Grünbaum, Greenbaum, Grinboym4 Grünberg5 Grünblatt6 Grünfeld</spa
item	Helfand	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helfand	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about Helfand, Helphand, Geľfand (Russian: Гельфанд, Yiddish: העלפֿאַנד der helfand); means elephant in Yiddish language.[edit]
item	Hellmann	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmann	Onomastics and disambiguational information about the words and place &amp; human names that forms below.
item	Hirsch	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsch	Hirsch means deer in German language and Yiddish.
item	Hitzig	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitzig	Hitzig:Eduard Hitzig (1838–1907), deutscher HirnforscherFerdinand Hitzig (1807–1875), deutscher protestantischer TheologeGeorg Heinrich Friedrich Hitzig / Friedrich Hitzig (1811–1881), deutscher architectJulius Eduard Hitzig (1780–1849), Jurist, Verleger, SchriftstellerRupert HitzigUlrich Hitzig (1924–2005), schweizer FernsehpionierWarren Saul Hitzig/Warren S. Hitzig/Warren Hitzig, see Hitzig v. CanadaHitzig v. Canada[edit]
item	Jaffe	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffe	Jaffe is a family name may refer to:Al Jaffee, cartoonistDavid JaffeEliezer Jaffe (Eliezer David Jaffe)Harold Jaffe, U.S. authorJerome H. Jaffe, psychiatristNicole JaffeNorman JaffePhilipp Jaffé (1819-1870), German historianRona Jaffe (b.1932), U.S. authorSam Jaffe (disambiguation page)Sam Jaffe (actor)Sam Jaffe (producer)Jaffe v. RedmondDavid Jaffe:Eliezer Jaffe: * Mordecai Hirsch:Mordecai Jaffe:[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: J
item	Onomastics in Judaism	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomastics_in_Judaism	Onomastics in Judaism follow several different traditions. The conferring of a name upon a person was in early Biblical times generally connected with some circumstance of birth; several of Jacob's sons are recorded as having received their names in this manner (Gen. xxx.). Generally, it was the mother who chose the name, as in the instances referred to; but here sometimes the father chose it (Gen. xvi. 15, xvii. 19, xxi. 2); while occasionally other persons than the parents were the name-givers, as in the cases of Moses (Ex. ii. 10) and Solomon (II Sam. xii. 25). In early times it appears to have been the custom to confer the name immediately upon birth, as among modern Arabs, but later on it was given to the boy at circumcision (comp. Luke i. 59, ii. 21). Before the Exile children seem never to have been named after their relatives, not even in the royal family. None of the twenty-one kings of Judah was named aftera predecessor, or after David, the founder of the family. On the other hand, Jonathan's son and Saul's natural son were both named Meribaal (II Sam. xxi. 7 et seq.). Instead of repeating the same name, however, it seems to have been the custom to make use of one of the elements of the family name; thus Ahitub has two sons, Ahijah and Ahimelech. Three of Saul's family have the element ba'al (changed to "bosheth") in their names. As a consequence of this avoidance of repetition a single name was as a rule sufficient to identify a person, and it is only in the later stages of Hebrew tradition that it was found necessary to give the name of the father in order to identify the son, as, for instance, in the case of Jaazaniah ben Shaphan (Ezek. viii. 11
item	Katzenellenbogen %28pedigree%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katzenellenbogen_%28pedigree%29	Katzenellenbogen
item	Kohl %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about the words and place &amp; human names that forms Kohl-, Köhl-.
item	Koppel	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppel	Koppel, Koppell is diminutive form of "Jacob", and can refer to:Contents1 Koppell2 Kopel3 Coppel, Coppell4 Koppelmann, Koppelman, Kopelman5 Kopelev6 Koplowicz7 see also//This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.Place names in United States<u
item	Korn %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about the words and human names that forms Korn-, Corn-.Contents1 Korn, Corn1.1 Etymology1.2 Supposed forms2 Place names3 Cornies4 Cornill5 Kornbaum6 Kornberg7 Kornblum8 Kornblut, Kornbluth9 Kornburg10 Kornfeld<a
item	Kugel %28Onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugel_%28Onomastics%29	//[edit]SurnamesThe Grand Kugel, Science Museum of VirginiaHaim Kugel, a mayor of HolonJulia Kugel, musicianMichael Kugel, violistEine Kugel aus Zink, a work by Erich Loest[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kugel_%28Onomastics%29&amp;action=edit&amp;s
item	Land %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational information about "Land"[edit]
item	Lehr %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehr_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguaional informations about Lehr-Contents1 Lehr1.1 Others2 Lehrs3 Lehrer4 Lehrberg5 Lehrfeld6 Lehrmann6.1 Lehrman6.2 Lerman7 See also//[edit]
item	Lieben	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieben	Lieben:German name for Libeň, PragueLieben, one of the Austrian Jewish noble familyAdolf Lieben (Adolph Lieben) (1836 -), Austrian Jewish chemist ([1])Robert von Lieben, Austrian Jewish physicistPalais Lieben-Auspitz, ViennaKoppelmann Lieben, author of the "Gal 'Ed"Hock-Lieben[edit]
item	Lindenbaum	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindenbaum	Onomastics and disambiguational information about the words and place &amp; human names that forms lind-, linden-.Contents1 Place names2 Lindenbaum3 Lindenberg3.1 Lindenberger4 Lindenburger5 Lindenfeld6 Lindenthal7 Lindow8 Other languages9 References10 See also<script type="text/javas
item	Lipsch%C3%BCtz	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsch%C3%BCtz	LIPSCHÜTZ, LÜPSCHÜTZ, LIPSCHITZ, LIBSCHITZ are the name of a family of Polish and German rabbis; derived from "Liebeschitz", a town in Bohemia, or Leobschütz (now Głubczyce), Silesia.Contents1 Lipschütz, Lipschitz1.1 Lipshitz2 Livshits, Lifshits3 Lipszyc, Lipšic4 Lefschetz5 Liboschütz, Libošic6 See also
item	Margolioth	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margolioth	Margolioth (מַרְגָּלִיּוֹת) is a family name oriuginated from Hebrew word "מרגלית margālīth (margolis), margālīyôth (pl.)" means "pearl". Variants are: Margolis, Margulis, Margules, Margoliouth, Margoliut(h), etc. Varioius family names of same meaning are Perlman, Perelman, Perlstein, Perlmutter, Perelmuth, etc.Contents1 Margolioth2 Margoliouth3 Margalit4 Margaliot, Margalioth5 Margolis6 Margoles7 Margolies8 Margulis9 Margulies10 Margules11</spa
item	Minz%2C M%C3%BCnz %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minz%2C_M%C3%BCnz_%28onomastics%29	This page contains onomastics and disambiguational information about the words or family names Minz(e), Mintz, Münz(e), Müntz, Münzer, Mentz, et al.Contents1 Minz1.1 About Jewish Pedigree1.1.1 Bibliography1.2 Last names1.2.1 Mintz1.2.2 Minc1.2.3 Mints1.2.4 Menz, Mentz1.2.4.1 Mentz2 Münz/Müntz, Muenz/Muentz, Munz/Muntz2.1 Münz2.2 <sp
item	Nadel %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadel_%28onomastics%29	//Onomastics and disambiguational information about Nadel-:Nadel means needle in German language.This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.[edit]NadelArthur H. Nadel/Arthur NadelBarbara NadelDan NadelGregg NadelHerman "Hy" NadelLee Nadel, musicianNick Nadel<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman
item	Nuss	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuss	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about the words, place &amp; human names that forms Nuss-, Nussen-, Nis-.
item	Pedigree %28Jewish Encyclopedia%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29	Jewish pedigrees are tables of descent and relationship, sometimes given in narrative form. Jews have always carefully recorded their genealogies (see article), but owing to their wide and frequent dispersions very few can trace their descent further back than a couple of hundred years. All persons of the name of Cohen claim descent from Aaron the high priest, but no attempt has ever been made by any Cohen actually to trace his descent through well authenticated documentary sources. After the return from the Exile the need of pedigrees became urgent owing to the rules of Precedence and the determination to avoid mixed marriages, as seen in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. This especially applied to those of priestly descent, who were not able to marry legally any woman who could not prove the purity of her descent as far back as her great-grandfather. There appears to have been a court at Jerusalem especially devoted to the investigation of cases of this kind (id. 76b).Contents1 Modern pedigrees2 Sources3 List of Pedigree4 A5 B6 <
item	Pinner %28disambiguation%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinner_%28disambiguation%29	Pinner can mean:Contents1 Human names2 Place names3 Chemistry4 Others//[edit]
item	Pinsk %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk_%28onomastics%29	//
item	User talk:Sheynhertz-Unbayg/Contribution List/memo/R	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sheynhertz-Unbayg/Contribution_List/memo/R	Rose Rosen Roth RoshwaldRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sheynhertz-Unbayg/Contribution_List/memo/R"																			Views						 User page				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 +				 History						Personal tools									Sign in / create account											 if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha()
item	Teitelboim	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teitelboim	Teitelbaum, Teitelboim (טײטלבױם teytlboym):
item	Wahl	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahl	Wahl (meaning to choose, or election in German) and its variants refer to:Contents1 Place names1.1 Germany1.2 Luxemburg2 Last names2.1 Wahls2.2 Vahl2.3 Wahle2.4 Wähler2.5 Wahlers3 Wahlmann, Wahlman4 Wahltuch5</span
item	Wald	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald	See:Look up Wald inWiktionary, the free dictionary.Wald, SwitzerlandWald test in statisticsAbraham WaldGeorge Wald (1906-1997), American biologist, Professor at Harvard University in Cambridge, won a share of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Haldan Keffer Hartline and Ragnar Granit.Jerry WaldLillian Wald, an American nurseWarren WaldWald (Star Wars)Wald (onomastics), place names and other proper nouns containing 'Wald'
item	Wassertr%C3%BCding %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassertr%C3%BCding_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about names derivated from Wassertrüdingen:
item	Wein %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wein_%28onomastics%29	Wein, Vayn (Russian: Вайн, װײַן) means grape, vine, wine in German language and Yiddish language.Look up "Wein" inWiktionary, the free dictionary.Look up Wine inWiktionary, the free dictionary.
item	Weiz %28disambiguation%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiz_%28disambiguation%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about Weiz and its variants:[edit]
item	Wieg	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieg	Onomastics and disambiguational information about the words and place &amp; human names that forms Wieg, Wiege-.
item	Witt %28onomastics%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witt_%28onomastics%29	Onomastics and disambiguational informations about WittWitt means widow (cf.Witwe), or white (old form than Weiss, Wiess) in Dutch and Low Saxon.English wit is pararelled with WitzContents1 Witt2 Witte3 Witten4 Wittig5 Wittgenstein6 Wittenbach7 Wittenberg8 Wittmann9</s
item	Organization	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization	An organization or organisation (read more about -ize vs -ise) is a formal group of people with one or more shared goals. The word itself is derived from the Greek word ὄργανον (organon) meaning tool. The term is used in both daily and scientific English in multiple ways.
item	List of Historical Societies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historical_Societies	This is a partial List of Historical Societies from around the world. The sections provided are not mutually exclusive.This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completeness. Revisions and additions are welcome.Contents1 Regional Societies1.1 United States1.1.1 Wisconsin1.1.1.1 Buffalo County1.1.1.2 Milwaukee County1.1.1.3 Racine County1.1.1.4 Washington County2 Time-period oriented
item	List of sports history organizations	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_history_organizations	This is a list of sports history organizationsOlympic Games – International Society of Olympic HistoriansBaseball – Society for American Baseball Research, http://www.sabr.orgBasketball – Association for Professional Basketball Research, http://hometown.aol.com/bradleyrd/apbr.htmlCanadian football – Canadian Football Historical Association, http://www.cfha.ca/index.phpAmerican football – Professional Football Researchers Association, http://www.footballresearch.comIce hockey – <a href="/w/index.p
item	Academy for Joan of Arc Studies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_for_Joan_of_Arc_Studies	The Historical Academy for Joan of Arc Studies or Association for Joan of Arc Studies is a non-profit historical society dedicated to conducting and encouraging research on Joan of Arc and her time period. It was founded in April of 2005.
item	American Historical Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Association	The American Historical Association (AHA) is a society of historians and teachers of history founded in 1884 and incorporated by the United States Congress in 1889. The annual convention meets in January; The American Historical Review six times a year, with scholarly articles and book reviews. The Association is active in encouraging the teaching of history in schools, preserving historical material, and publishing a variety of historical material.
item	Arizona Historical Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Historical_Society	The Arizona Historical Society (AHS) is a non-profit organization whose goal is to collect, preserve, interpret, and disseminate the history of Arizona, the West, and Northern Mexico as it pertains to Arizona. It does this through 4 regional divisions. Each division has a representative museum. The state-wide divisions are as follows: Southern Arizona Division in Tucson, the Central Arizona Division in Tempe, the Northern Arizona Division in Flagstaff, and the Rio Colorado Division in Yuma. It was founded by the territorial legislature on November 7, 1864[edit]
item	Association for History and Computing	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_History_and_Computing	The Association for History and Computing (AHC) is an organization dedicated to the use of computers in historical research.
item	Cambridge University History Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_History_Society	Clio—named after the Greek Muse of History—is the undergraduate history society of the University of Cambridge. Founded in 1996, the society has about 300 resident members and is an active society providing social and speaker events to its members.[edit]External linksOfficial web siteThis article about an organisation in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
item	Canadian Historical Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Historical_Association	The Canadian Historical Association (French Société historique du Canada) is a Canadian organization founded in 1922 for the purposes of promoting historical research and scholarship. It publishes the Journal of the CHA and a well-respected series of booklets featuring concise treatments of particular aspects of Canadian history. Other activities include lobbying government agencies, libraries, and archives on matters related to document preservation and availability.[edit]
item	Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_History_and_Philosophy_of_Mathematics	The Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics (CSHPM) is dedicated to the study of the history and philosophy of mathematics in Canada.[edit]
item	Computer Conservation Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Conservation_Society	The Computer Conservation Society (CCS) is a Specialist Group of the British Computer Society (BCS). It is aso supported by the Science Museum in London and many of the society's meetings are held there. The CCS is interested in the history of computing in general and the conservation and preservation of early historical computers in particular.[edit]
item	EUROCLIO	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROCLIO	EUROCLIO is the European Association of History Educators, established in 1992 with the support of the Council of Europe. In 2005 it had 60 member associations from 46 countries, mostly European. Since 2003, the President is Manuela Carvalho, Portugal.
item	Environment and Heritage Service	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Heritage_Service	The Environment and Heritage Service is the United Kingdom Government's conservation agency for Northern Ireland. Unlike the equivalent bodies in England, Scotland and Wales, it aims to promote and conserve both the natural environment and the built environment and to promote their appreciation by present and future generations.
item	Family History Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_History_Society	A Family History Society is a society, often charitable or non-profit making, where genealogists and family historians can profit from shared knowledge.
item	Federation of Family History Societies	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Family_History_Societies	The Federation of Family History Societies is a UK-based charitable organisation.
item	Hakluyt Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakluyt_Society	The Hakluyt Society is a registered charity based in London, England dedicated to the advancement of the understanding of world history. It is best known as a publisher of historical texts from the Age of Discovery.
item	Historic Houses Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Houses_Association	The Historic Houses Association is a British non profit making organisation concerned with the preservation of privately owned country houses.
item	Historical Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Association	The Historical Association is an organization in Britain which was founded in 1906. The goals of the Historical Association are to support "the study and enjoyment of history at all levels by creating an environment that promotes lifelong learning and provides for the evolving needs of people who share an interest in history."
item	Historical Society of Pennsylvania	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania	Historical library and archive founded in Philadelphia in 1824. Today, the Society houses over 19 million manuscript and graphic items and features one of the largest family history libraries in the nation. It also offers major collections on Pennsylvania and regional history and manuscript collections with a strong focus on the 17th through 19th-centuries. The addition of holdings from The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies has added significant documentation and study of ethnic communities and immigrant experiences between the late 19th century and today.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania"			Category: History organizations																Views						 Article				 Discussion				 Edit this page				 History				<div 
item	Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_History_Textbook_Reform	Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform (新しい歴史教科書をつくる会, Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho o Tsukuru Kai?) is a group founded in 1997 to promote a revised view of Japanese history. The group was responsible for authoring a history textbook published from Fusosha (扶桑社), which was heavily criticised by China and South Korea for not including full accounts of or downplaying wartime activities of Imperial Japan during World War II, such as reference to the Nanjing Massacre (南京大虐殺) as "Nanjing Incident" (南京事件) and forgoing use of the term "comfort women" (慰安婦). The textbook also highlighted Japan's claim to Dokdo (Takeshima), which is currently administered by Republic of Korea, and Senkaku Islands, which are administered by Japan and claimed by both People's Republic of China and Republic of China (Taiwan).
item	Minnesota Historical Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society	The Minnesota Historical Society is a private, non-profit educational and cultural instutution dedicated to preserving the history of the state of Minnesota. It was founded by the territorial legislature in 1849.
item	Mormon History Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_History_Association	The Mormon History Association (MHA) is an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to the study and understanding of all aspects of Mormon history to promote understanding, scholarly research, and publication in the field. MHA was founded in December 1965 at the American Historical Association (AHA) meeting in San Francisco under the leadership of Latter-day Saint and historian, Leonard J. Arrington. In 1972, MHA became an independent organization with its own annual conferences and publications. The Journal of Mormon History, the official biennial publication of the association, began publication in 1974. MHA also publishes the quarterly Mormon History Newsletter and is an affiliate of both AHA and the Western History Association.
item	National Amusement Park Historical Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Amusement_Park_Historical_Association	The National Amusement Park Historical Association (NAPHA) was founded in 1978 by a former employee of Chicago's Riverview Amusement Park, and NAPHA has grown throughout a long period of time to include amusement parks from all over the world. NAPHA preserves amusement park history and historic rides. It also tries to find new locations for classic rollercoasters or other rides. NAPHA holds conventions at theme parks from all around the world, and applicants must apply to become members.[edit]
item	New Netherland Project	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland_Project	The New Netherland Project is an attempt to translate and publish 17th century Dutch documents from the period of the Dutch colonization of New Netherland. It was established in 1974 by the New York State Library and the Holland Society, and has so far published over sixteen volumes of translated documents.[edit]
item	Newcomen Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomen_Society	The Newcomen Society is a British learned society formed to foster the study of the history of engineering and technology (although British, it is interested in any aspect of the history of engineering, regardless of the location or time period). It was founded in London in 1920 and takes its name from Thomas Newcomen, one of the inventors associated with the early development of the steam engine, who is widely considered the Father of the Industrial Revolution.
item	Organization of American Historians	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_Historians	The Organization of American Historians (OAH), formerly known as the Mississippi Valley Historical Association is an organization of historians focusing on American history.[edit]
item	Royal Historical Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society	The Royal Historical Society was founded in 1868. It is the premier society in the United Kingdom which promotes and defends the scholarly study of the past.
item	The Society of Friends of King Richard III	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Society_of_Friends_of_King_Richard_III	The Society of Friends of King Richard III is a Society which was created in 1978 to exonerate and promote the life and memory of Richard III, King of England (1452-1485, reigned 1483-1485). The Society is based in York, Richard's own beloved city, and is run exclusively by his own faithful northern people. The membership numbers some 5,000 people and the Society meets the first saturday of every month at Jacob's Well, an old building in ancient medieval York. Anyone is welcome to attend and/or join the Society. The Society organises trips to places of Ricardian interest, lectures, medieval feasts and raises funds for a range of Ricardian purposes. In addition they have a considerable database of books and documentary material. The Society also issues a free quarterly bulletin to every member.[edit]
item	Svenska Historiska F%C3%B6reningen	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Historiska_F%C3%B6reningen	Svenska Historiska Föreningen is a Swedish historical society, founded in 1880. Its members include academic researchers in History as well as students and other interested individuals. It arranges national history conferences every year, and has published the journal Historisk tidskrift since 1881. Editorship of the journal circulates between History departments of the various Swedish universities.[edit]
item	The Economic History Society	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_History_Society	The Economic History Society exists to support reseach and teaching in economic and social history. The Society also acts as a pressure group working to influence government policy in the interests of history, alongside other societies, such as the Social History Society, the Agricultural History Society, the Urban History Group and the Association of Business Historians, and in concert with professional bodies such as the Royal Historical Society, the Historical Association, the History in Universities Defence Group and the Academy of Learned Societies in Social Science. In addition, the Society regularly liases with funding bodies such as HEFCE, SHEFCE, the AHRB and the ESRC.
item	Western History Association	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_History_Association	The Western History Association was organized in 1961 at Santa Fe, New Mexico, to "promote the study of the North American West in its varied aspects and broadest sense." Included in the field of study are the American West and western Canada.
item	Political history	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history	Political history It is the narrative and analysis of political events, ideas, movements, and leaders. It is usually structured around the nation state. The first "scientific" political history was written by Leopold von Ranke in Germany in the 19th century. His methodologies profoundly affected the way historians critically examine sources; see historiography for a more complete analysis of the methodology of various approaches to history.[edit]Regional political historyPolitical history of Eastern Africa[edit]External linksRichard J. Jensen, Historiography of American Political History. In Jack Greene, ed., Encyclopedia of American Political History (New York: Scribner's, 1984), vol 1. pp 1-25Politics: The historical development of economic, legal, and political ideas and institutions, ideologies and movements. In The Dictionary of the History of Ideas.<
item	Constitutional convention %28political meeting%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_%28political_meeting%29	A constitutional convention is a gathering of delegates for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution. A general constitutional convention is called to create the first constitution of a political unit or to entirely replace an existing constitution. An unlimited constitutional convention is called to revise an existing constitution.
item	Tenant-in-chief	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenant-in-chief	In medieval and early modern European society, a tenant-in-chief, sometimes vassal-in-chief, denotes the high nobles who held their lands as tenants directly from the monarch, as opposed to holding them from another nobleman or senior member of the clergy. Such people were the backbone of the monarchs's influence throughout the state and include princes and dukes (many of whom would have been immediate relatives of the monarch), and earls.
item	Protests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests	Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations: sometimes in favor, though more often opposed. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly and forcefully making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policy, or may undertake direct action to attempt to directly enact desired changes themselves.
item	Protest	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest	Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations: sometimes in favor, though more often opposed. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly and forcefully making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policy, or may undertake direct action to attempt to directly enact desired changes themselves.
item	2006 U.S. immigration reform protests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_U.S._immigration_reform_protests	In 2006, millions of people were involved in protests over a proposed reform to existing United States immigration laws. The protests began in response to proposed legislation known as H.R. 4437, which would raise penalties for illegal immigration and classify illegal aliens and anyone who helped them enter or remain in the US as felons. As part of the wider immigration debate, most protests not only seek an overhaul of this bill, but also a path to legalization for those who have entered America illegally and fewer Immigration Services delays.
item	Gran Marcha	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Marcha	Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style.Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since April 2006.
item	1989 riots in Argentina	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina	The 1989 food riots were a series of riots and related episodes of looting in stores and supermarkets in Argentina, during the last part of the presidency of Raúl Alfonsín, between May and June 1989. The riots were caused by the rampant hyperinflation and food shortage, and were associated with legal protests and demonstrations.
item	27th G8 summit	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_G8_summit	The 27th G8 summit took place in Genoa, Italy, in July 2001. The summit was overshadowed by riots in the city after a crackdown by police targeting anti-globalization groups and the death of a 23 years-old protestor, Carlo Giuliani, leading some to talk of a deliberately followed strategy of tension.
item	29th G8 summit	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_G8_summit	The 29th G8 summit took place in Évian-les-Bains, France, in June 2003. As is usual for G8 summits, there were a range of protests. A number of non-G8 countries were invited to the summit (Algeria, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa) as well as the President of the Swiss Confederation and representatives of the UN, the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO, providing "an opportunity for an exchange of views on growth and international co-operation".
item	30th G8 summit	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_G8_summit	The 30th G8 summit took place in Sea Island, Georgia, United States, on June 8- June 10, 2004.[edit]
item	31st G8 summit	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_G8_summit	The 31st G8 summit was held from July 6 to July 8, 2005 at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Perth and Kinross, in Scotland and hosted by British Prime Minister Tony Blair. As host, the UK stated its intent to focus this G8 meeting on the issues of global climate change and the lack of economic development in Africa. Other announced items on the agenda were counter-terrorism, non-proliferation and reform in the Middle East. The summit was overshadowed, however, by bomb attacks in London on the second day of the conference.Contents1 Priorities1.1 Aid to Afric
item	%C3%85dalen shootings	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85dalen_shootings	The Ådalen shootings, also known as the Ådalen riots (in Swedish: Skotten i Ådalen) was a series of events in and around the Swedish sawmill district of Ådalen, in Kramfors Municipality, in May 1931. During a protest, five persons were killed by bullets fired by Swedish military troops.Contents1 Background to the shootings2 The confrontation3 Aftermath4 Contemporary significance
item	Andijan massacre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andijan_massacre	In May 2005 unrest in Uzbekistan reached a head when Uzbek troops fired into a crowd of protesters in the eastern city of Andijan, killing an estimated 400 to 1000 people on 13 May, in what has been termed the Andijan massacre. Violent disturbances subsequently spread to a number of other cities in the region.
item	Anti-WEF protests in Switzerland%2C January 2003	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-WEF_protests_in_Switzerland%2C_January_2003	The World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland (January, 2003) triggered anti-globalization protests across Switzerland. Access to the town of Davos was blocked by the police of Grisons, with reinforcements from other cantonal and, unprecedentedly, even Austrian, police forces and on Saturday, January 25th, the day scheduled for a protest march in Davos, only selected protesters were allowed to pass.
item	Anti-globalization	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization	Anti-globalization is a term most commonly ascribed to the political stance of people and groups who oppose certain aspects of globalization in its current form, often including the domination of current global trade agreements and trade-governing bodies such as the World Trade Organization by powerful corporations.
item	Anti-globalization Protests in Prague	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_Protests_in_Prague	Anti-capitalist Protests in Prague during the IMF and World Bank summit in September 2000 in Prague, capital of the Czech Republic.
item	Antiglobalization Activists in Syria	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiglobalization_Activists_in_Syria	AGAS - Antiglobalization Activists in Syria - is a Syria-based collective of opponents to the neoliberal globalization. In Arabic the group uses the name Al-badil (البديل) which means the alternative.AGAS was set up on January 1st 2003. Several of its leaders have spent years behind bars as prisoners of conscience.By focussing not only political rights, but also on social and economic rights, AGAS distincts it self from a large part of the Syrian opposition.Insisting on its indepence, AGAS coperates however internationally with the Committee for the Abolition of the Third World Debt and ATTAC. AGAS also participates the World Social Forum. By labbelling it self "Anti-globalization", rather than "Alter-globalization" AGAS distincts it self from ATTAC and important parts of the movement.[edit]External linkAGAS website (in Arabic)<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png
item	Apag%C3%B3n	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apag%C3%B3n	Apagón (in Spanish, literally, blackout) is a form of protest that was employed several times in some large cities of Argentina, during the economic crisis at the beginning of the 2000s. The justification for a blackout as a form of protest was a rejection of the proposed increase of fees of electricity and other basic services.During the 1990s, under the Menem administration, the Convertibility Law guaranteed a fixed exchange rate of 1 U. S. dollar per Argentine peso, and the private companies that supplied electric power, telephone service, natural gas and drinking water, among others, earned consistently high profits, which could be turned into dollars and sent abroad with no loss. A number of these service providers had also secured dollarized fees, contracts that entitled them to ask for increases in their fees subject to the inflation of the United States, and other provisions of the kind.
item	April 9 tragedy	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_9_tragedy	The April 9 tragedy refers to the events in Tbilisi, Georgia on April 9, 1989, when an anti-Soviet demonstration was dispersed by the Soviet army, resulting in 20 deaths and hundreds of injuries. April 9 is now celebrated as the Day of National Unity (Georgian: ეროვნული ერთიანობის დღე), an annual public holiday.Contents1 Prelude2 The killings3 Aftermath4 Legacy5 See also6 External links
item	Australian industrial relations legislation national day of protest%2C 2005	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_industrial_relations_legislation_national_day_of_protest%2C_2005	A national day of protest was held in Australia on 15 November 2005, to protest against the industrial relations legislation being introduced by the government of Prime Minister John Howard. The day was organised by the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and its state, territory and local affiliates, with the support of the Australian Labor Party, the Australian Greens, the Australian Democrats, and various other political and community organisations.
item	Babra Sharif massacre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babra_Sharif_massacre	To protest against the arrests of Bacha Khan, Dr. Khan Sahib, Qazi Attah-ullah, Arbab Abdul Ghafoor Khan and other party activists, it was decided that the Khudai Khidmatgars would in a peaceful procession march from Charsadda to Babra.
item	Bandh	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandh	Bandh, originally a Hindi word meaning 'closed', is a form of protest used by political activists in India. During a Bandh, a large chunk of a community declares a general strike, usually lasting one day. While often it means the closing down of a major marketplace of a city for the day, there have been instances of entire Metros coming to a standstill.
item	Bed-In	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed-In	During the Vietnam War, in 1969, John Lennon and Yoko Ono held two, week-long Bed-Ins for Peace, which were their non-violent ways of protesting wars and promoting peace.
item	Black World Wide Web protest	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_World_Wide_Web_protest	On February 1, 1996, a large number of web sites were turned black for 48 hours as a protest against the passing of the Communications Decency Act in the United States. The Turn the Web Black protest, also called Black Thursday, was a joint effort by a number of civil liberties groups, including the Voters Telecommunications Watch and the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Thousands of websites, including a number of major ones, joined in the protest. The campaign was noted by major media such as the CNN, TIME magazine and The New York Times.[edit]
item	Bolivian Gas War	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_Gas_War	The Bolivian Gas War was a social conflict in Bolivia centering around the exploitation of the country's vast natural gas reserves. The expression can be extended to refer to the general conflict in Bolivia over the exploitation of gas resources, thus including the 2005 protests and the election of Evo Morales as president. Prior to these protests, Bolivia had seen a series of similar earlier protests, during the Cochabamba protests of 2000, which were against the privatization of the municipal water supply.The conflict had its roots in grievances over the government's economic policies concerning natural gas, as well as coca eradication policies, corruption and violent military responses against strikes. On a larger scale, it can be traced to Bolivia's colonization since the 15th century and the subsequent looting of its natural resources (e.g. the mines of Potosí). In the middle of the 1990s, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada's neoliberal government accorded generous contracts to 26 foreign companies, without submitting them to Congress as demanded by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title
item	Bring Them Home Now Tour	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_Them_Home_Now_Tour	The Bring Them Home Now Tour was a rolling anti-war protest against the Iraq War, beginning in Crawford, Texas, travelling three routes across the country (with rallies along the way) and culminating in a rally in Washington, DC in September 2005. The tour was organized by Gold Star Families for Peace, Iraq Veterans Against the War, Military Families Speak Out, and Veterans For Peace. It was inspired by and featured Cindy Sheehan as a speaker at many rallies. The three tour buses were purchased with donated money.[1]Contents1 Bus tour - Week 12 Bus tour - Week 23 Bus tour - Week 34 Bus tour - Week 45 Washington D.C. rally6 External links
item	Cacerolazo	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacerolazo	Cacerolazo is the name of a popular form of protest that consists in a group of people creating noise by banging pots, pans and other utensils in order to call for attention.The word comes from Spanish cacerola, which means "stew pot". The derivative suffix -azo denotes a hitting (punching or striking) action, and has been extended metaphorically to any sort of shock demonstration.The term cacerolazo in the above sense was first used in Argentina during 2001, as the colloquial name of the protests and demonstrations of the middle-class people who had seen their savings trapped in the so-called corralito (a set of restrictive economic measures that effectively froze all bank accounts, initially as a short-term fix for the massive draining of bank deposits). The corralito meant that many people who needed a large amount of cash immediately, or who simply lived off the interests from their deposits, suddenly found their savings unavailable. As court appeals were slow and ineffective, people resorted to protest in the streets.As the Argentine peso quickly devalued and foreign currency fled the country, the government decreed a forced conversion of dollar-denominated 
item	Camp Casey%2C Crawford%2C Texas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Casey%2C_Crawford%2C_Texas	Camp Casey was the name given to the encampment of anti-war protesters outside the George W. Bush ranch in Crawford, Texas during his five-week summer vacation there in 2005, named after Iraq War casualty US Army Specialist Casey Sheehan.A panoramic photograph of Camp Casey on August 18, 2005Part of a series onAnti-War topics&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Image:P
item	Camp Trans	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Trans	Camp Trans is an annual demonstration held outside the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival by transsexual women and their allies to protest the Festival's policy of excluding transsexual women from attending.Contents1 Background2 History3 See also4 External links
item	Candle demonstration in Bratislava	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle_demonstration_in_Bratislava	The Candle Demonstration (in Slovak sviečková demonštrácia) on 25 March 1988 in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia was the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
item	Kathy Change	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Change	Kathy Change (1950 - 23 October 1996) was a West Philadelphian performance artist and political activist who killed herself in an act of self-immolation on the University of Pennsylvania campus in 1996. Born Kathleen Chang, she legally changed her name to Kathy Change to indicate her commitment to political and social change. For 20 years she gave colorful one-woman street performances on Penn's campus and around Philadelphia to protest the government, during which she danced, sang, played the guitar, waved handmade flags, and made speeches. In a packet of her writings that she delivered to The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Daily Pennsylvanian, and several of her friends and acquaintances on the morning of her death, she explained the rationale behind her suicide:“I want to protest the present government and economic system and the cynicism and passivity of the people…as emphatically as I can. But primarily, I want to get publicity in order to draw attention to my proposal for immediate social transformation. To do this I plan to end my own life. The attention of the media is only caught by acts of violence. My moral principles prevent me from doing harm to anyone else or their property, so I must perform this act of violence against myself. . . . It is a waste of energy to get angry and gripe at the government. The government must be replaced with a truly democratic self-government of, for and by the people. Those working in industries essential to maintainin
item	Frank Chu	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Chu	Frank Chu (24 March 1960 — ) is one of San Francisco's best-known eccentrics. His protests against US Presidents, corporations, and the 12 Galaxies have been held in San Francisco and nearby locales since at least 1995. Chu has been compared to Joshua A. Norton, an earlier famous San Francisco eccentric.
item	Clothes free people	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_free_people	Rock musician "Flea" of the Red Hot Chilli Peppers often performs nude.Below are lists of individuals associated with some aspect of a general movement for clothes free or clothing-optional activities. Some of these people support the movement, some are critics, some persecuted those in the movement.Some people do this within the context of art, popular culture, nudism, naturism, the free beach movement, public nudity or the topfree equality movement (the inclusion of which in this section is under debate).See clothes free organizations for clarification on organization namesSee criticism 
item	Clothing-optional bike rides	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing-optional_bike_rides	There are many clothing-optional and topfree cycling events around the world. Some rides are political, recreational, artistic or a unique combination.
item	Cochabamba protests of 2000	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba_protests_of_2000	The Cochabamba protests of 2000 were a series of protests that took place in the Bolivian city of Cochabamba between January and April 2000, because of the privatization of the municipal water supply, which was sold to a private company, International Waters Limited (IWL) of London (a subsidiary of Bechtel Corporation; it operated locally as Aguas de Tunari), at the insistence of the World Bank. In its June 1999 report on Bolivia, it specifically called for the cessation of "public subsidies" to keep down water prices. Corruption was a large problem in Cochabamba before privatization, and many citizens received no water at all. According to local press reports, the foreign investors acquired the city water system, in a sale in which they were the only bidder, for less than US$20,000, of up-front capital for a water system worth millions of dollars. Bechtel states that they only purchased the rights to run the water system, which was still owned by the city.
item	Critical Mass	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Mass	Critical Mass is an event held typically on the last Friday of every month in cities around the world, where bicyclists, skateboarders, roller bladers, roller skaters and other self-propelled people take to the streets en masse. Critical Mass is not led, and as a group has no official goals other than to meet once every month and enjoy the security and companionship of riding, rolling and travelling through the city together. The general philosophy is expressed by a widely used slogan: "We aren't blocking traffic; we are traffic."
item	Crowd counting	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_counting	Crowd counting techniques are used to count or estimate the number of people in a crowd. At ticketed events, turnstiles are often used to precisely count the number of people entering a venue. At unticketed events, especially events that take place in the streets or a park rather than an enclosed venue, crowd counting is more difficult and less precise. For many events, especially political rallies or protests, the number of people in a crowd carries political significance and counts are controversial. For instance, the global protests against the Iraq war saw many protests at which widely differing counts were offered by organizers on one side and the police on the other. Another memorable incident occurred when Louis Farrakhan threatened to sue the Washington, D.C. Park Police for announcing that only 400,000 people attended the 1995 Million Man March he organized.
item	DIY culture	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_culture	DIY (or Do It Yourself) culture is a broad term used to refer to a wide range of grassroots political activism. DIY culture became something of a recognised movement in the 1990s in the UK where the protest (the direct action) and party (the festival) converged. This development constituted a significant cross-pollination of pleasure and politics resembling the anti-disciplinary politics of the 1960s. During the 1990s, demonstrating the desire for an economy of mutual aid and co-operation, the commitment to the non-commodification of art, the appropriation of digital and communication technologies for free community purposes, and the commitment to alternative technologies such as biodiesel. From 1991-1997 the Conservative government cracked down on squatting, animal rights activists, greens, travellers, as well as the culture of raves, parties and dance culture. Some commentators have criticised DIY culture as a form of laissez-faire libertarianism only available to those who already have access to resources and leisure in this society.<table 
item	December 2001 riots %28Argentina%29	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2001_riots_%28Argentina%29	The December 2001 riots were a period of civil unrest and rioting in Argentina, which took place during December 2001, with the worst incidents taking place on December 19 and December 20 in the capital, Buenos Aires.Contents1 Background2 Corralito3 December 194 December 205 The Rodríguez Saá Administration6 The designation of Eduardo Duhalde
item	Dongzhou protests of 2005	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongzhou_protests_of_2005	A series of protests took place for seven months up to December 2005 in Dongzhou, a village in Shanwei prefecture-level city, Guangdong Province, China, organized in opposition to government plans to partially infill the bay and build a new power plant. It resulted in the shooting deaths of several villagers in the night of 6 December 2005 by People's Armed Police. The death toll is unknown, with different sources mentioning anywhere from three to several dozen deaths.Contents1 Incident2 Casualty3 Aftermath4 References5 External links
item	East L.A. walkouts	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_L.A._walkouts	The East Los Angeles Walkouts or Chicano Blowouts were a series of 1968 protests against unequal conditions in Los Angeles Unified School District high schools. While the students who organized and carried out the protests were primarily concerned with the quality of their education, they were also motivated by the high minority death toll in the Vietnam War and the ongoing civil rights campaigns of the Chicano Movement.Contents1 Background2 Organizing3 Blowouts4 Aftermath5 In media6 External links
item	Eco-action	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-action	Eco-action is an international environmental group founded in 1993 by Beth Hollenbeck with the stated aim of "facilitating positive lifestyle change through consumer education and community involvement in environmental issues". An all-volunteer, membership organization, ECO-Action claims it has "attempted to meet the needs of other environmental organizations and the community."
item	Faslane Peace Camp	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faslane_Peace_Camp	Faslane Peace Camp is a controversial permanent peace camp sited outside Faslane Naval base gates in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It has been occupied continuously since 1982.Contents1 The Site2 Protests3 Politicians and Faslane4 See also5 External links5.1 News Coverage
item	Fathers 4 Justice protests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers_4_Justice_protests	Fathers 4 Justice is a fathers' rights pressure group based in the United Kingdom, who have staged many protests which have received national news coverage because of their circumstances.Contents1 Tower Bridge protest2 House of Commons protest3 Buckingham Palace protest4 See also5 External links5.1 Tower Bridge protest5.2 House of Commons protest5.3 Buckingham Palace protest
item	February 15%2C 2003 anti-war protest	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15%2C_2003_anti-war_protest	The February 15, 2003 anti-war protest was a co-ordinated day of protests across the world against the imminent invasion of Iraq. Millions of people protested in approximately 800 cities around the world. According to BBC News, between six and ten million people took part in protests in up to sixty countries over the weekend of the 15th and 16th;[1] other estimates range from eight million to thirty million.[2]The biggest protests took place in Europe. The protest in Rome involved around 3 million people, and is listed in the 2004 Guinness Book of World Records as the largest anti-war rally in history.[3] Opposition to the war was highest in the Middle East,[citation&#160;needed] although protests there were relatively small - Mainland China was the only major region not to see any protests.Contents<span class="tocnumber
item	Gherao	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherao	Gherao, meaning 'encirclement', is a word originally from Hindi, and is a typically South Asian way of protest. Usually, a group of people would surround a politician or a government building until their demands are met, or answers given.
item	Golaniad	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golaniad	The Golaniad (Romanian: Golaniada) was a protest in Romania in the University Square, Bucharest. It was initiated by students and professors at the University of Bucharest.
item	Protests during the EU summit in Gothenburg 2001	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_during_the_EU_summit_in_Gothenburg_2001	Image:Bushnotwelcome.jpgBush not welcome demonstration 14th June 2001The protests during the EU summit in Gothenburg 2001, parts of which are often called the Gothenburg Riots (In Swedish: Göteborgskravallerna), took place in the Swedish city of Gothenburg during the three days of the EU summit (the European Council) and EU-US Summit , June 14, 15, 16, 2001. The EU Summit focused upon EU enlargement, sustainable development, economic growth and structural reform issues. The EU-US summit included a visit by U.S. president George W. Bush on June 14. It was the first U.S. presidential visit to Sweden, and was intended as an opportunity to discuss differences on climate negotiations, WTO and Middle East issues with the EU leaders.The main protests was organised by three broad coalitions, one local coalition Bush Go home opposing U.S. policy, one Swedish based Network Gothenburg 2001 against Swedish membership in the EU and EMU and one international Gothenburg Action 2001 towards another Europe opposin
item	The Naked Rambler	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Rambler	Stephen Gough, also known as Steve Gough and the naked rambler, is an activist from Eastleigh, Hampshire, famous for walking the length of Great Britain from Land's End to John o'Groats in 2003–2004 with nothing on except boots, socks, rucksack and sometimes a hat. He has been arrested several times and put in prison in the course of his ramble.
item	Great American Boycott	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Boycott	The Great American Boycott of 2006, known in Spanish as El Gran Paro Americano ("The Great American Strike"), was a boycott of United States schools and businesses held on May 1, 2006. The date was chosen to coincide with May Day, an international Labor Movement holiday (observed as a national holiday in some European countries and in Mexico) despite the fact that May Day is not widely celebrated in the United States due to its association with Socialism and Communism. As a continuation of the 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests, the organizers called for supporters to abstain from buying, selling, working, and attending school, to demonstrate the extent to which illegal immigrants' labor is needed for the U.S. economy. Supporters of the boycott rallied in major cities across the U.S. to demand general amnesty and legalization programs for such non-citizens. For this reason, the day is also referred to as A Day Without an Immigrant, a reference to the 2004 political satire film A Day 
item	Halloween 2002 anti-war protest	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_2002_anti-war_protest	On the 31 October 2002 a series of anti-war and anti-capitalist protests, generally focussing on the planned war on Iraq took place across the UK and the U.S.A.There is some dispute over who called and built the UK protests, the Stop the War Coalition (StWC) claim they organised the protests but this claim is also made by Disobedients[1] and other anarchist and socialist groups, who were not part of the StWC. According to the BBC it was StWC groups who mobilised nationwide and planned the large protest in London.[2]Contents1 United Kingdom2 United States<span class="tocnumb
item	Brian Haw	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Haw	Brian Haw.Part of a series onAnti-War topics&#160;&#160;&#160;Opposition to...Iraq WarWar on TerrorismAfghanistan WarVietnam War<a href="/wi
item	Independence Intifada	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Intifada	Note: This article is about Western Sahara. For "Intifada of Independence" in Lebanon, see "Cedar Revolution".This article is part of the series:The Western Sahara conflictWestern SaharaSpanish SaharaGreater MoroccoGreen MarchMadrid AccordsICJ Advisory OpinionMINURSOSettlement PlanHouston AgreementBaker PlanWestern Sahara Authority<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title=
item	International Action	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Action	International Action is a small, non-violent, political group in Hong Kong campaigning a range of issues including social justice, human rights and democracy. The group was founded in 2004 and is made up of young locals and expatriates. Their website claims that they "represent the new breed of young foreigners who are here [in Hong Kong] without the expatriate perks", however, they invite anyone to join them. The group is committed to non-violence and aims to raise awareness of political issues through their media stunts and humorous costumes.Contents1 Beliefs and Approach2 Past Action3 Coverage4 See also5 External links
item	International Solidarity Fast for Darfur	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Solidarity_Fast_for_Darfur	On October 6th, STAND (Students Taking Action Now: Darfur), in cooperation with many other organizations and millions of individuals worldwide, will be holding an International Solidarity Fast for Darfur. According to its organizers, the fast will "reach individuals and communities around the globe in order to send a direct message that we, the international community, recognize our responsibility to protect the world's populations from humanitarian crises." Multiple events will be organized around the Solidarity Fast, including rallies and vigils. News of the event will be broadcast into Eastern Chad and Darfur via Voice of America and BBC World Service, to "show the people of Darfur that they have not been forgotten."Contents1 Event Details1.1 Ways to Participate1.2 The Message2 External links
item	J26 G8 Protests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J26_G8_Protests	J26 was a smaller-size convergence in what is commonly called the anti-globalization movement. It took place in Calgary, Canada in June 2002 during the Group of Eight summit in nearby Kananaskis.
item	January 20%2C 2005 counter-inaugural protest	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_20%2C_2005_counter-inaugural_protest	The January 20, 2005 counter-inaugural protest was a large number of demonstrations held in Washington, D.C. and other cities to protest the second inauguration of President George W. Bush.Contents1 Rally at Malcolm X Park1.1 Die-in1.2 Protest Warrior confrontation1.3 Black Bloc breakaway march2 Demonstrations along the Parade Route3 Critical Mass at Dupont Circle4 Demonstrations outside inaugural balls5 Counter-Inaugural 
item	John Wojnowski	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wojnowski	John Wojnowski born 1943 in Warsaw, Poland has maintained a one man protest outside the Vatican embassy in Washington DC since 1998. Wojnowski, a retired ironworker, stands on Massachusetts Avenue during afternoon rush hour holding signs with slogans such as "My life was ruined by a pedophile priest" and "Pedophiles infest Vatican". His protest stems from an incident in which he claims to have been molested at the age of 15 by a Catholic priest in a village outside Milan, Italy. Although the Catholic Church offered free counseling they have refused his demands for what he considers just monetary compensation, citing Italian statute of limitations laws. The priest who allegedly molested Wojnowski died in the 1980s.
item	Mass trespass of Kinder Scout	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_trespass_of_Kinder_Scout	The mass trespass of Kinder Scout was a notable act of willful trespass by ramblers. It was undertaken at Kinder Scout, in the Peak District of England, on 24 April 1932, to highlight weaknesses in English law of the time. This denied walkers in England or Wales access to areas of open county, and to public footpaths which, in previous ages (and today), formed public rights of way. Political and conservation activist Benny Rothman was one of the principal leaders.
item	List of locations which held February 15%2C 2003 anti-war protests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_locations_which_held_February_15%2C_2003_anti-war_protests	This is a list of the approximately 800 locations worldwide[1] which held protests on February 15, 2003 against the 2003 invasion of Iraq. See also Opposition to the Iraq War.Contents1 Africa2 Asia/Middle East3 Europe4 Latin America and the Caribbean5 North America6 Oceania7 Antarctica8 Crowd estimates
item	List of slogans and chants opposing the Iraq war	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_slogans_and_chants_opposing_the_Iraq_war	Part of a series onAnti-War topics&#160;&#160;&#160;Opposition to...Iraq WarWar on TerrorismAfghanistan WarVietnam WarWar of 1812American Civil WarSecond Boer WarAgents of oppositionAnti-war organizations<a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious obje
item	M11 link road protest	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M11_link_road_protest	The M11 link road protest was an anti-road campaign in London, UK in the early 1990s. Though ultimately unsuccessful, the campaign, together with others in the UK at that time, is considered by many to have played a major role in the large-scale cutbacks in the road building programme that followed in subsequent years.Contents1 Background2 The protest campaign in East London3 Consequences of the protest campaign4 See also5 External links
item	Manchester International Airport	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_International_Airport	Manchester International Airport (IATA: MAN,&#160;ICAO: EGCC) is an airport in Manchester, England, formerly known as Ringway. It is located on the boundary between Cheshire and Manchester in Greater Manchester.It has two parallel runways, three adjacent terminals, and a railway station. The airport is owned by the Manchester Airport Group who own several other UK airports including Nottingham East Midlands, Bournemouth and Humberside.Contents1 Worldwide hub2 Passenger numbers3 Security4 Terminals4.1 Terminal 14.2 Terminal 2<
item	March 20%2C 2003 anti-war protest	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_20%2C_2003_anti-war_protest	On March 20, 2003, the day after the invasion of Iraq had begun, thousands of protests and demonstrations were held around the world in opposition to the war in Iraq. In many cases, these protests were known as "Day X" protests, reflecting the fact that they had been organized to occur when war started, what ever day that might have been.[edit]United StatesProtesters attend a demonstration in Washington DC against President Bush's Iraq policy.In some U.S. cities, including Washington, D.C.
item	May 1968	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1968	In May 1968 (in this context usually spelled May '68) a general strike about the visitation rules at universities broke out across France. The visitation rules forbade the opposite sex from visiting dorm rooms. It quickly began to reach near-revolutionary proportions before being discouraged by the Stalinist oriented French Communist Party, and was finally suppressed by the government, which accused the Communists of plotting against the Republic. Some philosophers and historians have argued that the rebellion was the single most important revolutionary event of the 20th century because it wasn't participated in by a lone demographic, such as workers or racial minorities, but was rather a purely popular uprising, superseding ethnic, cultural, age and class boundaries.
item	May Day	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day	May Day refers to any of several holidays celebrated on May 1 or in the beginning of May.
item	Miami model	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_model	The Miami model is a term used by political activists to describe the tactics employed by law enforcement agencies during demonstrations relating to the negotions for the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) trade agreement. The meeting related protests took place in Miami, Florida in November 2003.
item	Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Teamsters_Strike_of_1934	The Minneapolis General Strike of 1934 grew out of a strike by Teamsters against most of the trucking companies operating in Minneapolis, a major distribution center for the Upper Midwest. Led by local leaders associated with the Trotskyist Communist League of America, a group that later founded the Socialist Workers Party (United States). The strike paved the way for the organization of over-the-road drivers and the growth of the Teamsters union. It, along with the 1934 West Coast Longshore Strike (led by the Communist Party USA) and the 1934 Toledo Auto-Lite strike led by the American Workers Party, were also important catalysts for the rise of industrial unionism in the 1930s, much of which was organized through the Congress of Industrial Organizations.Contents1 Leadup to the strike2 The strike3</sp
item	Monday demonstrations in GDR	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_GDR	The 1989/1990 Monday demonstrations (German: Montagdemonstrationen) in the East German city of Leipzig were a series of peaceful political protests against the East German government.
item	Monday demonstrations%2C 2004	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_demonstrations%2C_2004	The Monday demonstrations of 2004 (German: Montagsdemonstrationen im Jahr 2004) in Germany were protests against the Hartz IV reform, which provide for signifcant cutbacks in social security benefits for long-term (over 12 months) unemployed persons.
item	Nanjing Anti-African protests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Anti-African_protests	The Nanjing Anti-African protests were mass demonstrations and riots against African students in Nanjing, China, which lasted from December 1988, to the following January. They were a precursor to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.Contents1 Background2 Nanjing protests3 Aftermath4 Nanjing protests and Tiananmen Square protests5 Further reading
item	Narmada Dam Project	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Dam_Project	The Narmada Dam Project, is a project involving the construction of a series of large hydroelectric dams on the Narmada River in India.Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) is the largest multipurpose project in it. The project was first conceived of in the 1940s by the country's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. The project only took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity. Of the 30 large dams planned on river Narmada, Sardar Sarovar is the largest. With a proposed height of 136.5 m, it's also high on discord between the planners and the Narmada Bachao Andolan. The multi-purpose project will irrigate more than 18,000 square kilometres - most of it in drought prone areas like - Kutch and Saurashtra.[edit]
item	Orangeburg massacre	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangeburg_massacre	On February 8, 1968, around 200 protesters had gathered on the campus of South Carolina State University (located in the city of Orangeburg) to protest the segregation of All Star Bowling Lane (now called All-Star Triangle Bowl), a bowling alley on Russell Street (then US 301, now SC 33), owned by local businessman, the late Harry K. Floyd. Students set grass fires and tried to burn down a vacant house. A highway patrolman was hit in the face by a banister from the house, and an altercation ensued in which several South Carolina Highway Patrol officers were struck with thrown objects. The officers also stated that they believed they were receiving small arms fire during the incident. However, evidence that they were being fired on was inconclusive, and there would appear to be no evidence that the protesters were armed or had fired on officers.
item	Protests against the Iraq War	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War	There have been considerable protests against the Iraq War in the build up to and following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Between 2002 and 2005, protests were held in many cities worldwide, often coordinated to occur simultaneously around the world. After the biggest series of demonstrations, on February 15, 2003, New York Times writer Patrick Tyler claimed that they showed that there were two superpowers on the planet, the United States and worldwide public opinion.These demonstrations against the war were mainly organized by anti-war organisations, many of whom had been formed in opposition to the invasion of Afghanistan. In some Arab countries demonstrations were organized by the State. Europe saw the biggest mobilization of protesters, including a rally of 3 million people in Rome, Italy which is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest ever anti-war rally. <a href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54365" class="external autonumber" title="http://w
item	Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_invasion_of_Afghanistan	In 2001, a number of small protests against the invasion of Afghanistan occurred in various cities and college campuses across the United States and other countries in the first days after the start of the US-led invasion of Afghanistan. These protests were mainly peaceful, but larger protests and general strikes occurred in Pakistan. Some of these were suppressed by police with casualties among the protesters. In both Islamic and non-Islamic nations, protests and rallies of various sizes against the attack on Afghanistan took place.Many protesters felt that the invation of Afghanistan was unjustified aggression and would lead to the deaths of many innocent people by preventing humanitarian aid workers from bringing food into the country.[edit]October 7, 2001On October 7, there was a peace rally of ten to twelve thousand people in New York City. The group marched from Union Square to Times Square, cheering the police at the beginning of the march. The list of about twelve speakers was cut to three or four by the police, and they were herded at the end into a one-lane-wide "bullpen".[<a href="/w/index.php?titl
item	Public nudity	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nudity	To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup.Please discuss this issue on the talk page, or replace this tag with a more specific message. Editing help is available.This article has been tagged since February 2006.Public nudity is nudity in public spaces, environments, events. Another common reference is nude in public (NIP). It can also refer to clothing-optional activities on public lands. It is less commonly referred to as public naturism or public nudism, free range nakedness or free range nudity.This is in contrast to nudity in areas that are not generally accessible to the general public without prior permission including nudity at home, privately-held offices or studios, fitness facilities (such as swimming pools, sauna, gymnasium) and nudity in privately-held areas such as nudist or naturist clubs or resorts. Cultural<
item	Quebec City Summit of the Americas	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_Summit_of_the_Americas	The Summit of the Americas held in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, on the weekend of April 20, 2001, was a round of negotiations regarding a proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas. The talks are perhaps better known for the security preparations and demonstrations (known as the Quebec City protest) that surrounded them than for the progress of the negotiations.Contents1 Progress of the negotiations2 Security and public response2.1 Preparations2.2 Protests2.3 Response to protest conduct3 External links
item	Raasta roko	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raasta_roko	Raasta roko means "obstruct the road" in Hindi. It is a form of protest quite commonly practised in India. It usually involves a fairly large number of people preventing vehicular traffic from using a generally busy thoroughfare. Pedestrian traffic is not significantly affected.&#160;This activism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raasta_roko"			Categories: Activism stubs | Protests																Views						 Article				 <a href="/w/inde
item	Radical cheerleading	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_cheerleading	Radical cheerleading is a form of cheerleading originating from Florida, but now spread across the United States and to Canada, Europe and beyond. The idea is to use the aesthetics of cheerleading but changing the chants to be promoting feminism and other left-wing causes. Many radical cheerleaders (some of whom are male, transgender or non-gender identified) are far in appearance from the stereotypical image of a cheerleader.
item	Rent strike	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_strike	A rent strike is a method of protest commonly employed against large landlords such as universities. In a rent strike, a group of tenants come together and agree to refuse to pay their rent en masse until a specific list of demands is met by the landlord. This can be a useful tactic of final resort for use against intransigent landlords, but carries the obvious risk of eviction in some cases.
item	Rosariazo	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosariazo	The Rosariazo was a protest movement that consisted in demonstrations and strikes, in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina, between May and September 1969, during the military dictatorial rule of de facto President General Juan Carlos Onganía. The Rosariazo was caused by events in other parts of Argentina, and in turn triggered similar protests itself.
item	Rossport Five	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossport_Five	The Rossport Five are James Brendan Philbin, brothers Philip and Vincent McGrath, Willie Corduff and Micheál Ó Seighin. These five men from County Mayo, Ireland were jailed on 29 June 2005 by Justice Finnegan, President of the High Court of the Republic of Ireland for contempt of court. They refused to obey a court injunction forbidding them to interfere with work being undertaken by Shell, who are building a high pressure gas pipeline across land in Rossport to pipe unrefined natural gas from the offshore Corrib Gas Field. Three of the five men own land in Rossport: Phillip McGrath has a house in Rossport and Micheál Ó Seighin lives about five miles (eight km) from Rossport in Stonefield. The government granted planning permission to Enterprise Oil (subsequently taken over by Shell) to build an onshore gas processing plant and to supply it using a high pressure pipeline which runs as close as seventy metres to the houses of some of these men.
item	Russell Shaw Higgs	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Shaw_Higgs	Russell Shaw Higgs is an activist living in London who was involved in The Freedom to be Yourself (TFTBY) or (FTBY) and the Yahoo! group stopsegregation. He has been imprisoned and released multipe times for public nudity. On several occasions he has remained fully nude while incarcerated, often resulting in much longer jail time. There has been quite a bit of media coverage of his activities and those who have participated with him during these protests.Contents1 Quotes2 Filmography3 External links4 See also
item	Sanctuary movement	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_movement	The Sanctuary movement was a religious and political movement of approximately 500 congregations in the U.S. that helped Central American refugees by sheltering them from Immigration and Naturalization Service authorities. The movement flourished between 1982 and 1992. Various denominations were involved, including Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, Jews, Quakers, and Mennonites. The movement originated along the U.S. border with Mexico in Arizona but was also strong in Chicago, Philadelphia, and California. In 1981, Rev. John Fife and Jim Corbett, among others, began smuggling Centeral American refugees into the United States. It was their intent to offer sanctuary, or faith-based protection, from the political violence that was taking place in El Salvador and Guatemala. The <a href=
item	Satyagraha	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha	Satyagraha is the philosophy of nonviolent resistance most famously employed by Mohandas Gandhi in forcing an end to the British Raj and also against apartheid in South Africa.
item	September 24%2C 2005 anti-war protest	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_24%2C_2005_anti-war_protest	September 24, 2005 saw protests against the invasion and occupation of Iraq take place across the world.Contents1 United States1.1 Washington, D.C.1.1.1 World Bank/IMF feeder march1.1.2 Black bloc breakaway march1.1.3 Counter-protests1.2 Other U.S. cities2 United Kingdom3 Worldwide4 See also5 References6 External links
item	Cindy Sheehan	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan	Cindy Sheehan wearing a Veterans for Peace t-shirt (Photo: Jacob Appelbaum)
item	Sitdown strike	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitdown_strike	A sit-down strike is a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at a factory or other centralized location, take possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their stations, effectively preventing their employers from replacing them with scab labor or, in some cases, moving production to other locations.
item	Skeleton Army	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_Army	The Skeleton Army was a diffuse group, particularly in southern England, that opposed and disrupted the open-air marches of the anti-alcohol Salvation Army in the 19th century.
item	St Scholastica riot	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Scholastica_riot	The St. Scholastica Day riot of February 10, 1355, is one of the notorious events in the history of Oxford. Following a dispute about beer in The Swindlestock Tavern (now the site of the Abbey Bank on Carfax) between townspeople and two students of the University of Oxford, the insults exchanged grew into armed clashes between locals and students over the next two days which left 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead, the scholars being eventually routed.
item	Tent State University	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent_State_University	"Tent University" redirects here. For the police action in Santa Cruz, CA, in 2005, see Tent University Santa Cruz.
item	Tent University Santa Cruz	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent_University_Santa_Cruz	Tent University Santa Cruz was an event organized by UC Santa Cruz students in April, 2005, as part of the Tent State University campaign. Its organizers intended it to be a demonstration against a number of university policies, such as increased student fees and cut program funding, and it also included elements of cultural festival. On the 19th, the Santa Cruz police department attempted to remove the protesters, who then resisted. Nineteen students were arrested, and the incident ended when a smaller group of students were allowed to stay at the location if others dispersed. Photographs taken at the time show police using choke holds and compliance techniques to remove students, and participants allege the police actions were unnecessary and excessively violent.[edit]
item	The Freedom to be Yourself	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_to_be_Yourself	The Freedom to be Yourself campaign (TFTBY) or (FTBY) was founded by Vincent Bethell. The group, according to Vincent Bethell is about "the right to be naked in public". Supporters of the TFTBY organized several grassroots naked protests in public in London and some in the United States. The group used the Yahoo! group stopsegregation to organize its events, until it was deleted at Vincent's request on July 1, 2006.Contents1 Filmography2 Further reading3 See also4 External links
item	Tiananmen Square protests of 1989	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989	The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, also known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, June 4th Incident, or as by the government of the People's Republic of China, the Political Turmoil between Spring and Summer of 1989, were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. The resulting crackdown on the protestors by the PRC government left many civilians dead, the figure ranging from 200-300 (PRC government figures), to 2,000-3,000 (Chinese student associations and Chinese Red Cross).Contents1 Naming of incident2 Background3 Protests begin4 Protests escalate5 The crackdown6 Aftermath</
item	Timeline of significant non-sexualized public nudity activities	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_significant_non-sexualized_public_nudity_activities	//[edit]1800 through 19501868 Approximate date of the introduction of the swimsuit. Most swimming, if not all, was done naked up to this point because wearing clothing of any sort was extremely cumbersome and thus dangerous to the swimmer. [see article in Travel Naturally Issue 49 from 2003]"Nudity and surfing Surfing developed across Polynesia as a nude activity, and remained so until top-coated 19th century missionaries shamed the natives into covering themselves, even while at play in the ocean. (The dress code was often ignored; a British engraving from 1874 shows a set of waves being ridden by nearly a dozen Hawaiian surfers, male and female, all of them naked.)" [source: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/10/05/CM243457.DTL]Several Freedomite (Svobodniki or Sons of Freedom) Doukhobors engaged in nude protests throughout Canadian history. In May of 1903 they went on a nude march and were persecuted. In 1932 the B.C. Government allotted Piers Island, located in the Pacific Ocean near Vancouver, where close to 900 people were sentenced to 3 years for their nude protests.Nazi edict was issued banning a newly emerging and flourishing naked culture. Germany, 3 March 1933.In 1
item	UK fuel protests	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_fuel_protests	The term UK fuel protest refers to a series of protests held in the United Kingdom over the cost of petrol. The first protests were held in September 2000, whereby tankers were prevented from reaching petrol stations. Further protests took place in September 2005, and though these did not block the tankers, panic buying caused around 3,000 stations to run dry [1].Contents1 September 2000 protests1.1 Aftermath2 September 2005 protests3 References
item	Urban75	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban75	Urban75 (also sometimes referred to as u75 or urban) is a Brixton-based website and messageboard. It was founded in 1995 and includes various content (photographs, games etc), as well as bulletin boards.Contents1 History2 Site Content3 The Boards3.1 Drugs3.2 Health &amp; Relationships3.2.1 Sports/Football3.2.2 Politics And Protest (P&amp;P)3.2.3 Suburban753.2.4 The Dustbin3.2.5 Community<span class="t
item	Valdez Blockade	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez_Blockade	The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 had devastated the shore around Prince William Sound, diminishing the marine population. Consequently, the fishery industry in the area faced a sharp fall on their fish catch and revenue. Feeling little had been done to study the impact of the spill, a group of fishermen sailed off to begin a blockade of the Valdez Narrows on August 20, 1993. While tankers must pass through Valdez Narrows to enter the port of Valdez, seven tankers were held off in the three-day blockade.
item	Opposition to the Vietnam War	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War	Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began slowly and in small numbers in 1964 on various college campuses in the United States. This happened during a time of unprecedented student socialist movements reinforced in numbers by the demographically significant baby boomers. The growing opposition to the Vietnam War was also partly attributed to greater access to uncensored information compared with previous wars and extensive television media coverage. By the end of the war in 1973, due to the reality of escalating U.S. casualties and the growing feeling that the war itself could not be won, the majority of Americans were opposed to the war.Contents1 Polarization and protest1.1 Protests1.1.1 19631.1.2 19661.1.3 19671.1.4 19701.2 <span class="toctex
item	Vincent Bethell	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Bethell	Vincent Bethell is an activist living in London who founded The Freedom to be Yourself (TFTBY) or (FTBY) and the Yahoo! group stopsegregation. He has been imprisoned and released multiple times for public nudity. On several occasions